WRKY transcription factors are known mostly for their function in plant defense,abiotic stress responses,senescence,seed germination,and development of the pollen,embryo,and seed.Here,we report the regulatory function...WRKY transcription factors are known mostly for their function in plant defense,abiotic stress responses,senescence,seed germination,and development of the pollen,embryo,and seed.Here,we report the regulatory functions of two WRKY proteins in photomorphogenesis and PIF4 expression.PIF4 is a critical signaling hub in light,temperature,and hormonal signaling pathways.Either its expression or its accumulation peaks in the morning and afternoon.WRKY2 and WRKY10 form heterodimers and recognize their target site in the PIF4 promoter near the MYB element that is bound by CCA1 and LHY under red and blue light.WRKY2 and WRKY10 interact directly with CCA1/LHY to enhance their targeting but interact indirectly with SHB1.The two WRKY proteins also interact with phyB,and their interaction enhances the targeting of CCA1 and LHY to the PIF4 promoter.SHB1 associates with theWRKY2 andWRKY10 loci and enhances their expression in parallel with the PIF4 expression peaks.This forward regulatory loop further sustains the accumulation of the two WRKY proteins and the targeting of CCA1/LHY to the PIF4 locus.In summary,interactions of two WRKY proteins with CCA1/LHY and phyB maintain an optimal expression level of PIF4 toward noon and afternoon,which is essential to sketch the circadian pattern of PIF4 expression.展开更多
Fully homomorphic encryption(FHE)is a powerful cryptographic primitive that allows anyone to compute on encrypted data using only public information.So far,most FHE schemes are CPA secure.In PKC 2017,Canetti et al.ext...Fully homomorphic encryption(FHE)is a powerful cryptographic primitive that allows anyone to compute on encrypted data using only public information.So far,most FHE schemes are CPA secure.In PKC 2017,Canetti et al.extended the generic transformation of Boneh,Canetti,Halevi and Katz to turn any multi-key identity-based FHE scheme into a CCA1-secure FHE scheme.Their main construction of multi-key identity-based FHE is from probabilistic indistinguishability obfuscation(PIO)and statistical trapdoor encryption.We show that the above multi-key identity-based FHE is not secure by giving an attack.Then we give a solution to avoid the attack and redesign a more succinct and efficient multi-key identity-based FHE scheme.Compared with the scheme of Canetti et al.,ours has smaller secret key of one identity and more efficient homomorphic operations.Thus we obtain a more efficient CCA1 secure FHE scheme.展开更多
We investigated the diurnal dependence of the hypocotyl-growth responses to shade under sunlight-night cycles in Arabidopsis thaliana. Afternoon shade events promoted hypocotyl growth, while morning shade was ineffect...We investigated the diurnal dependence of the hypocotyl-growth responses to shade under sunlight-night cycles in Arabidopsis thaliana. Afternoon shade events promoted hypocotyl growth, while morning shade was ineffective. The Ihy-D, elf3, lux, pif4 pifS, tocl, and quadruple della mutants retained the response to afternoon shade and the lack of response to morning shade while the Ihyccal mutant responded to both morning and afternoon shade. ThephyB mutant, plants overexpressing the multidrug resistance-like membrane protein ABCB19, and the iaa17/axr3 loss-of-function mutant failed to respond to shade. Transient exposure of sunlight-grown seedlings to synthetic auxin in the afternoon caused a stronger promotion of hypocotyl growth than morning treatments. The promotion of hypocotyl growth by afternoon shade or afternoon auxin required light perceived by phytochrome A or cryptochromes during the previous hours of the photoperiod. Although the ELF4-ELF3-LUX complex, PIF4, PIF5, and DELLA are key players in the generation of diurnal hypocotyl-growth patterns, they exert a minor role in the control of the diurnal pattern of growth responses to shade. We conclude that the strong diurnal dependency of hypocotyl-growth responses to shade relates to the balance between the antagonistic actions of LHY-CCA1 and a light-derived signal.展开更多
基金This work was supported by Shandong Agricultural University,China,SDA-2014.
文摘WRKY transcription factors are known mostly for their function in plant defense,abiotic stress responses,senescence,seed germination,and development of the pollen,embryo,and seed.Here,we report the regulatory functions of two WRKY proteins in photomorphogenesis and PIF4 expression.PIF4 is a critical signaling hub in light,temperature,and hormonal signaling pathways.Either its expression or its accumulation peaks in the morning and afternoon.WRKY2 and WRKY10 form heterodimers and recognize their target site in the PIF4 promoter near the MYB element that is bound by CCA1 and LHY under red and blue light.WRKY2 and WRKY10 interact directly with CCA1/LHY to enhance their targeting but interact indirectly with SHB1.The two WRKY proteins also interact with phyB,and their interaction enhances the targeting of CCA1 and LHY to the PIF4 promoter.SHB1 associates with theWRKY2 andWRKY10 loci and enhances their expression in parallel with the PIF4 expression peaks.This forward regulatory loop further sustains the accumulation of the two WRKY proteins and the targeting of CCA1/LHY to the PIF4 locus.In summary,interactions of two WRKY proteins with CCA1/LHY and phyB maintain an optimal expression level of PIF4 toward noon and afternoon,which is essential to sketch the circadian pattern of PIF4 expression.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant number 61472414,61772514,61602061]National Key R&D Program of China(2017YFB1400700).
文摘Fully homomorphic encryption(FHE)is a powerful cryptographic primitive that allows anyone to compute on encrypted data using only public information.So far,most FHE schemes are CPA secure.In PKC 2017,Canetti et al.extended the generic transformation of Boneh,Canetti,Halevi and Katz to turn any multi-key identity-based FHE scheme into a CCA1-secure FHE scheme.Their main construction of multi-key identity-based FHE is from probabilistic indistinguishability obfuscation(PIO)and statistical trapdoor encryption.We show that the above multi-key identity-based FHE is not secure by giving an attack.Then we give a solution to avoid the attack and redesign a more succinct and efficient multi-key identity-based FHE scheme.Compared with the scheme of Canetti et al.,ours has smaller secret key of one identity and more efficient homomorphic operations.Thus we obtain a more efficient CCA1 secure FHE scheme.
文摘We investigated the diurnal dependence of the hypocotyl-growth responses to shade under sunlight-night cycles in Arabidopsis thaliana. Afternoon shade events promoted hypocotyl growth, while morning shade was ineffective. The Ihy-D, elf3, lux, pif4 pifS, tocl, and quadruple della mutants retained the response to afternoon shade and the lack of response to morning shade while the Ihyccal mutant responded to both morning and afternoon shade. ThephyB mutant, plants overexpressing the multidrug resistance-like membrane protein ABCB19, and the iaa17/axr3 loss-of-function mutant failed to respond to shade. Transient exposure of sunlight-grown seedlings to synthetic auxin in the afternoon caused a stronger promotion of hypocotyl growth than morning treatments. The promotion of hypocotyl growth by afternoon shade or afternoon auxin required light perceived by phytochrome A or cryptochromes during the previous hours of the photoperiod. Although the ELF4-ELF3-LUX complex, PIF4, PIF5, and DELLA are key players in the generation of diurnal hypocotyl-growth patterns, they exert a minor role in the control of the diurnal pattern of growth responses to shade. We conclude that the strong diurnal dependency of hypocotyl-growth responses to shade relates to the balance between the antagonistic actions of LHY-CCA1 and a light-derived signal.
