Rice is an important staple food in China and it is at risk of attack by rice striped stem borer Chilo suppressalis, which occurs in most rice growing areas. In recent years, severe C. suppressalis outbreaks have been...Rice is an important staple food in China and it is at risk of attack by rice striped stem borer Chilo suppressalis, which occurs in most rice growing areas. In recent years, severe C. suppressalis outbreaks have been observed in China mainly due to changes in the rice cultivation systems, wide adoption of hybrid varieties and resistance to the dominant insecticides. Management relies primarily on chemical insecticides and resistance is an important contributing factor in these outbreaks. As a result, food safety of agricultural produce is reduced and the ecological and environmental integrities are threatened as well. Recently, environmentally friendly pest management measures, such as trap plants have been introduced for C. suppressalis management and this method can greatly reduce insecticide use. Our previous results indicated that the vetiver grass(Vetiveria zizanioides) is a dead-end trap plant that can effectively attract the adult females of C. suppressalis to lay eggs on it but where larvae are unable to complete their life cycle. This paper further explored the application of vetiver grass as a trap plant to manage C. suppressalis in the paddy fields. This environment-friendly tool can not only reduce C. suppressalis populations, it can also increase the diversity and abundance of natural enemies that can provide better environmental conditions for rice production.展开更多
Chlorantraniliprole was introduced into China from 2008 as a novel insecticide to control the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis (Walker). Cotesia chilonis (Matsumura) is the major parasitoid of C. suppressalis. We c...Chlorantraniliprole was introduced into China from 2008 as a novel insecticide to control the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis (Walker). Cotesia chilonis (Matsumura) is the major parasitoid of C. suppressalis. We collected seven populations of C. suppressalis and two populations of C. chilonis in different locations in China in 2009 to investigate the lethal effects of chlorantraniliprole on them. The populations of C. suppressalis from different regions showed various LD50 values ranging from 2.00 to 18.70 ng per larva. Chlorantraniliprole has negligible acute contact toxicity (LC50>500 mg L-1) to C. chilonis and its oral toxicity is also much lower than that of fipronil (>2 800-fold difference in LC50). The results indicated that chlorantraniliprole is a good alterative in rice integrated pest management (IPM) programs. The susceptibility data of C. suppressalis will be useful for monitoring resistance levels in future.展开更多
In recent years,the occurrence of rice Chilo suppressalis( Walker) in Longyou County of Zhejiang Province has increased year by year and has become aggravated. This poses a great threat to the safety of rice productio...In recent years,the occurrence of rice Chilo suppressalis( Walker) in Longyou County of Zhejiang Province has increased year by year and has become aggravated. This poses a great threat to the safety of rice production. In order to curb the recurrence momentum of rice C. suppressalis,according to the dynamic monitoring and field system survey of rice C. suppressalis in Longyou County since 2015,the causes of the annual increase of rice C. suppressalis in recent years were analyzed,and the recurrence area of C. suppressalis was introduced,and finally some prevention and control measures were put forward.展开更多
Vetiver grass(Vetiveria zizanioides L.)was previously found to effectively attract female adults of Chilo suppressalis(Walker),an important pest of rice.To determine the volatile compounds involved in this attraction,...Vetiver grass(Vetiveria zizanioides L.)was previously found to effectively attract female adults of Chilo suppressalis(Walker),an important pest of rice.To determine the volatile compounds involved in this attraction,electroantennography(EAG)responses to seven synthetic volatiles released from vetiver plants were examined.Our results indicated that the responses of C.suppressalis adult antennae to the different compounds varied widely.The compounds elicited strong EAG responses in female antennae were subsequently selected for further EAG response tests,namely,caryophyllene,β-ocimene,linalool andα-pinene.EAG responses to a combination of these four compounds did not differ significantly from the individual compounds.However,pair combination tests indicated that 0.01μgμL^(–1) linalool and 50μgμL^(–1)α-pinene,50μgμL^(–1) caryophyllene and 0.01μgμL^(–1) linalool,0.01μgμL^(–1)β-ocimene and 0.01μgμL^(–1) linalool,and 0.01μgμL^(–1)β-ocimene and 50μgμL^(–1) caryophyllene elicited significantly greater EAG responses in 3-day female moths compared to the 1-day female.These compound combinations and the corresponding ratios are probably playing an important role in attracting female adults of C.suppressalis to the vetiver grass.展开更多
Small heat shock protei ns(sHSPs)are a very complex protei n superfamily that increase in sect temperature tolera nee.In order to deeply understand the function and role of sHSPs in Chilo suppressalis(Walker),this stu...Small heat shock protei ns(sHSPs)are a very complex protei n superfamily that increase in sect temperature tolera nee.In order to deeply understand the function and role of sHSPs in Chilo suppressalis(Walker),this study isolated and identified two CsHSP genes lacking introns from C.suppressalis,Cshsp23.9 and Cshsp27.3.The cDNA full-length of Cshsp23.9 and Cshsp27.3 were 909 and 1036 bp encoding 220 and 242 amino acids,respectively.Alignment with homologs and phylogenetic analysis indicated Cshsp23.9 and Cshsp27.3 were two new types of Cshsps in C.suppressalis.Real-time quantitative PCR(qPCR)revealed that Cshsp23.9 had the highest relative expression in hindgut compared with other tissues(head,epidermis,foregut,midgut,fat body,Malpighian tubules,and hemocytes),while Cs/?sp27.3 expressed the highest in fat body con tent.Whe n exposed to thermal stress from-11 to 43°C for 2 h,two genes showed differe nt expression patterns.Cshsp23.9 did not respond to low temperature,but could be up-regulated by high temperature and the highest expression temperature was at 36°C.Cshsp27.3 could only be induced by mild temperature,with the highest expression at 15 and 30°C.In conclusion,Cshsp23.9 and Cshsp27.3 existed in different tissues/organs of C.suppressalis,and played different important roles in C.suppressalis to resist temperature stress and regulate physiological activities.展开更多
By means of topical application, fipronil resistance was surveyed in the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis, from 12 diferent areas in east China from 2001 to 2004. The rice stem borers in most regions of Jiangsu and...By means of topical application, fipronil resistance was surveyed in the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis, from 12 diferent areas in east China from 2001 to 2004. The rice stem borers in most regions of Jiangsu and Anhui were still susceptible to fipronil. But in Wuxi, Jiangsu Province and Cixi, Zhejiang Province, their sensitivity became decreased (resistance ratios were 3.1 and 3.6, respectively), and the medium level of resistance (resistance ratio was 21.2) was found in Cangnan, Zhejiang Province. So, it was still at the early stage for fipronil resistance development in this pest. Synergism experiments showed that piperonyl butoxide(PBO) had a little effect on both susceptible and resistant borers (synergism ratios were 1.1–1.2). Though triphenyl phosphate (TPP) and diethyl meleate (DEM) had no effect on the susceptible borers, they had significant synergism on fipronil in the resistant population to fipronil (synergism ratios were 1.8 and 1.6, respectively), indicating esterase and glutathion S-transferase may be involved in the resistance mechanism. Bioassay with currently used insecticides indicated that triazophos (because of high resistance), trichlorphon and acephate had very low toxicity to resistant borers. But diazinon, pyridaphenthion, decamethrin and avermectin showed high toxicity and had no cross resistance to fipronil, which could be considered as substitute insecticides in the resistance managment.展开更多
Many proteins require assistance from molecular chaperones at various stages to attain correctly folded states and functional conformations during protein synthesis. In this study, the gene encoding T-complex polypept...Many proteins require assistance from molecular chaperones at various stages to attain correctly folded states and functional conformations during protein synthesis. In this study, the gene encoding T-complex polypeptide 1(TCP-1), which belongs to the heat shock protein 60(HSP60) family, was isolated and characterized from the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis, by RACE and q PCR, respectively. The full-length c DNA of Tcp-1 was 2 144 bp and encoded a 1 635-bp ORF; the deduced translational product contained 545 amino acids with 5′-and 3′-UTRs and an isoelectric point of 5.29. Cluster analysis confirmed that the deduced amino acid sequence shared high identity(60–99%) with TCP-1 from other insects. To investigate Tcp-1 expression in response to abiotic stress, q PCR was used to analyze expression levels of Tcp-1 m RNA in C. suppressalis larvae exposed to temperatures ranging from –11 to 43°C. With respect to heat shock, Tcp-1 expression was higher than the control after a 2-h exposure to 30 and 36°C and declined at 39 and 43°C. Difference in Tcp-1 expression was observed at temperatures ranging from –11 to 27°C. q PCR analyses revealed that Tcp-1 expression was the highest in hindgut tissue as compared to heads, epidermis, fat body, foregut, midgut, and malpighian tubules. Our results indicated that Tcp-1 expression was differentially expressed in C. suppressalis tissues, and was impacted by temperature stress.展开更多
The striped stem borer (SSB), Chilo suppressalis (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), is a major pest of rice in China. Variation in host-plant quality may affect the body size of herbivorous insects, which in turn, can...The striped stem borer (SSB), Chilo suppressalis (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), is a major pest of rice in China. Variation in host-plant quality may affect the body size of herbivorous insects, which in turn, can determine their life-history parameters such as survival, fecundity and fitness. In this study, we tested the effects of high-quality aromatic rice varieties on the fitness of SSB in China. Results showed that 1st instar larvae had higher penetrating rates and survival rates on the high-quality aromatic rice varieties (EX-1 and WX-988) than that on the non-aromatic rice varieties (EZ-5 and LYP-9). In addition, shorter developmental periods, greater female pupal weights and higher of other life-history parameters (hatching rate, pupation rate, eclosion rate and increase index) were found on the high-quality aromatic rice varieties, although only female pupal weight showed a significant difference between the two varieties. The highest dead heart rate was found on the aromatic rice variety of EX-1. These results indicate that SSB sustains a lower fitness cost when consuming the high-quality aromatic rice varieties (EX-1 and WX-988) than on the non-aromatic rice varieties (EZ-5 and LYP-9) in Central China.展开更多
In insects,the sense of smell is mainly mediated by olfactory receptors(Ors).Olfactory co-receptor(Orco),which is coexpressed with the Ors in almost all olfactory receptor neurons(ORNs),is demonstrated to be an essent...In insects,the sense of smell is mainly mediated by olfactory receptors(Ors).Olfactory co-receptor(Orco),which is coexpressed with the Ors in almost all olfactory receptor neurons(ORNs),is demonstrated to be an essential component in the insect olfactory system.It can be potential target for developing novel olfactory-disruption strategy to control insect pests.In this study,two full-length cDNA sequences encoding Orcos(CmedOrco and ChsupOrco) were cloned from two Lepidopteran rice pests,the rice leaffolder,Cnaphalocrocis medinalis and the rice striped stem borer,Chilo suppressalis.The amino acid sequences of CmedOrco and ChsupOrco showed high similarity to the previously identified Orcos from other insect species. Bioinformatic prediction and cellular immunofluorescence indicated that CmedOrco and ChsupOrco were both seven-transmembrane proteins with intracellular N-termini and extracellular C-termini.mRNA expression levels of the two Orcos were much higher in male and female antennae than those in non-olfactory tissues,and the ChsupOrco transcripts reached a peak level in adults compared to other life stages.Our results provide a foundation from which it will be possible to elucidate the roles of Orco in moth olfaction and for the development of environment-friendly management strategies of these two rice insect pests.展开更多
Suppressing effects of mass trapping using synthetic sex pheromone with main active ingredients of Z-11-hexadece-nal, Z-13-octadecenal and Z-9-hexadecenal on the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis were investigated d...Suppressing effects of mass trapping using synthetic sex pheromone with main active ingredients of Z-11-hexadece-nal, Z-13-octadecenal and Z-9-hexadecenal on the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis were investigated during the flight periods of the overwintering and 1^st generation in the paddy area of 60 ha in 1999. Population density of C. suppressalis in the pheromone-treated fields was lower than that in control. The egg masses decreased by 74. 39% and population size of adult males of the 1^st generation decreased by 61.64% in the treated fields as compared to control. Meanwhile, the damage by C.suppressalis larvae was significantly lower in the treated fields than control (t-test, P=0.05). Percentages of brownish leaf sheath, dead heart, and white head in the treated fields were decreased by 70.90%, 57.01% and 44.30%, respectively in contrast to control. The present study demonstrated that mass trapping to C. suppressalis using synthetic sex pheromone shows great potential as an alternative measure in an environment-friendly pest management and at the same challenging the insecticide use that has some environment impacts.展开更多
Resistance to herbicide Basta was used to identify Bt-transgenic rice plants and the progenies of crosses between the Bt-transgenic rice and the rice varieties cultivated in the Huang Huai area of China. The results d...Resistance to herbicide Basta was used to identify Bt-transgenic rice plants and the progenies of crosses between the Bt-transgenic rice and the rice varieties cultivated in the Huang Huai area of China. The results demonstrated that the Basta-positive rice plants were highly resistant to stripe stem borer (Chilo suppressalis ) both in the laboratory and field tests. Both cryIA (b) and bar genes were expressed and co-inherited in both selfing and crossing progenies. Mendelian segregation of the marker gene bar was observed in F2 and BC1 progenies. The results implicates that it is possible to transfer cryIA (b) gene into other cultivated varieties through crosses and back crosses.展开更多
In order to preliminarily explore the preservation effect of ordinary refrigerator( 4℃) on artificial diet of Chilo suppressalis,the effects of artificial feed preserved at refrigerator for different time on percenta...In order to preliminarily explore the preservation effect of ordinary refrigerator( 4℃) on artificial diet of Chilo suppressalis,the effects of artificial feed preserved at refrigerator for different time on percentage of pupation and pupa weight of C. suppressalis were investigated to understand the impact of long-term storage of artificial feed on the growth and development of C. suppressalis. The results showed that the percentage of pupation of C. suppressalis fed with artificial diet that had been stored in refrigerator for 40 d( T40) was highest( 67. 1%),followed by CK( 1 d,63. 5%),and the percentage of pupation of C. suppressalis fed with artificial diet that had been stored in refrigerator for10 d( T10) was 61. 9%. No significant difference was found in percentage of pupation among the treatment groups( P > 0. 05). The female pupa weight of the short-term preservation treatment group( 71. 9 mg) was significantly larger than that of the long-term preservation treatment group( 66. 1 mg)( P < 0. 05),and was insignificantly different from that of CK( P > 0. 05). The male pupa weight of the short-term preservation treatment group( 51. 2 mg) was significantly larger than that of CK( 47. 7 mg)( P < 0. 05),and the male pupa weight of the long-term preservation treatment group was slightly larger than that of CK( P > 0. 05). In conclusion,the artificial diet of C. suppressalis can be stored for at least 40 d in refrigerator( 4℃).展开更多
The method for collecting eggs of the striped stem borer. Chilo suppressalis using plastic bags was studied in comparison with using caged rice plants. There was no significant difference in fecundity of C. suppressal...The method for collecting eggs of the striped stem borer. Chilo suppressalis using plastic bags was studied in comparison with using caged rice plants. There was no significant difference in fecundity of C. suppressalis at 279 eggs/moth and in percentage of hatched eggs at 95% between in plastic bags and on rice plants. More egg masses were collected on plastic bags than on rice plants, whereas more smaller egg masses (less than 100 eggs per mass) in plastic bags than on rice plants. The advantages in collecting eggs of C. suppressalis and other insects by using plastic bags were also discussed.展开更多
In this paper, the first generation and second generation of Chilo suppressalis Walker were conducted as the test objects to investigate control of a new pesticide(chlorantraniliprole) with preparation of chlorantrani...In this paper, the first generation and second generation of Chilo suppressalis Walker were conducted as the test objects to investigate control of a new pesticide(chlorantraniliprole) with preparation of chlorantraniliprole 20% SC,abamectin 1.8% EC and chlorpyrifos 40% EC to Chilo suppressalis Walker. The results showed that chlorantraniliprole 20% SC, abamectin 1.8% EC and chlorpyrifos40% EC had effective control to Chilo suppressalis Walker for its excellent control efficacy and long persistence period. Seedling protection efficacies were between84.2%-100%, 90.1% and 92.1%, and insecticidal efficacies were between 84.6%-100%,90.7% and 93.8% 36 days after application of chlorantraniliprole 20% SC in treatments with abamectin 1.8% EC and chlorpyrifos 40% EC for first generation Chilo suppressalis Walker control. The dead panicles were between 0.2%-1.4%, 0.8%and 0.7%, pest plant rate control in 0.4%-2.2%, 1.1% and 0.9%, and the rates of damaged rice plants were between 82.4%-97.6%, 90.2%-91.2% and 91.4%-92.8%,30 days after application of chlorantraniliprole 20% SC, abamectin 1.8% EC and chlorpyrifos 40% EC for the second generation Chilo suppressalis Walker control. It can effectively protect seedlings, protect spike, increase grain number and grain weight, which promoting the increase production income effect. The real estate increased by 9.7%-12.3%, 10.9% and 11.2% than water treatment(CK) with a very significant level, while the incomes were higher than 1 719.19-1 998.22, 1 956.52 and 2 057.83 yuan.展开更多
Genetic variation and patterns of genetic differentiation of the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), from the South China were analyzed using 6 microsatellite markers and two partial mtDNA (c...Genetic variation and patterns of genetic differentiation of the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), from the South China were analyzed using 6 microsatellite markers and two partial mtDNA (cox1 and cox2) regions. All of the 6 microsatellite loci were polymorphic in the studied seven populations. The allelic richness per population ranged between 5.67 and 14.00, and average H E and H O values were 0.6246-0.8329 and 0.2634-0.6061, respectively. As the mitochondrial genome is a single genetic locus, we only present results for the concatenated data set (cox1 plus cox2 gene sequences, 513 bp). The concatenated data showed high level of genetic diversity and there are 23 variable polymorphic sites among the 513 sites in concatenated data. Nearly all of (20 of 21) pairwise F ST comparisons among populations showed genetic differentiation with moderate to high pairwise F ST values based on microsatellite markers. However, for the mtDNA data, most of the seven populations did not show significant differentiation with other populations. The differences of population differentiation obtained with the two different genetic markers could be mainly attributed to the different mutation rates of microsatellite and mtDNA. There was not genetic structure existed in these studied populations based on microsatellite loci and mtDNA data. The analysis based on network, mismatch distribution, Tajima's D and F S indicated that the studied populations were from the recent same ancestor or the same refuge and followed by a sudden demographic expansion condition.展开更多
The rice stem borer,Chilo suppressalis,has developed a high level of resistance to many of the compounds currently used for control.There is therefore an urgent need to develop novel control methods for C.suppressalis...The rice stem borer,Chilo suppressalis,has developed a high level of resistance to many of the compounds currently used for control.There is therefore an urgent need to develop novel control methods for C.suppressalis.Insect chitin synthases(CHS)have attracted interest as a potential target for insect pest management.However,to date,CHS have not been characterized in C.suppressalis.Two CHS genes(CsCHSI and CsCHS2)were identified and cloned from C.suppressalis.Two transcript variants were identified for CsCHS1,CsCHSla and CsCHS1b.Spatiotemporal expression profiling showed that both transcripts of CsCHS1 are most highly expressed on the last day of each larval instar stage and show the highest expression levels in the integument.In contrast,CsCHS2 is predominantly expressed during the larval feeding stages and shows the highest expression levels in the midgut.Knockdown of CsCHSI by RNA interference significantly inhibited the molting and pupation of C.suppressalis,and knockdown of CsCHS2 significantly affected growth during the larval stage,but had no significant effect on the pupation.Moreover,knockout of CsCHS1 by CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing severely lowered the hatching rate,larval survivorship,pupation rate,and eclosion rate,but only larval survivorship at the GO generation was lowered after the knockout of CsCHS2.These results demonstrate that CsCHS1 and CsCHS2 play vital roles in the growth and development of C.suppressalis,and so have potential as insecticidal targets for the control of this highly damaging pest.展开更多
Peroxidasin plays a unique role in the formation and stability of extracellular matrix(ECM)in the animal kingdom;however,it was only characterized in Diptera,not in other insect orders.In this study peroxidasin(CsPxc/...Peroxidasin plays a unique role in the formation and stability of extracellular matrix(ECM)in the animal kingdom;however,it was only characterized in Diptera,not in other insect orders.In this study peroxidasin(CsPxc/)was first identified and characterized from Chilo suppressalis,a lepidopteran pest.CsPxd complementary DNA with a 4080 bp open reading frame encodes a peptide of 1359 amino acids;the derived amino acid sequence of CsPxd harbors the typical structural characteristics of peroxidasin family in heme-peroxidase superfamily,including the signal peptide at N-terminal,leucine-rich repeat domain,Ig-loop motifs and peroxidase domain,signifying the extracellular location of protein and the involvement in ECM formation.Eukaryotic expression reveals CsPxd protein displays peroxidase activity on H2O2,justifying the membership of peroxidase.Phyletic analysis shows the monophyletic evolution pattern of peroxidasin in insect phyle,and moreover only one peroxidasin is present in each species of insects,suggesting its evolutionary conservation on function.Peroxidasin messenger RNA is mainly expressed in egg and the final instar larvae stage.Injection of peroxidasin double-stranded RNA into the final instar larvae impacts the cuticle sclerotization during the metamorphosis from larvae to pupa,and eventually lead to lethality of larvae and pupa.These results suggest the presence of collagen crosslink in chorion and cuticle of insects,and indicate peroxidasin plays a role in the development of chorion and cuticle;furthermore peroxidasin might be the one of potential target genes for pest control using RNA interference.展开更多
基金supported by grants from the Zhejiang Key Research and Development Program of China(2015C02014)the National Natural Science Foundationof China(31672050)+1 种基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0200800-04)the State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest Control,China(2010DS700124-ZZ1601)
文摘Rice is an important staple food in China and it is at risk of attack by rice striped stem borer Chilo suppressalis, which occurs in most rice growing areas. In recent years, severe C. suppressalis outbreaks have been observed in China mainly due to changes in the rice cultivation systems, wide adoption of hybrid varieties and resistance to the dominant insecticides. Management relies primarily on chemical insecticides and resistance is an important contributing factor in these outbreaks. As a result, food safety of agricultural produce is reduced and the ecological and environmental integrities are threatened as well. Recently, environmentally friendly pest management measures, such as trap plants have been introduced for C. suppressalis management and this method can greatly reduce insecticide use. Our previous results indicated that the vetiver grass(Vetiveria zizanioides) is a dead-end trap plant that can effectively attract the adult females of C. suppressalis to lay eggs on it but where larvae are unable to complete their life cycle. This paper further explored the application of vetiver grass as a trap plant to manage C. suppressalis in the paddy fields. This environment-friendly tool can not only reduce C. suppressalis populations, it can also increase the diversity and abundance of natural enemies that can provide better environmental conditions for rice production.
基金supports from the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program, 2007CB109202)the Special Agricultural Research Projects for Public Welfare, China (200803004)
文摘Chlorantraniliprole was introduced into China from 2008 as a novel insecticide to control the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis (Walker). Cotesia chilonis (Matsumura) is the major parasitoid of C. suppressalis. We collected seven populations of C. suppressalis and two populations of C. chilonis in different locations in China in 2009 to investigate the lethal effects of chlorantraniliprole on them. The populations of C. suppressalis from different regions showed various LD50 values ranging from 2.00 to 18.70 ng per larva. Chlorantraniliprole has negligible acute contact toxicity (LC50>500 mg L-1) to C. chilonis and its oral toxicity is also much lower than that of fipronil (>2 800-fold difference in LC50). The results indicated that chlorantraniliprole is a good alterative in rice integrated pest management (IPM) programs. The susceptibility data of C. suppressalis will be useful for monitoring resistance levels in future.
文摘In recent years,the occurrence of rice Chilo suppressalis( Walker) in Longyou County of Zhejiang Province has increased year by year and has become aggravated. This poses a great threat to the safety of rice production. In order to curb the recurrence momentum of rice C. suppressalis,according to the dynamic monitoring and field system survey of rice C. suppressalis in Longyou County since 2015,the causes of the annual increase of rice C. suppressalis in recent years were analyzed,and the recurrence area of C. suppressalis was introduced,and finally some prevention and control measures were put forward.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31672050)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0200800-04)the Zhejiang Key Research and Development Program,China(2015C02014)
文摘Vetiver grass(Vetiveria zizanioides L.)was previously found to effectively attract female adults of Chilo suppressalis(Walker),an important pest of rice.To determine the volatile compounds involved in this attraction,electroantennography(EAG)responses to seven synthetic volatiles released from vetiver plants were examined.Our results indicated that the responses of C.suppressalis adult antennae to the different compounds varied widely.The compounds elicited strong EAG responses in female antennae were subsequently selected for further EAG response tests,namely,caryophyllene,β-ocimene,linalool andα-pinene.EAG responses to a combination of these four compounds did not differ significantly from the individual compounds.However,pair combination tests indicated that 0.01μgμL^(–1) linalool and 50μgμL^(–1)α-pinene,50μgμL^(–1) caryophyllene and 0.01μgμL^(–1) linalool,0.01μgμL^(–1)β-ocimene and 0.01μgμL^(–1) linalool,and 0.01μgμL^(–1)β-ocimene and 50μgμL^(–1) caryophyllene elicited significantly greater EAG responses in 3-day female moths compared to the 1-day female.These compound combinations and the corresponding ratios are probably playing an important role in attracting female adults of C.suppressalis to the vetiver grass.
基金This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31401733 and 31371937)and the National Basic Research and Development Program of China(2013CB127604).We sincerely thank Dr.Tom McAvoy from Virginia Tech,USA for editing on this manu script.
文摘Small heat shock protei ns(sHSPs)are a very complex protei n superfamily that increase in sect temperature tolera nee.In order to deeply understand the function and role of sHSPs in Chilo suppressalis(Walker),this study isolated and identified two CsHSP genes lacking introns from C.suppressalis,Cshsp23.9 and Cshsp27.3.The cDNA full-length of Cshsp23.9 and Cshsp27.3 were 909 and 1036 bp encoding 220 and 242 amino acids,respectively.Alignment with homologs and phylogenetic analysis indicated Cshsp23.9 and Cshsp27.3 were two new types of Cshsps in C.suppressalis.Real-time quantitative PCR(qPCR)revealed that Cshsp23.9 had the highest relative expression in hindgut compared with other tissues(head,epidermis,foregut,midgut,fat body,Malpighian tubules,and hemocytes),while Cs/?sp27.3 expressed the highest in fat body con tent.Whe n exposed to thermal stress from-11 to 43°C for 2 h,two genes showed differe nt expression patterns.Cshsp23.9 did not respond to low temperature,but could be up-regulated by high temperature and the highest expression temperature was at 36°C.Cshsp27.3 could only be induced by mild temperature,with the highest expression at 15 and 30°C.In conclusion,Cshsp23.9 and Cshsp27.3 existed in different tissues/organs of C.suppressalis,and played different important roles in C.suppressalis to resist temperature stress and regulate physiological activities.
基金the Key Technologies R&D Programme of the Tenth Five—Years Plan(2001BA509B08)Science and Technology Engineering Programme for Promoting Crop Yield(2004BA520Al5) Youth Foundation of Nanjing Agricultural University (020600247).
文摘By means of topical application, fipronil resistance was surveyed in the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis, from 12 diferent areas in east China from 2001 to 2004. The rice stem borers in most regions of Jiangsu and Anhui were still susceptible to fipronil. But in Wuxi, Jiangsu Province and Cixi, Zhejiang Province, their sensitivity became decreased (resistance ratios were 3.1 and 3.6, respectively), and the medium level of resistance (resistance ratio was 21.2) was found in Cangnan, Zhejiang Province. So, it was still at the early stage for fipronil resistance development in this pest. Synergism experiments showed that piperonyl butoxide(PBO) had a little effect on both susceptible and resistant borers (synergism ratios were 1.1–1.2). Though triphenyl phosphate (TPP) and diethyl meleate (DEM) had no effect on the susceptible borers, they had significant synergism on fipronil in the resistant population to fipronil (synergism ratios were 1.8 and 1.6, respectively), indicating esterase and glutathion S-transferase may be involved in the resistance mechanism. Bioassay with currently used insecticides indicated that triazophos (because of high resistance), trichlorphon and acephate had very low toxicity to resistant borers. But diazinon, pyridaphenthion, decamethrin and avermectin showed high toxicity and had no cross resistance to fipronil, which could be considered as substitute insecticides in the resistance managment.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31401733)the Incubation Study Project of Science and Technology of Fuyang Normal University, China (2014KJFH02)
文摘Many proteins require assistance from molecular chaperones at various stages to attain correctly folded states and functional conformations during protein synthesis. In this study, the gene encoding T-complex polypeptide 1(TCP-1), which belongs to the heat shock protein 60(HSP60) family, was isolated and characterized from the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis, by RACE and q PCR, respectively. The full-length c DNA of Tcp-1 was 2 144 bp and encoded a 1 635-bp ORF; the deduced translational product contained 545 amino acids with 5′-and 3′-UTRs and an isoelectric point of 5.29. Cluster analysis confirmed that the deduced amino acid sequence shared high identity(60–99%) with TCP-1 from other insects. To investigate Tcp-1 expression in response to abiotic stress, q PCR was used to analyze expression levels of Tcp-1 m RNA in C. suppressalis larvae exposed to temperatures ranging from –11 to 43°C. With respect to heat shock, Tcp-1 expression was higher than the control after a 2-h exposure to 30 and 36°C and declined at 39 and 43°C. Difference in Tcp-1 expression was observed at temperatures ranging from –11 to 27°C. q PCR analyses revealed that Tcp-1 expression was the highest in hindgut tissue as compared to heads, epidermis, fat body, foregut, midgut, and malpighian tubules. Our results indicated that Tcp-1 expression was differentially expressed in C. suppressalis tissues, and was impacted by temperature stress.
基金supported by the National Special Transgenic Project from the Ministry of Agriculture, China(2011ZX08012-004)
文摘The striped stem borer (SSB), Chilo suppressalis (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), is a major pest of rice in China. Variation in host-plant quality may affect the body size of herbivorous insects, which in turn, can determine their life-history parameters such as survival, fecundity and fitness. In this study, we tested the effects of high-quality aromatic rice varieties on the fitness of SSB in China. Results showed that 1st instar larvae had higher penetrating rates and survival rates on the high-quality aromatic rice varieties (EX-1 and WX-988) than that on the non-aromatic rice varieties (EZ-5 and LYP-9). In addition, shorter developmental periods, greater female pupal weights and higher of other life-history parameters (hatching rate, pupation rate, eclosion rate and increase index) were found on the high-quality aromatic rice varieties, although only female pupal weight showed a significant difference between the two varieties. The highest dead heart rate was found on the aromatic rice variety of EX-1. These results indicate that SSB sustains a lower fitness cost when consuming the high-quality aromatic rice varieties (EX-1 and WX-988) than on the non-aromatic rice varieties (EZ-5 and LYP-9) in Central China.
基金funded by the Industry Project of Ministry of Agriculture of China(200903051)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(30900149)
文摘In insects,the sense of smell is mainly mediated by olfactory receptors(Ors).Olfactory co-receptor(Orco),which is coexpressed with the Ors in almost all olfactory receptor neurons(ORNs),is demonstrated to be an essential component in the insect olfactory system.It can be potential target for developing novel olfactory-disruption strategy to control insect pests.In this study,two full-length cDNA sequences encoding Orcos(CmedOrco and ChsupOrco) were cloned from two Lepidopteran rice pests,the rice leaffolder,Cnaphalocrocis medinalis and the rice striped stem borer,Chilo suppressalis.The amino acid sequences of CmedOrco and ChsupOrco showed high similarity to the previously identified Orcos from other insect species. Bioinformatic prediction and cellular immunofluorescence indicated that CmedOrco and ChsupOrco were both seven-transmembrane proteins with intracellular N-termini and extracellular C-termini.mRNA expression levels of the two Orcos were much higher in male and female antennae than those in non-olfactory tissues,and the ChsupOrco transcripts reached a peak level in adults compared to other life stages.Our results provide a foundation from which it will be possible to elucidate the roles of Orco in moth olfaction and for the development of environment-friendly management strategies of these two rice insect pests.
文摘Suppressing effects of mass trapping using synthetic sex pheromone with main active ingredients of Z-11-hexadece-nal, Z-13-octadecenal and Z-9-hexadecenal on the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis were investigated during the flight periods of the overwintering and 1^st generation in the paddy area of 60 ha in 1999. Population density of C. suppressalis in the pheromone-treated fields was lower than that in control. The egg masses decreased by 74. 39% and population size of adult males of the 1^st generation decreased by 61.64% in the treated fields as compared to control. Meanwhile, the damage by C.suppressalis larvae was significantly lower in the treated fields than control (t-test, P=0.05). Percentages of brownish leaf sheath, dead heart, and white head in the treated fields were decreased by 70.90%, 57.01% and 44.30%, respectively in contrast to control. The present study demonstrated that mass trapping to C. suppressalis using synthetic sex pheromone shows great potential as an alternative measure in an environment-friendly pest management and at the same challenging the insecticide use that has some environment impacts.
文摘Resistance to herbicide Basta was used to identify Bt-transgenic rice plants and the progenies of crosses between the Bt-transgenic rice and the rice varieties cultivated in the Huang Huai area of China. The results demonstrated that the Basta-positive rice plants were highly resistant to stripe stem borer (Chilo suppressalis ) both in the laboratory and field tests. Both cryIA (b) and bar genes were expressed and co-inherited in both selfing and crossing progenies. Mendelian segregation of the marker gene bar was observed in F2 and BC1 progenies. The results implicates that it is possible to transfer cryIA (b) gene into other cultivated varieties through crosses and back crosses.
基金Supported by Youth Foundation of Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences [(2017)15]High-quality Characteristic Rice Research and Development and Transformation and Park Technical Service Capacity Building Project of Guizhou Province [Qian Ke He Pingtai Rencai (2017)5719]Science and Technology Plan Project of Guizhou Province [Qian Ke He Zhicheng (2019)2411]
文摘In order to preliminarily explore the preservation effect of ordinary refrigerator( 4℃) on artificial diet of Chilo suppressalis,the effects of artificial feed preserved at refrigerator for different time on percentage of pupation and pupa weight of C. suppressalis were investigated to understand the impact of long-term storage of artificial feed on the growth and development of C. suppressalis. The results showed that the percentage of pupation of C. suppressalis fed with artificial diet that had been stored in refrigerator for 40 d( T40) was highest( 67. 1%),followed by CK( 1 d,63. 5%),and the percentage of pupation of C. suppressalis fed with artificial diet that had been stored in refrigerator for10 d( T10) was 61. 9%. No significant difference was found in percentage of pupation among the treatment groups( P > 0. 05). The female pupa weight of the short-term preservation treatment group( 71. 9 mg) was significantly larger than that of the long-term preservation treatment group( 66. 1 mg)( P < 0. 05),and was insignificantly different from that of CK( P > 0. 05). The male pupa weight of the short-term preservation treatment group( 51. 2 mg) was significantly larger than that of CK( 47. 7 mg)( P < 0. 05),and the male pupa weight of the long-term preservation treatment group was slightly larger than that of CK( P > 0. 05). In conclusion,the artificial diet of C. suppressalis can be stored for at least 40 d in refrigerator( 4℃).
文摘The method for collecting eggs of the striped stem borer. Chilo suppressalis using plastic bags was studied in comparison with using caged rice plants. There was no significant difference in fecundity of C. suppressalis at 279 eggs/moth and in percentage of hatched eggs at 95% between in plastic bags and on rice plants. More egg masses were collected on plastic bags than on rice plants, whereas more smaller egg masses (less than 100 eggs per mass) in plastic bags than on rice plants. The advantages in collecting eggs of C. suppressalis and other insects by using plastic bags were also discussed.
基金Supported by Notice on the First Batch of National Modern Agricultural Demonstration Zone by the Ministry of Agriculture(Agricultural Project No.[2010]22)
文摘In this paper, the first generation and second generation of Chilo suppressalis Walker were conducted as the test objects to investigate control of a new pesticide(chlorantraniliprole) with preparation of chlorantraniliprole 20% SC,abamectin 1.8% EC and chlorpyrifos 40% EC to Chilo suppressalis Walker. The results showed that chlorantraniliprole 20% SC, abamectin 1.8% EC and chlorpyrifos40% EC had effective control to Chilo suppressalis Walker for its excellent control efficacy and long persistence period. Seedling protection efficacies were between84.2%-100%, 90.1% and 92.1%, and insecticidal efficacies were between 84.6%-100%,90.7% and 93.8% 36 days after application of chlorantraniliprole 20% SC in treatments with abamectin 1.8% EC and chlorpyrifos 40% EC for first generation Chilo suppressalis Walker control. The dead panicles were between 0.2%-1.4%, 0.8%and 0.7%, pest plant rate control in 0.4%-2.2%, 1.1% and 0.9%, and the rates of damaged rice plants were between 82.4%-97.6%, 90.2%-91.2% and 91.4%-92.8%,30 days after application of chlorantraniliprole 20% SC, abamectin 1.8% EC and chlorpyrifos 40% EC for the second generation Chilo suppressalis Walker control. It can effectively protect seedlings, protect spike, increase grain number and grain weight, which promoting the increase production income effect. The real estate increased by 9.7%-12.3%, 10.9% and 11.2% than water treatment(CK) with a very significant level, while the incomes were higher than 1 719.19-1 998.22, 1 956.52 and 2 057.83 yuan.
基金supported by the Guangdong Provincial Public Laboratory on Wild Animal Conservation and Management,China(2008-003)the National 973 Program of China(2010CB951503)
文摘Genetic variation and patterns of genetic differentiation of the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), from the South China were analyzed using 6 microsatellite markers and two partial mtDNA (cox1 and cox2) regions. All of the 6 microsatellite loci were polymorphic in the studied seven populations. The allelic richness per population ranged between 5.67 and 14.00, and average H E and H O values were 0.6246-0.8329 and 0.2634-0.6061, respectively. As the mitochondrial genome is a single genetic locus, we only present results for the concatenated data set (cox1 plus cox2 gene sequences, 513 bp). The concatenated data showed high level of genetic diversity and there are 23 variable polymorphic sites among the 513 sites in concatenated data. Nearly all of (20 of 21) pairwise F ST comparisons among populations showed genetic differentiation with moderate to high pairwise F ST values based on microsatellite markers. However, for the mtDNA data, most of the seven populations did not show significant differentiation with other populations. The differences of population differentiation obtained with the two different genetic markers could be mainly attributed to the different mutation rates of microsatellite and mtDNA. There was not genetic structure existed in these studied populations based on microsatellite loci and mtDNA data. The analysis based on network, mismatch distribution, Tajima's D and F S indicated that the studied populations were from the recent same ancestor or the same refuge and followed by a sudden demographic expansion condition.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31972298&32172449).
文摘The rice stem borer,Chilo suppressalis,has developed a high level of resistance to many of the compounds currently used for control.There is therefore an urgent need to develop novel control methods for C.suppressalis.Insect chitin synthases(CHS)have attracted interest as a potential target for insect pest management.However,to date,CHS have not been characterized in C.suppressalis.Two CHS genes(CsCHSI and CsCHS2)were identified and cloned from C.suppressalis.Two transcript variants were identified for CsCHS1,CsCHSla and CsCHS1b.Spatiotemporal expression profiling showed that both transcripts of CsCHS1 are most highly expressed on the last day of each larval instar stage and show the highest expression levels in the integument.In contrast,CsCHS2 is predominantly expressed during the larval feeding stages and shows the highest expression levels in the midgut.Knockdown of CsCHSI by RNA interference significantly inhibited the molting and pupation of C.suppressalis,and knockdown of CsCHS2 significantly affected growth during the larval stage,but had no significant effect on the pupation.Moreover,knockout of CsCHS1 by CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing severely lowered the hatching rate,larval survivorship,pupation rate,and eclosion rate,but only larval survivorship at the GO generation was lowered after the knockout of CsCHS2.These results demonstrate that CsCHS1 and CsCHS2 play vital roles in the growth and development of C.suppressalis,and so have potential as insecticidal targets for the control of this highly damaging pest.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31272063).
文摘Peroxidasin plays a unique role in the formation and stability of extracellular matrix(ECM)in the animal kingdom;however,it was only characterized in Diptera,not in other insect orders.In this study peroxidasin(CsPxc/)was first identified and characterized from Chilo suppressalis,a lepidopteran pest.CsPxd complementary DNA with a 4080 bp open reading frame encodes a peptide of 1359 amino acids;the derived amino acid sequence of CsPxd harbors the typical structural characteristics of peroxidasin family in heme-peroxidase superfamily,including the signal peptide at N-terminal,leucine-rich repeat domain,Ig-loop motifs and peroxidase domain,signifying the extracellular location of protein and the involvement in ECM formation.Eukaryotic expression reveals CsPxd protein displays peroxidase activity on H2O2,justifying the membership of peroxidase.Phyletic analysis shows the monophyletic evolution pattern of peroxidasin in insect phyle,and moreover only one peroxidasin is present in each species of insects,suggesting its evolutionary conservation on function.Peroxidasin messenger RNA is mainly expressed in egg and the final instar larvae stage.Injection of peroxidasin double-stranded RNA into the final instar larvae impacts the cuticle sclerotization during the metamorphosis from larvae to pupa,and eventually lead to lethality of larvae and pupa.These results suggest the presence of collagen crosslink in chorion and cuticle of insects,and indicate peroxidasin plays a role in the development of chorion and cuticle;furthermore peroxidasin might be the one of potential target genes for pest control using RNA interference.
