Walnut oil is a functional wood oil known to researchers that may potentially be a large source of Chinese edible oils.There are various extraction methods for walnut oil,including traditional(pressing,solvent-and enz...Walnut oil is a functional wood oil known to researchers that may potentially be a large source of Chinese edible oils.There are various extraction methods for walnut oil,including traditional(pressing,solvent-and enzymeassisted extraction)and novel methods(microwave,ultrasound,supercritical CO_(2),subcritical and other extraction technologies).Walnut oil is rich in nutrients,including phytosterols,tocopherols,polyphenols,squalene and minerals.It provides many health benefits,such as antioxidant,antitumor,anti-inflammatory,antidiabetic and lipid metabolism-related functions.In addition,the authentication of walnut oil has received much research attention.The present review provides detailed research on walnut oil extraction,composition,health benefits and adulteration identification methods.The path toward further walnut oil improvement in the context of the market value of walnut oil is also discussed.展开更多
Many attentions have been previously focused to identify the multiple biochemical components related to tea quality and health benefits,however, the natural variation of biochemical components present in tea germplasm...Many attentions have been previously focused to identify the multiple biochemical components related to tea quality and health benefits,however, the natural variation of biochemical components present in tea germplasm has not been adequately evaluated. In this study, the main biochemical components, leaf morphological and yield characteristics were evaluated for four rounds of tea leaves in a panel of 87 elite tea cultivars suitable for black, green, or oolong tea. Significant variations were observed among the tea cultivars, as well as seasonal differences in the levels of the free amino acid(FAA), caffeine(CAF), tea polyphenols(TP), water extract(WE) and TP to FAA ratio(TP/FAA). Results showed that the average levels of FAA showed a seasonal change, with the highest level of 4.0% in the 1st spring tea in the cultivars suitable for green tea and the lowest of 3.2% in summer tea in the cultivars suitable for black tea. The average CAF content was highest 3.2% in the cultivars suitable for oolong tea in the 1st spring and the lowest 2.5% in the cultivars suitable for green tea in summer. Limited seasonal and varietal variations were noticed in the average levels of WE among the three categories of tea. In addition, significant natural variation of the morphological characteristics, bud length varying from 2.5 cm to 8.7 cm, bud density from 190.3 buds · m-2to 1 730.3 buds · m-2, mature leaves biomass from 128.4 kg · hm-2to 2 888.4 kg · hm-2, and yield component traits of 100 buds(one bud with two leaves) dry weight from 3.7 g to37.7 g, tea yield/round from 444.6 kg · hm-2to 905.3 kg · hm-2, were observed. The aim of our evaluation was not only to identify the advantages of seasonal and clonal variations but also to provide a new viewpoint for their further application. Representative accessions were selected from the germplasm to promote the establishment of an inherent biochemical constituent expressing the quality of black, green, and oolong tea. The findings might be utilized to establish early selection criteria to enhance the tea breeding and production program.展开更多
The Lianhua Qingwen(LHQW) capsule is a popular traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of viral respiratory diseases.In particular,it has been recently prescribed to treat infections caused by the severe acute ...The Lianhua Qingwen(LHQW) capsule is a popular traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of viral respiratory diseases.In particular,it has been recently prescribed to treat infections caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2).However,due to its complex composition,little attention has been directed toward the analysis of chemical constituents present in the LHQW capsule.This study presents a reliable and comprehensive approach to characterizing the chemical constituents present in LHQW by high-performance liquid chromatography-Q Exactive-Orbitrap mass spectrometry(HPLC-Q Exactive-Orbitrap-MS) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS).An automated library alignment method with a high mass accuracy(within 5 ppm) was used for the rapid identification of compounds.A total of 104 compounds,consisting of alkaloids,flavonoids,phenols,phenolic acids,phenylpropanoids,quinones,terpenoids,and other phytochemicals,were successfully characterized.In addition,the fragmentation pathways and characteristic fragments of some representative compounds were elucidated.GC-MS analysis was conducted to characterize the volatile compounds present in LHQW.In total,17 compounds were putatively characterized by comparing the acquired data with that from the NIST library.The major constituent was menthol,and all the other compounds were terpenoids.This is the first comprehensive report on the identification of the major chemical constituents present in the LHQW capsule by HPLC-Q Exactive-Orbitrap-MS,coupled with GCMS,and the results of this study can be used for the quality control and standardization of LHQW capsules.展开更多
GuiLingJi(GLJ),a classic traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)formula,is composed of over 20 herbs,according to the Pharmacopeia of the People's Republic of China.Owing to its various activities,GLJ has been used in c...GuiLingJi(GLJ),a classic traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)formula,is composed of over 20 herbs,according to the Pharmacopeia of the People's Republic of China.Owing to its various activities,GLJ has been used in clinical settings for more than 400 years in China.However,the ambiguous chemical material basis limits the development of studies on the quality control and pharmacological mechanisms of GLJ.Therefore,comprehensive characterization of the multiple chemical components of GLJ is of great significance for the modernization of this formula.Given the great variety of herbs in GLJ,both UHPLCMS and ^(1)H NMR techniques were employed in this study.In addition,solvent extraction with different polarities was used to eliminate signal interference and the concentration of trace components.A variety of MS analytic methods were also used,including implementation of a self-built compound database,diagnostic ion filtering,mass defect filtering,and Compound Discoverer 3.0 analysis software.Based on the above strategies,a total of 150 compounds were identified,including 5 amino acids,13 phenolic acids and glycosides,11 coumarins,72 flavones,20 triterpenoid and triterpenoid saponins,23 fatty acids,and 6 other compounds.Moreover,13 compounds were identified by ^(1)H NMR spectroscopy.The UHPLC-MS and ^(1)H NMR results supported and complemented each other.This strategy provides a rapid approach to analyzing and identifying the chemical composition of Chinese herbal prescriptions.The current study provides basis for further research on the quality control and pharmacological mechanism of GLJ.展开更多
[Objectives]To identify and analyze chemical components in Zhideke Granules by ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/electrostatic field orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS).[M...[Objectives]To identify and analyze chemical components in Zhideke Granules by ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/electrostatic field orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS).[Methods]Zhideke Granules were isolated on a Thermo Hypersil Gold C18 column(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.9μm).The mobile phase was 0.1%formic acid acetonitrile and 0.1%formic acid aqueous solution(containing 10 mmol ammonium acetate)with gradient elution.Chemical components in Zhideke Granules were rapidly isolated and identified by HRMS in the positive and negative ion mode with full scan data-dependent two stage threshold-triggered mass modes(Full MS/dd-MS2).[Results]The secondary fragment ion information of the target compound was selected and compared with the compound reported in the databases and related literatures for further confirmation.In total,30 chemical compounds were identified,including 12 flavonoids and glycosides,9 organic acids,3 nitrogen-containing compounds,and 6 other components.[Conclusions]In this study,the UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS was used for the first time to analyze the chemical components in Zhideke Granules.It is intended to provide a reference for the quality evaluation and further study of pharmacodynamic materials of Zhideke Granules.展开更多
With 16 Yunnan tea tree varieties and 5 Kenya tea tree varieties as test materials,the differences in biochemical components between Yunnan and Kenya tea tree varieties were compared and analyzed.The results showed th...With 16 Yunnan tea tree varieties and 5 Kenya tea tree varieties as test materials,the differences in biochemical components between Yunnan and Kenya tea tree varieties were compared and analyzed.The results showed that the coefficients of variation of tea polyphenols,amino acids,caffeine,water extract,gallic acid(GA),catechin(C),epicatechin(EC),epicatechin gallate(ECG),epigallocatechin(EGC),epigallocatechin gallate(EGCG)and total catechins in Yunnan tea tree varieties were greater than those in Kenyan tea trees.The contents of tea polyphenols,amino acids,caffeine,water extract,C,EC,EGC,EGCG and total catechins in Yunnan tea tree varieties had no significant differences from those in Kenyan tea trees varieties(P>0.05),while there were significant differences in the contents of GA and ECG between Yunnan tea tree varieties and Kenya tea tree varieties(P<0.05).Therefore,it could be predicted that GA and ECG might be one of the main characteristics of the differences in biochemical components between Yunnan tea tree varieties and Kenyan tea tree varieties.The cluster analysis results showed that when the genetic distance was 15,the 21 tested tea varieties could be divided into three groups with obvious biochemical differences.展开更多
[Objectives]To explore the correlation of processing technology,physical parameters and chemical components during plain stir-baking of Trichosanthis Radix.[Methods]Based on mixture uniform experiment design,the Trich...[Objectives]To explore the correlation of processing technology,physical parameters and chemical components during plain stir-baking of Trichosanthis Radix.[Methods]Based on mixture uniform experiment design,the Trichosanthis Radix was prepared by plain stir-bake method.Delphi method was used to evaluate and select the highest-scoring processed product for measuring physical parameters.UV spectrophotometry was used to determine the contents of starch and polysaccharide.The correlation and linear regression model of processing technology,physical parameters and chemical components were established with the aid of SPSS 26.0[Results]After processing by plain stir-bake method,the relative density and chromaticity showed a decreasing trend in the processed products of Trichosanthis Radix,the oxidation value,hydroscopic rate and swelling decreased firstly and then increased,and pH increased firstly and then decreased.The content of total starch decreased,the content of polysaccharide increased,and there was a negative correlation between them.There was a significant positive correlation between temperature and oxidation value,swelling and hydroscopic rate,hydroscopic rate and polysaccharide,and there was a significant negative correlation between relative density and hydroscopic rate or polysaccharide,total starch and hydroscopic rate or swelling.The linear relation model between processing technology and physical parameters and chemical components was r2>0.9.[Conclusions]After processing by plain stir-bake method,the physical parameters of Trichosanthis Radix changed,and there may be mutual conversion between total starch and polysaccharides.To a certain extent,physical parameters can be used to evaluate the quality of processed products of Trichosanthis Radix.This study is expected to provide a reference for research on quality evaluation of processed products of traditional Chinese medicine.展开更多
Platycladi Cacumen(Platycladus orientalis leaf)is a traditional Chinese medicine with a variety of medicinal values,and its efficacy has been recorded by many ancient books.Its chemical components mainly include flavo...Platycladi Cacumen(Platycladus orientalis leaf)is a traditional Chinese medicine with a variety of medicinal values,and its efficacy has been recorded by many ancient books.Its chemical components mainly include flavonoids,volatile oil,tannins and so on.Pharmacological studies have confirmed that P.orientalis leaves have various pharmacological effects such as antibacterial,anti-oxidant,anti-tumor,hair growth promoting and hemostatic effects.Through review of the research on the chemical components and pharmacological effects of P.orientalis leaves,this study is intended to provide reference for the research,development and utilization of P.orientalis.展开更多
Juncus is the largest genus of Juncaceae family,with about 240 species around the world.There are 77 species,1 variety and 10 deformations grown in China.Up to now,117 components have been identified as phenanthrenes ...Juncus is the largest genus of Juncaceae family,with about 240 species around the world.There are 77 species,1 variety and 10 deformations grown in China.Up to now,117 components have been identified as phenanthrenes and dihydrophenanthrenes,which are the characteristic constituents of this genus,and 48 ones have been identified as triterpenoids,glycerides,coumarins,flavonoids from this genus.The reported constituents displayed diverse bioactivities,including antiproliferative,antimicrobial,anti-inflammatory,antioxidant,anxiolytic,sedative,spasmolytic,anticholinesterase and antialgal effects.This review summarized the research progress on the chemical components and pharmacological effects of the genus of Juncus so far.展开更多
Piper auritum Kunth,a member of the Piperacea family,is a small shrub native to the Central American tropics.This plant was traditionally used in Latin American countries for the treatment of various medical condition...Piper auritum Kunth,a member of the Piperacea family,is a small shrub native to the Central American tropics.This plant was traditionally used in Latin American countries for the treatment of various medical conditions.Increase in the recent studies of P.auritum’s chemical components leads to the isolation of monoterpenoids,sesquiterpenoids,phenylpropanoids and several other compounds.Previous research has revealed that these secondary metabolites have diverse pharmacological activities including antidiabetic,antioxidant,anti-inflammatory,anti-pathogeny microorganism and repellent activity.This review summarizes relevant findings on P.auritum,and hopes to contribute to the exploration of its potentials for further development as an alternative medicine.展开更多
Daphne aurantiaca Diels belongs to the Daphne L.genus of Thymelaeaceaen family and flavonoids,terpenoids,lignans,phenylpropanoids are the main chemical components isolated from this plant.And the extracts of Daphne au...Daphne aurantiaca Diels belongs to the Daphne L.genus of Thymelaeaceaen family and flavonoids,terpenoids,lignans,phenylpropanoids are the main chemical components isolated from this plant.And the extracts of Daphne aurantiaca Diels have been reported with multiple pharmacological activities and good development prospects,which have drawn enormous attention.Hence,this review summarized the research progress on the chemical components and the pharmacological effects of Daphne aurantiaca Diels.展开更多
[Objectives] To study the chemical components and relative content of Achyranthes bidentata leaves and provide a scientific basis for further development and utilization of A. bidentata leaves.[Methods] The chemical c...[Objectives] To study the chemical components and relative content of Achyranthes bidentata leaves and provide a scientific basis for further development and utilization of A. bidentata leaves.[Methods] The chemical components of A. bidentata leaves were rapidly analyzed using the ultra high performance liquid chromatography-time of flight-high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-TOF-MS).[Results] Thirty eight chemical compounds were identified in samples of A. bidentata leaves collected from Wen County of Henan Province, in which seven chemical compounds had the relative content higher than 5%, linoleic acid reached 25.7% and inokosterone A reached 13.8%.[Conclusions] A. bidentata leaves contain many kinds of chemical compounds. This study is expected to provide a certain basis for further extraction of linoleic acid and inokosterone A.展开更多
The relationship between the amount of tea cream and the chemical components contents in the original green tea infusion was investigated. The results showed that the amounts of tea cream in the green tea infusions ob...The relationship between the amount of tea cream and the chemical components contents in the original green tea infusion was investigated. The results showed that the amounts of tea cream in the green tea infusions obtained from different cultivars and different parts of new shoots were varied. There were many chemical components participating in the formation of green tea cream. However, there were only the contents of caffeine (Y=0.85, P<0.01) and polyphenols (Y=0.65, P<0.05) in the original green tea infusion highly correlated with the amount of green tea cream. Stepwise regression analysis of overall chemical components indicated that the contents of caffeine and gallated catechins in the original green tea infusion had a significant effect (P<0.01) on green tea cream levels. Cream (g L-1)=-172.071+ 0.129×Ccaffeine+0.024×Ggallated catechins (R2=0.936). The amount of green tea cream can be predicted by the contents of gallated catechins and caffeine in the original tea infusion. Principal component analysis also indicated that catechins, minerals, and polysaccharides were the important chemical components in the formation of green tea cream.展开更多
Complicated changes are happening during the aging process of flue-cured tobacco (FCT) and understanding of the changing components is of great significance in improving the quality,shortening aging time,and enhancing...Complicated changes are happening during the aging process of flue-cured tobacco (FCT) and understanding of the changing components is of great significance in improving the quality,shortening aging time,and enhancing production and economic efficiency in tobacco industry.The aging samples of FCT from four main producing areas of China,i.e.,Yunnan,Sichuan,Hubei,and Dongbei,were used to study the changing rule of the components such as alkali,acid,and carbohydrate as well as the aroma and their relationship with sensory quality;and based on the correlation among the components and the sensory quality index,multivariable models were established to predict the aging quality.The results showed that the sensory quality of FCT increased steadily during the aging time,and at the same time,the acidic components (total organic acids,volatile acids) increased gradually,while the alkaline substances (nicotine,volatile alkali),carbohydrate (total sugars,reducing sugar) and pH values showed a downward trend.Correlation analysis found that the sensory quality and pH values were negatively correlated (P<0.05),while the sensory quality with total organic acids and aroma were positively correlated.The optimal model for predicting the quality of FCT was y=56.75-0.63x12+50.09x2-13.27x22,(y:sensory quality;x1:pH;x2:total organic acids).The average predicating error was 1.04% with maximum predicating error of 2.89% and the accuracy rate of above 97%.展开更多
The volatile chemical components of Radix Paeoniae Rubra (RPR) were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with the method of heuristic evolving latent projections and overall volume integration. The results...The volatile chemical components of Radix Paeoniae Rubra (RPR) were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with the method of heuristic evolving latent projections and overall volume integration. The results show that 38 volatile chemical components of RPR are determined, accounting for 95.21% of total contents of volatile chemical components of RPR. The main volatile chemical components of RPR are (Z, Z)-9,12-octadecadienoic acid, n-hexadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy- benzaldehyde, 1-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-ethanone, 6,6-dimethyl-bicyclo[3.1.1] heptane-2-methanol, 4,7-dimethyl-benzofuran, 4-(1-methylethenyl)-1-cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde, and cyclohexadecane.展开更多
The changes of polyphenols in tobacco leaves during the flue-curing process and correlation analysis on some chemical components were studied. Leaf samples were taken from different tobacco-producing regions in Henan ...The changes of polyphenols in tobacco leaves during the flue-curing process and correlation analysis on some chemical components were studied. Leaf samples were taken from different tobacco-producing regions in Henan Province, China. The results indicated that the content of total phenols increased during the first 24 h of curing, and then decreased. It reached the lowest value at 72 h of curing and increased rapidly after that. The content of chlorogenic acid also increased during 0-24 h of curing. But the lowest point occurred at 60 or 72 h of curing and then it increased till the end of the curing process. The content of rutin generally increased with curing, and showed little fluctuations. The changes of PPO and POD activity were the opposite. Rutin was found to have a highly significant positive correlation with total sugar (r = 0.822**), but a highly significant negative correlation with starch, nicotine, and protein.展开更多
Taxillus chinensis(DC.)Danser is a traditional Chinese medicine,which has the effects of nourishing the liver and kidney and strengthening the bones and muscles.Its properties and efficacy were recorded in many ancien...Taxillus chinensis(DC.)Danser is a traditional Chinese medicine,which has the effects of nourishing the liver and kidney and strengthening the bones and muscles.Its properties and efficacy were recorded in many ancient Chinese herbal medicine books and modern books.In addition,other parasitic plants of the Loranthaceae family also have the effects of promoting blood circulation,checking diarrhea,and resisting tumor to treat various diseases.This paper reviewed recent scholars’research on the efficacy and chemical composition of medicinal Loranthaceae plants,and expounded the similarities and differences between T.chinensis and other medicinal Loranthaceae plants.展开更多
[Objective] The aim was to illustrate the relation between Leptocybe invasa and eucalyptus, so as to provide the basis for scientific control of L. invasa. [Method] The chemical components of eucalyptus were extracted...[Objective] The aim was to illustrate the relation between Leptocybe invasa and eucalyptus, so as to provide the basis for scientific control of L. invasa. [Method] The chemical components of eucalyptus were extracted by solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) technique and ethanol extraction method, and detected by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. The relative contents of various components were determined by area normalization. [Result] When eucalyptus was damaged by L. invasa, not only some substances disappeared, but also new substances were induced. Among 4 induced volatiles, the content of terpinolene was the highest of 37.66%. Eight new chemical substances were also detected from the ethanol extract of damaged leaves, and the content of 3-phenyl-2-propenyl phenpropionate was the highest of 30.95%.[Conclusion] The damage caused by L. invasa had obvious effect on composition and contents of chemical components of eucalyptus.展开更多
In this study, the effects of the storage duration of coffee cherries after harvest before putting out for sun drying on the kinetics of drying, fungi development and the variation of physicochemical content were eval...In this study, the effects of the storage duration of coffee cherries after harvest before putting out for sun drying on the kinetics of drying, fungi development and the variation of physicochemical content were evaluated. The results showed that the longer coffee cherries were stored after harvest before putting out for sun drying, the quicker they dried. Indeed, the drying durations were 19, 16, 12, 10, 7 days respectively for coffee cherries put out for sun drying at the day of harvest, the second, the fourth, the sixth and the eighth day after harvest. However, this storage of the cherries after harvest before putting out for sun drying led to the increasing to the infection of cherries by fungi. Indeed, samples of more contaminated inside were those from the lots of cherries stored 8 days after harvest before putting out for sun drying with 55.55% of the samples infected with a percentage of infected beans between 10% and 50%, and 44.45% of the samples were infected with a percentage of infected beans between 50% and 100%. Furthermore, those put out for sun drying at the day of harvest were free inside by fungi. Among the fungi isolated, toxigenic species was found. However, no relationship between the frequencies of ochratoxin A producing strains isolated and the storage duration of the cherries after harvest before putting out for sun drying was noted. This storage of the cherries after harvest before putting out for sun drying also led to the acidification of the cherries (pH = 5.27 - 3.6) and the degradation of their chlorogenic acids content (12.58% - 10.30%) while for their caffeine content (2.53% - 2.55%). No significant difference was observed about the storage duration of the cherries after harvest before putting out for sun drying.展开更多
The extract from leaves of Rhododendron dauricum L. was extracted with 95% alcohol by common method for studying its insecticidal activities. The chemical components of the alcohol extract and relative contents were a...The extract from leaves of Rhododendron dauricum L. was extracted with 95% alcohol by common method for studying its insecticidal activities. The chemical components of the alcohol extract and relative contents were analyzed by GC-MS. The insecticidal activities of the alcohol extract were tested on the 2nd?3rd instar larvae of Lymantria dispar L. for five days. Five concentrations of the extract samples were designed as 50, 10, 5, 1, and 0.5 g?L?1. The results show that the alcohol extracts from leaves of R. dauricum exhibited insecticidal activities against larvae of L. dispar. The corrected mortality of larvae of L. dispar for was over 50% for both contact toxicity and stomach toxicity at the extract concentration of ≥ 5 g·L?1 after five days of application. The insecticidal activity in contact toxicity is more effect than stomach toxicity for the alcohol extract. Twenty compounds, with total GC relative contents of 93.81% in the alcohol extract from leaves of R. dauricum were identified. The main chemical components in the extract are: (1) 4,5-Dihydro-5-oxo-3-(p-tolyl) isoxazole, with a relative content of 40.03%; (2) 1,3-Benzenediol, 5-methyl-2-(3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10- dodecatrienyl)-, (E,E)-, the relative content 18.27%; (3) 3,6-Diphenyl- 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octahydro-1,8-acridinedione, the relative content 3.89%; (4) 6H-[1,2,4]Triazolo[1,5-a]indole, 4a,5,7,8,8a,9-hexahydro-9- methylene-, the relative content 2.99%; (5) 7-Amino-4-methyl-1,8- naphthyridin-2-ol, the relative content 2.64%; (6) 4-Methyl-2,6- dihydroxyquinoline, the relative content 2.63%; (7) 2,4,6- Triaminoquinazoline, the relative content 2.27%; (8) 2(1H)-Quinolinone, 4-hydroxy-1-methyl-, the relative content 2.02%.展开更多
基金The authors would like to thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China Youth Foud(NO:32201947)Key R&D Program Projects of Shaanxi Province,China(NO:2022NY-003)for the financial support.
文摘Walnut oil is a functional wood oil known to researchers that may potentially be a large source of Chinese edible oils.There are various extraction methods for walnut oil,including traditional(pressing,solvent-and enzymeassisted extraction)and novel methods(microwave,ultrasound,supercritical CO_(2),subcritical and other extraction technologies).Walnut oil is rich in nutrients,including phytosterols,tocopherols,polyphenols,squalene and minerals.It provides many health benefits,such as antioxidant,antitumor,anti-inflammatory,antidiabetic and lipid metabolism-related functions.In addition,the authentication of walnut oil has received much research attention.The present review provides detailed research on walnut oil extraction,composition,health benefits and adulteration identification methods.The path toward further walnut oil improvement in the context of the market value of walnut oil is also discussed.
基金jointly supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2021YFD1000401)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.32070376)+1 种基金the Program of Horticultural Crop Germplasm Resources in Hubei Province (Grant No. 2021DFE016)the Key Technology of Safety Production to Improve Tea Quality and Efficiency in Three Gorges Reservoir Area。
文摘Many attentions have been previously focused to identify the multiple biochemical components related to tea quality and health benefits,however, the natural variation of biochemical components present in tea germplasm has not been adequately evaluated. In this study, the main biochemical components, leaf morphological and yield characteristics were evaluated for four rounds of tea leaves in a panel of 87 elite tea cultivars suitable for black, green, or oolong tea. Significant variations were observed among the tea cultivars, as well as seasonal differences in the levels of the free amino acid(FAA), caffeine(CAF), tea polyphenols(TP), water extract(WE) and TP to FAA ratio(TP/FAA). Results showed that the average levels of FAA showed a seasonal change, with the highest level of 4.0% in the 1st spring tea in the cultivars suitable for green tea and the lowest of 3.2% in summer tea in the cultivars suitable for black tea. The average CAF content was highest 3.2% in the cultivars suitable for oolong tea in the 1st spring and the lowest 2.5% in the cultivars suitable for green tea in summer. Limited seasonal and varietal variations were noticed in the average levels of WE among the three categories of tea. In addition, significant natural variation of the morphological characteristics, bud length varying from 2.5 cm to 8.7 cm, bud density from 190.3 buds · m-2to 1 730.3 buds · m-2, mature leaves biomass from 128.4 kg · hm-2to 2 888.4 kg · hm-2, and yield component traits of 100 buds(one bud with two leaves) dry weight from 3.7 g to37.7 g, tea yield/round from 444.6 kg · hm-2to 905.3 kg · hm-2, were observed. The aim of our evaluation was not only to identify the advantages of seasonal and clonal variations but also to provide a new viewpoint for their further application. Representative accessions were selected from the germplasm to promote the establishment of an inherent biochemical constituent expressing the quality of black, green, and oolong tea. The findings might be utilized to establish early selection criteria to enhance the tea breeding and production program.
基金financially supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No.: 2042020kf1003)。
文摘The Lianhua Qingwen(LHQW) capsule is a popular traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of viral respiratory diseases.In particular,it has been recently prescribed to treat infections caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2).However,due to its complex composition,little attention has been directed toward the analysis of chemical constituents present in the LHQW capsule.This study presents a reliable and comprehensive approach to characterizing the chemical constituents present in LHQW by high-performance liquid chromatography-Q Exactive-Orbitrap mass spectrometry(HPLC-Q Exactive-Orbitrap-MS) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS).An automated library alignment method with a high mass accuracy(within 5 ppm) was used for the rapid identification of compounds.A total of 104 compounds,consisting of alkaloids,flavonoids,phenols,phenolic acids,phenylpropanoids,quinones,terpenoids,and other phytochemicals,were successfully characterized.In addition,the fragmentation pathways and characteristic fragments of some representative compounds were elucidated.GC-MS analysis was conducted to characterize the volatile compounds present in LHQW.In total,17 compounds were putatively characterized by comparing the acquired data with that from the NIST library.The major constituent was menthol,and all the other compounds were terpenoids.This is the first comprehensive report on the identification of the major chemical constituents present in the LHQW capsule by HPLC-Q Exactive-Orbitrap-MS,coupled with GCMS,and the results of this study can be used for the quality control and standardization of LHQW capsules.
基金support from the Shanxi Provincial Science and Technology Key Research and Development Plan(Grant Nos.:201603D3113006 and 201903D311012)。
文摘GuiLingJi(GLJ),a classic traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)formula,is composed of over 20 herbs,according to the Pharmacopeia of the People's Republic of China.Owing to its various activities,GLJ has been used in clinical settings for more than 400 years in China.However,the ambiguous chemical material basis limits the development of studies on the quality control and pharmacological mechanisms of GLJ.Therefore,comprehensive characterization of the multiple chemical components of GLJ is of great significance for the modernization of this formula.Given the great variety of herbs in GLJ,both UHPLCMS and ^(1)H NMR techniques were employed in this study.In addition,solvent extraction with different polarities was used to eliminate signal interference and the concentration of trace components.A variety of MS analytic methods were also used,including implementation of a self-built compound database,diagnostic ion filtering,mass defect filtering,and Compound Discoverer 3.0 analysis software.Based on the above strategies,a total of 150 compounds were identified,including 5 amino acids,13 phenolic acids and glycosides,11 coumarins,72 flavones,20 triterpenoid and triterpenoid saponins,23 fatty acids,and 6 other compounds.Moreover,13 compounds were identified by ^(1)H NMR spectroscopy.The UHPLC-MS and ^(1)H NMR results supported and complemented each other.This strategy provides a rapid approach to analyzing and identifying the chemical composition of Chinese herbal prescriptions.The current study provides basis for further research on the quality control and pharmacological mechanism of GLJ.
基金Supported by Special Fund Project for Innovation Driven Development of Guangxi(Gui Ke AA17202046)Guangxi One Thousand Young and Middle-Aged College and University Backbones Teachers Cultivation Program(Gui Jiao Ren[2019]No.5)+6 种基金Program of Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhuang and Yao Medicine(Gui Jiao Ke Yan[2013]No.20)Program of Guangxi Province Key Laboratory of Zhuang and Yao Medicine(Gui Ke Ji Zi[2014]No.32)Project for Program of High-level Innovation Teams and Outstanding Scholars of Guangxi Colleges and Universities(Gui Jiao Shi Fan[2019]No.52)The Eighth Batch of Special Experts Project of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region(Study on the Quality Standard of Zhuang and Yao Medicine:Gui Ren Cai Tong Zi[2019]No.13)First-class Discipline in Guangxi-Traditional Chinese Medicine(Gui Jiao Ke Yan[2018]No.12)Guangxi Science and Technology Base and Talent Project(Gui Ke AD20238058)Key Research and Development Program of Nanning City(20193115).
文摘[Objectives]To identify and analyze chemical components in Zhideke Granules by ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/electrostatic field orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS).[Methods]Zhideke Granules were isolated on a Thermo Hypersil Gold C18 column(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.9μm).The mobile phase was 0.1%formic acid acetonitrile and 0.1%formic acid aqueous solution(containing 10 mmol ammonium acetate)with gradient elution.Chemical components in Zhideke Granules were rapidly isolated and identified by HRMS in the positive and negative ion mode with full scan data-dependent two stage threshold-triggered mass modes(Full MS/dd-MS2).[Results]The secondary fragment ion information of the target compound was selected and compared with the compound reported in the databases and related literatures for further confirmation.In total,30 chemical compounds were identified,including 12 flavonoids and glycosides,9 organic acids,3 nitrogen-containing compounds,and 6 other components.[Conclusions]In this study,the UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS was used for the first time to analyze the chemical components in Zhideke Granules.It is intended to provide a reference for the quality evaluation and further study of pharmacodynamic materials of Zhideke Granules.
基金Supported by Major Science and Technology Project in Yunnan Province(2018ZG009).
文摘With 16 Yunnan tea tree varieties and 5 Kenya tea tree varieties as test materials,the differences in biochemical components between Yunnan and Kenya tea tree varieties were compared and analyzed.The results showed that the coefficients of variation of tea polyphenols,amino acids,caffeine,water extract,gallic acid(GA),catechin(C),epicatechin(EC),epicatechin gallate(ECG),epigallocatechin(EGC),epigallocatechin gallate(EGCG)and total catechins in Yunnan tea tree varieties were greater than those in Kenyan tea trees.The contents of tea polyphenols,amino acids,caffeine,water extract,C,EC,EGC,EGCG and total catechins in Yunnan tea tree varieties had no significant differences from those in Kenyan tea trees varieties(P>0.05),while there were significant differences in the contents of GA and ECG between Yunnan tea tree varieties and Kenya tea tree varieties(P<0.05).Therefore,it could be predicted that GA and ECG might be one of the main characteristics of the differences in biochemical components between Yunnan tea tree varieties and Kenyan tea tree varieties.The cluster analysis results showed that when the genetic distance was 15,the 21 tested tea varieties could be divided into three groups with obvious biochemical differences.
基金Science and Technology Research and Development Project of Chengde City,Hebei Province(201706A043)Young Scholar Program of Hebei Pharmaceutical Association Hospital Pharmaceutical Research Project(2020—Hbsyxhqn0029)Public Health Service Subsidy Fund Project of Chinese Medicine Department,State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine(Guo Zhong Yi Gui Cai Fa[2015]No.21).
文摘[Objectives]To explore the correlation of processing technology,physical parameters and chemical components during plain stir-baking of Trichosanthis Radix.[Methods]Based on mixture uniform experiment design,the Trichosanthis Radix was prepared by plain stir-bake method.Delphi method was used to evaluate and select the highest-scoring processed product for measuring physical parameters.UV spectrophotometry was used to determine the contents of starch and polysaccharide.The correlation and linear regression model of processing technology,physical parameters and chemical components were established with the aid of SPSS 26.0[Results]After processing by plain stir-bake method,the relative density and chromaticity showed a decreasing trend in the processed products of Trichosanthis Radix,the oxidation value,hydroscopic rate and swelling decreased firstly and then increased,and pH increased firstly and then decreased.The content of total starch decreased,the content of polysaccharide increased,and there was a negative correlation between them.There was a significant positive correlation between temperature and oxidation value,swelling and hydroscopic rate,hydroscopic rate and polysaccharide,and there was a significant negative correlation between relative density and hydroscopic rate or polysaccharide,total starch and hydroscopic rate or swelling.The linear relation model between processing technology and physical parameters and chemical components was r2>0.9.[Conclusions]After processing by plain stir-bake method,the physical parameters of Trichosanthis Radix changed,and there may be mutual conversion between total starch and polysaccharides.To a certain extent,physical parameters can be used to evaluate the quality of processed products of Trichosanthis Radix.This study is expected to provide a reference for research on quality evaluation of processed products of traditional Chinese medicine.
基金Supported by the Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China(31360068)the Project of Natural Science Foundation of Qinghai Provincial Department of Science and Technology(2017-ZJ-742).
文摘Platycladi Cacumen(Platycladus orientalis leaf)is a traditional Chinese medicine with a variety of medicinal values,and its efficacy has been recorded by many ancient books.Its chemical components mainly include flavonoids,volatile oil,tannins and so on.Pharmacological studies have confirmed that P.orientalis leaves have various pharmacological effects such as antibacterial,anti-oxidant,anti-tumor,hair growth promoting and hemostatic effects.Through review of the research on the chemical components and pharmacological effects of P.orientalis leaves,this study is intended to provide reference for the research,development and utilization of P.orientalis.
基金This work was financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.81872768,81673323,U1903122)Liaoning Revitalization Talents Program(XLYC1807118)Liaoning BaiQianWan Talents Program(2018)。
文摘Juncus is the largest genus of Juncaceae family,with about 240 species around the world.There are 77 species,1 variety and 10 deformations grown in China.Up to now,117 components have been identified as phenanthrenes and dihydrophenanthrenes,which are the characteristic constituents of this genus,and 48 ones have been identified as triterpenoids,glycerides,coumarins,flavonoids from this genus.The reported constituents displayed diverse bioactivities,including antiproliferative,antimicrobial,anti-inflammatory,antioxidant,anxiolytic,sedative,spasmolytic,anticholinesterase and antialgal effects.This review summarized the research progress on the chemical components and pharmacological effects of the genus of Juncus so far.
文摘Piper auritum Kunth,a member of the Piperacea family,is a small shrub native to the Central American tropics.This plant was traditionally used in Latin American countries for the treatment of various medical conditions.Increase in the recent studies of P.auritum’s chemical components leads to the isolation of monoterpenoids,sesquiterpenoids,phenylpropanoids and several other compounds.Previous research has revealed that these secondary metabolites have diverse pharmacological activities including antidiabetic,antioxidant,anti-inflammatory,anti-pathogeny microorganism and repellent activity.This review summarizes relevant findings on P.auritum,and hopes to contribute to the exploration of its potentials for further development as an alternative medicine.
文摘Daphne aurantiaca Diels belongs to the Daphne L.genus of Thymelaeaceaen family and flavonoids,terpenoids,lignans,phenylpropanoids are the main chemical components isolated from this plant.And the extracts of Daphne aurantiaca Diels have been reported with multiple pharmacological activities and good development prospects,which have drawn enormous attention.Hence,this review summarized the research progress on the chemical components and the pharmacological effects of Daphne aurantiaca Diels.
基金Supported by Key Scientific and Technological Research Project in Higher Education Institutions of Henan Province(17A350002)Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China(81172953)
文摘[Objectives] To study the chemical components and relative content of Achyranthes bidentata leaves and provide a scientific basis for further development and utilization of A. bidentata leaves.[Methods] The chemical components of A. bidentata leaves were rapidly analyzed using the ultra high performance liquid chromatography-time of flight-high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-TOF-MS).[Results] Thirty eight chemical compounds were identified in samples of A. bidentata leaves collected from Wen County of Henan Province, in which seven chemical compounds had the relative content higher than 5%, linoleic acid reached 25.7% and inokosterone A reached 13.8%.[Conclusions] A. bidentata leaves contain many kinds of chemical compounds. This study is expected to provide a certain basis for further extraction of linoleic acid and inokosterone A.
基金supported by the Special Scientific Research Funds for Commonweal Section of the Ministry of Agriculture, China (nyhyzx07-3-35)the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province, China (R3090394)the Key Laboratory of Processing and Quality Control of Tea & Beverage Plants Products, Ministry of Agriculture, China (2010K1004)
文摘The relationship between the amount of tea cream and the chemical components contents in the original green tea infusion was investigated. The results showed that the amounts of tea cream in the green tea infusions obtained from different cultivars and different parts of new shoots were varied. There were many chemical components participating in the formation of green tea cream. However, there were only the contents of caffeine (Y=0.85, P<0.01) and polyphenols (Y=0.65, P<0.05) in the original green tea infusion highly correlated with the amount of green tea cream. Stepwise regression analysis of overall chemical components indicated that the contents of caffeine and gallated catechins in the original green tea infusion had a significant effect (P<0.01) on green tea cream levels. Cream (g L-1)=-172.071+ 0.129×Ccaffeine+0.024×Ggallated catechins (R2=0.936). The amount of green tea cream can be predicted by the contents of gallated catechins and caffeine in the original tea infusion. Principal component analysis also indicated that catechins, minerals, and polysaccharides were the important chemical components in the formation of green tea cream.
基金supported by the grants of the Application of Nuclear Techniques in Agriculture from Ministry of Agriculture of China (200803034)China Tobacco Company in Hubei (2006YL0229)China Tobacco Company in Yunnan (2009YN010)
文摘Complicated changes are happening during the aging process of flue-cured tobacco (FCT) and understanding of the changing components is of great significance in improving the quality,shortening aging time,and enhancing production and economic efficiency in tobacco industry.The aging samples of FCT from four main producing areas of China,i.e.,Yunnan,Sichuan,Hubei,and Dongbei,were used to study the changing rule of the components such as alkali,acid,and carbohydrate as well as the aroma and their relationship with sensory quality;and based on the correlation among the components and the sensory quality index,multivariable models were established to predict the aging quality.The results showed that the sensory quality of FCT increased steadily during the aging time,and at the same time,the acidic components (total organic acids,volatile acids) increased gradually,while the alkaline substances (nicotine,volatile alkali),carbohydrate (total sugars,reducing sugar) and pH values showed a downward trend.Correlation analysis found that the sensory quality and pH values were negatively correlated (P<0.05),while the sensory quality with total organic acids and aroma were positively correlated.The optimal model for predicting the quality of FCT was y=56.75-0.63x12+50.09x2-13.27x22,(y:sensory quality;x1:pH;x2:total organic acids).The average predicating error was 1.04% with maximum predicating error of 2.89% and the accuracy rate of above 97%.
基金Project(20235020) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘The volatile chemical components of Radix Paeoniae Rubra (RPR) were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with the method of heuristic evolving latent projections and overall volume integration. The results show that 38 volatile chemical components of RPR are determined, accounting for 95.21% of total contents of volatile chemical components of RPR. The main volatile chemical components of RPR are (Z, Z)-9,12-octadecadienoic acid, n-hexadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy- benzaldehyde, 1-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-ethanone, 6,6-dimethyl-bicyclo[3.1.1] heptane-2-methanol, 4,7-dimethyl-benzofuran, 4-(1-methylethenyl)-1-cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde, and cyclohexadecane.
文摘The changes of polyphenols in tobacco leaves during the flue-curing process and correlation analysis on some chemical components were studied. Leaf samples were taken from different tobacco-producing regions in Henan Province, China. The results indicated that the content of total phenols increased during the first 24 h of curing, and then decreased. It reached the lowest value at 72 h of curing and increased rapidly after that. The content of chlorogenic acid also increased during 0-24 h of curing. But the lowest point occurred at 60 or 72 h of curing and then it increased till the end of the curing process. The content of rutin generally increased with curing, and showed little fluctuations. The changes of PPO and POD activity were the opposite. Rutin was found to have a highly significant positive correlation with total sugar (r = 0.822**), but a highly significant negative correlation with starch, nicotine, and protein.
基金Subproject of Guangxi Key Laboratory of Zhuang and Yao Medicines(GXZYZZ2020A-03)Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhuang and Yao Medicines(GJKY201320)+1 种基金Guangxi Key Laboratory of Zhuang and Yao Medicines(GJKZ201432)Guangxi Zhuang Medicine Quality Standard(Volume 3)Quality Evaluation and Standard Research Project(GXZC2014-G3-1577-YLZB-B-3)。
文摘Taxillus chinensis(DC.)Danser is a traditional Chinese medicine,which has the effects of nourishing the liver and kidney and strengthening the bones and muscles.Its properties and efficacy were recorded in many ancient Chinese herbal medicine books and modern books.In addition,other parasitic plants of the Loranthaceae family also have the effects of promoting blood circulation,checking diarrhea,and resisting tumor to treat various diseases.This paper reviewed recent scholars’research on the efficacy and chemical composition of medicinal Loranthaceae plants,and expounded the similarities and differences between T.chinensis and other medicinal Loranthaceae plants.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(31160165)Forestry Science and Technology Project of Guangxi Province[GLKZ(2009)No.3]Project for Innovation Plan of Guangxi Graduate Education(105931003090)
文摘[Objective] The aim was to illustrate the relation between Leptocybe invasa and eucalyptus, so as to provide the basis for scientific control of L. invasa. [Method] The chemical components of eucalyptus were extracted by solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) technique and ethanol extraction method, and detected by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. The relative contents of various components were determined by area normalization. [Result] When eucalyptus was damaged by L. invasa, not only some substances disappeared, but also new substances were induced. Among 4 induced volatiles, the content of terpinolene was the highest of 37.66%. Eight new chemical substances were also detected from the ethanol extract of damaged leaves, and the content of 3-phenyl-2-propenyl phenpropionate was the highest of 30.95%.[Conclusion] The damage caused by L. invasa had obvious effect on composition and contents of chemical components of eucalyptus.
文摘In this study, the effects of the storage duration of coffee cherries after harvest before putting out for sun drying on the kinetics of drying, fungi development and the variation of physicochemical content were evaluated. The results showed that the longer coffee cherries were stored after harvest before putting out for sun drying, the quicker they dried. Indeed, the drying durations were 19, 16, 12, 10, 7 days respectively for coffee cherries put out for sun drying at the day of harvest, the second, the fourth, the sixth and the eighth day after harvest. However, this storage of the cherries after harvest before putting out for sun drying led to the increasing to the infection of cherries by fungi. Indeed, samples of more contaminated inside were those from the lots of cherries stored 8 days after harvest before putting out for sun drying with 55.55% of the samples infected with a percentage of infected beans between 10% and 50%, and 44.45% of the samples were infected with a percentage of infected beans between 50% and 100%. Furthermore, those put out for sun drying at the day of harvest were free inside by fungi. Among the fungi isolated, toxigenic species was found. However, no relationship between the frequencies of ochratoxin A producing strains isolated and the storage duration of the cherries after harvest before putting out for sun drying was noted. This storage of the cherries after harvest before putting out for sun drying also led to the acidification of the cherries (pH = 5.27 - 3.6) and the degradation of their chlorogenic acids content (12.58% - 10.30%) while for their caffeine content (2.53% - 2.55%). No significant difference was observed about the storage duration of the cherries after harvest before putting out for sun drying.
文摘The extract from leaves of Rhododendron dauricum L. was extracted with 95% alcohol by common method for studying its insecticidal activities. The chemical components of the alcohol extract and relative contents were analyzed by GC-MS. The insecticidal activities of the alcohol extract were tested on the 2nd?3rd instar larvae of Lymantria dispar L. for five days. Five concentrations of the extract samples were designed as 50, 10, 5, 1, and 0.5 g?L?1. The results show that the alcohol extracts from leaves of R. dauricum exhibited insecticidal activities against larvae of L. dispar. The corrected mortality of larvae of L. dispar for was over 50% for both contact toxicity and stomach toxicity at the extract concentration of ≥ 5 g·L?1 after five days of application. The insecticidal activity in contact toxicity is more effect than stomach toxicity for the alcohol extract. Twenty compounds, with total GC relative contents of 93.81% in the alcohol extract from leaves of R. dauricum were identified. The main chemical components in the extract are: (1) 4,5-Dihydro-5-oxo-3-(p-tolyl) isoxazole, with a relative content of 40.03%; (2) 1,3-Benzenediol, 5-methyl-2-(3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10- dodecatrienyl)-, (E,E)-, the relative content 18.27%; (3) 3,6-Diphenyl- 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octahydro-1,8-acridinedione, the relative content 3.89%; (4) 6H-[1,2,4]Triazolo[1,5-a]indole, 4a,5,7,8,8a,9-hexahydro-9- methylene-, the relative content 2.99%; (5) 7-Amino-4-methyl-1,8- naphthyridin-2-ol, the relative content 2.64%; (6) 4-Methyl-2,6- dihydroxyquinoline, the relative content 2.63%; (7) 2,4,6- Triaminoquinazoline, the relative content 2.27%; (8) 2(1H)-Quinolinone, 4-hydroxy-1-methyl-, the relative content 2.02%.
