The Antarctic Bottom Water formation site Vincennes Bay,East Antarctica is experiencing a substantial intrusion of modified Circumpolar Deep Water(mCDW),which may inhibit the formation of Dense Shelf Water(DSW)and dri...The Antarctic Bottom Water formation site Vincennes Bay,East Antarctica is experiencing a substantial intrusion of modified Circumpolar Deep Water(mCDW),which may inhibit the formation of Dense Shelf Water(DSW)and drive basal melting of the ice shelves.Based on hydrographic data obtained from March to November in 2012,we evaluated the spatial spread of mCDW over the continental shelf region of Vincennes Bay and the associated temporal evolution of water properties,as well as the sea ice formation effect on water column in the coastal polynya.Results show that two branches of mCDW occupied the deep layers of the continental shelf,distinguished by the potential density(smaller than 27.8 kg/m^(3) or not)when potential temperatureθ=0.5°C in theθ-salinity space.The warmer and less dense branch observed on the east plateau,accessed the eastern ice shelves in the coastal polynya to drive basal melting of ice shelves.In contrast,the other colder and denser branch in the mid-depression reached the western Underwood Ice Shelf.DSW formation was detectable in the coastal polynya during September-November,proving the occurrence of deep convection.Surface heat loss and brine rejection during the intensive sea ice formation contributed to the destratification of the water column in the coastal polynya.It was estimated that at least 1.11±0.79 TW heat carried by mCDW into the inner part of the polynya.展开更多
The melting of the West Antarctic Ice Shelf has increased since the 1990s,driven by the relatively warm Circumpolar Deep Water(CDW)that penetrates into the West Antarctic Ice Shelf cavities through submarine glacial t...The melting of the West Antarctic Ice Shelf has increased since the 1990s,driven by the relatively warm Circumpolar Deep Water(CDW)that penetrates into the West Antarctic Ice Shelf cavities through submarine glacial troughs across the continental shelf.In this study,temperature,salinity,and current velocity data obtained by the Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition in the Dotson-Getz Trough(DGT)shows clear differences in distribution of modified Circumpolar Deep Water(mCDW)in the summers of 2020 and 2022.Combined with contemporaneous wind data and additional temperature and salinity data from instrumented seals,the processes and mechanisms responsible for this variation are discussed.Compared with 2020,there is a significant increase in mCDW thickness in 2022,with a doubling of total heat content as the mCDW inflow path across the DGT shifts towards the eastern bank.We propose that a southward shift in the westerly winds in the summer of 2022 moved the upper oceanic divergence zone southward towards the continental slope,promoting the upwelling of mCDW above 500 m.Concurrently,stronger westerly winds over the continental slope strengthened the eastward undercurrent,increasing the transport of this mCDW and its associated heat content to the DGT through Ekman dynamics.These observations show there is strong interannual variability in the strength,path and extent of mCDW inflows to the DGT and that care must be taken when planning observation programs for long-term monitoring of the oceanic heat input to the ice shelves of this globally significant region.展开更多
The data from the Southern Ocean observations of World Ocean Circulation Experiment （WOCE） are used for analysis and illustration of the features and spatial distributions of Circumpolar Deep Water （CDW） in the so...The data from the Southern Ocean observations of World Ocean Circulation Experiment （WOCE） are used for analysis and illustration of the features and spatial distributions of Circumpolar Deep Water （CDW） in the southern Indian Ocean. It is learnt from the comparison among the vertical distributions of temperature/ salinity/oxygen along the 30°E, 90°E and 145°E sections respectively that some different features of CDW and the fronts can be found at those longitudes, and those differences can be attributed to the zonal transoceanic flow and the merizonal movement in the Circumpolar Deep Water. In fact, the zonal transoceanic flow is the main dynamic factor for the water exchange between the Pacific Ocean and the /ndian Ocean or between the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean, and for the effects on the spatial distributions of the physical properties in CDW.展开更多
We compare the characteristics of Circumpolar Deep Water(CDW)in the Amundsen Sea based on Conductivity-Temperature-Depth(CTD)records in the World Ocean Database.There are considerable numbers of ship-based CTD casts i...We compare the characteristics of Circumpolar Deep Water(CDW)in the Amundsen Sea based on Conductivity-Temperature-Depth(CTD)records in the World Ocean Database.There are considerable numbers of ship-based CTD casts in the year 1994,2000,2007 and 2009.After confining temporal-and spatial-windows,several stations are emerged as having at-least two casts in different years.The comparisons show that the CDWs turn warmer and salter on shelf and near ice shelf.The results therefore describe the geographic differences of CDW changes,and exhibit rareness of ship-based CTD survey in the Amundsen Sea.展开更多
Nitrification,a central process in the marine nitrogen cycle,produces regenerated nitrate in the euphotic zone and emits N_(2)O,a potent greenhouse gas as a by-product.The regulatory mechanisms of nitrification in the...Nitrification,a central process in the marine nitrogen cycle,produces regenerated nitrate in the euphotic zone and emits N_(2)O,a potent greenhouse gas as a by-product.The regulatory mechanisms of nitrification in the Southern Ocean,which is a critical region for CO_(2)sequestration and radiative benefits,remain poorly understood.Here,we investigated the in situ and dark nitrification rates in the upper 500 m and conducted substrate kinetics experiments across the Indian Sector in the Cosmonaut and Cooperation seas in the late austral summer.Our findings indicate that light inhibition of nitrification decreases exponentially with depth,exhibiting a light threshold of 0.53%photosynthetically active radiation.A positive relationship between dark nitrification and apparent oxygen utilization suggests a dependence on substrate availability from primary production.Importantly,an increased NH_(4)^(+) supply can act as a buffer against photo-inhibitory damage.Globally,substrate affinity(α)increases with depth and transitions from light to dark,decreases with increasing ambient NH_(4)^(+)and exhibits a latitudinal distribution,reflecting substrate utilization strategies.We also reveal that upwelling in Circumpolar Deep Water(CDW)stimulates nitrification through the introduction of potentially higher iron and deep diverse nitrifying microorganisms with higherα.We conclude that although light is the primary limiting factor for nitrification in summer,coupling between substrate availability and CDW upwelling can overcome this limitation,thereby alleviating photoinhibition by up to 45%±5.3%.展开更多
Hydrographic observations collected by conductivity-temperature-depth（CTD） and instrumented elephant seals on the Prydz Bay continental shelf during 2012 and 2013 are used to characterize the intrusion of modified c...Hydrographic observations collected by conductivity-temperature-depth（CTD） and instrumented elephant seals on the Prydz Bay continental shelf during 2012 and 2013 are used to characterize the intrusion of modified circumpolar deep water.As a regular occurrence,modified circumpolar deep water（MCDW） intrudes onto the shelf mainly between 150–300 m layer of 73°–75°E and then turns southeast affected by the cyclonic gyre of the Prydz Bay.The southernmost point of the warm water signal is captured on the east front of Amery Ice Shelf during March 2012.In terms of vertical distribution,MCDW occupies the central layer of 200 m with about 100 m thickness in the austral summer,but when to winter transition,the layer of MCDW deepens with time on the central shelf.展开更多
本文使用多套再分数据、气候态数据和模式模拟结果对菲律宾海深层环流进行了研究,同时结合断面观测数据评估了这些数据集对于菲律宾海深层水团与环流分析的适用性。结果显示,气候态数据的温盐结构与断面观测结果较为一致,较适于用来进...本文使用多套再分数据、气候态数据和模式模拟结果对菲律宾海深层环流进行了研究,同时结合断面观测数据评估了这些数据集对于菲律宾海深层水团与环流分析的适用性。结果显示,气候态数据的温盐结构与断面观测结果较为一致,较适于用来进行菲律宾海深层水团气候态特征的研究。多个非气候态资料的数据集中混合坐标模型(Hybrid coordinate ocean model GLBa0.08)数据中的温盐结构与观测相对较为接近,也可用于开展菲律宾海深层水团研究。海洋与气候环流模型(Estimating the circulation and climate of the ocean Version 2)数据与菲律宾海深层环流的观测研究吻合相对较好。通过对比分析多个数据集,结合前人研究成果,显示在菲律宾海的2 000~4 000 m层,深层水会从雅浦-马里亚纳深水通道(Yap-Mariana junction, YMJ)处入侵到菲律宾海深层,并跨过九州-帕拉海脊(Kyushu-Palau Ridge, KPR),在菲律宾海盆(Philippine Basin, PB)的南部和北部形成气旋式环流;深层水还会通过伊豆-小笠原海脊上豁口进入四国海盆(Shikoku Basin, SHB),在SHB内形成反气旋环流,并一直延伸到海底;还有一部分会进入PB在琉球海沟处形成南向西边界流,并分出一支流动跨过吕宋海峡进入南海。在4 000 m以深的菲律宾海,深层水通过YMJ入侵到菲律宾海,并跨过KPR,在PB的南部和北部形成两个气旋式环流。本文对比分析结果及对多数据集的评估可为开展菲律宾海深层环流时空特征的研究和模拟的优化提供一定的参考。展开更多
近几十年来较暖的绕极深层水(Circumpolar Deep Water,CDW)不断入侵阿蒙森海陆架,使冰架底部融化,导致阿蒙森海冰架质量不断损失。分析CDW入侵阿蒙森海陆架的路径及性质变化,对研究冰架变薄和接地线后退具有重要意义。基于GLORYS12V1[Gl...近几十年来较暖的绕极深层水(Circumpolar Deep Water,CDW)不断入侵阿蒙森海陆架,使冰架底部融化,导致阿蒙森海冰架质量不断损失。分析CDW入侵阿蒙森海陆架的路径及性质变化,对研究冰架变薄和接地线后退具有重要意义。基于GLORYS12V1[Global Ocean(1/12)°Physical Reanalysis]再分析数据,对阿蒙森海西侧、中央、东侧通道的体积输运和热输运进行了计算,给出了陆架上CDW温度和盐度的变化特征,并分析了它们与流场间的关系。结果表明,Dotson-Getz海槽内的CDW主要源自西侧通道,Pine Island海槽内的CDW主要源自中央通道和东侧通道。由东侧通道入侵的CDW温度最高,西侧入侵的CDW温度最低。CDW通过西侧通道入侵陆架的体积输运和热输运在时间序列上呈现微弱的上升趋势。CDW通过中央通道向Pine Island海槽的体积输运和热输运约是东侧通道的2倍。CDW进入海槽时的温度主要受两方面影响,一方面与入侵陆架时的温度有关,一方面又被后续的混合过程所控制。展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42130402)the International Science and Technology Cooperation Key Special Project of the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2023YFE0104500)。
文摘The Antarctic Bottom Water formation site Vincennes Bay,East Antarctica is experiencing a substantial intrusion of modified Circumpolar Deep Water(mCDW),which may inhibit the formation of Dense Shelf Water(DSW)and drive basal melting of the ice shelves.Based on hydrographic data obtained from March to November in 2012,we evaluated the spatial spread of mCDW over the continental shelf region of Vincennes Bay and the associated temporal evolution of water properties,as well as the sea ice formation effect on water column in the coastal polynya.Results show that two branches of mCDW occupied the deep layers of the continental shelf,distinguished by the potential density(smaller than 27.8 kg/m^(3) or not)when potential temperatureθ=0.5°C in theθ-salinity space.The warmer and less dense branch observed on the east plateau,accessed the eastern ice shelves in the coastal polynya to drive basal melting of ice shelves.In contrast,the other colder and denser branch in the mid-depression reached the western Underwood Ice Shelf.DSW formation was detectable in the coastal polynya during September-November,proving the occurrence of deep convection.Surface heat loss and brine rejection during the intensive sea ice formation contributed to the destratification of the water column in the coastal polynya.It was estimated that at least 1.11±0.79 TW heat carried by mCDW into the inner part of the polynya.
基金This work is supported by Chinese Arctic and Antarctic Administration(Grant no.IRASCC2020-2022)National Key R&D Program of China(Grant no.2018YFA0605701).
文摘The melting of the West Antarctic Ice Shelf has increased since the 1990s,driven by the relatively warm Circumpolar Deep Water(CDW)that penetrates into the West Antarctic Ice Shelf cavities through submarine glacial troughs across the continental shelf.In this study,temperature,salinity,and current velocity data obtained by the Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition in the Dotson-Getz Trough(DGT)shows clear differences in distribution of modified Circumpolar Deep Water(mCDW)in the summers of 2020 and 2022.Combined with contemporaneous wind data and additional temperature and salinity data from instrumented seals,the processes and mechanisms responsible for this variation are discussed.Compared with 2020,there is a significant increase in mCDW thickness in 2022,with a doubling of total heat content as the mCDW inflow path across the DGT shifts towards the eastern bank.We propose that a southward shift in the westerly winds in the summer of 2022 moved the upper oceanic divergence zone southward towards the continental slope,promoting the upwelling of mCDW above 500 m.Concurrently,stronger westerly winds over the continental slope strengthened the eastward undercurrent,increasing the transport of this mCDW and its associated heat content to the DGT through Ekman dynamics.These observations show there is strong interannual variability in the strength,path and extent of mCDW inflows to the DGT and that care must be taken when planning observation programs for long-term monitoring of the oceanic heat input to the ice shelves of this globally significant region.
基金the National Science Foundation of China under Contract Nos.40376009 and 40676011.
文摘The data from the Southern Ocean observations of World Ocean Circulation Experiment （WOCE） are used for analysis and illustration of the features and spatial distributions of Circumpolar Deep Water （CDW） in the southern Indian Ocean. It is learnt from the comparison among the vertical distributions of temperature/ salinity/oxygen along the 30°E, 90°E and 145°E sections respectively that some different features of CDW and the fronts can be found at those longitudes, and those differences can be attributed to the zonal transoceanic flow and the merizonal movement in the Circumpolar Deep Water. In fact, the zonal transoceanic flow is the main dynamic factor for the water exchange between the Pacific Ocean and the /ndian Ocean or between the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean, and for the effects on the spatial distributions of the physical properties in CDW.
基金financially supported by National Polar Special Program“Impact and Response of Antarctic Seas to Climate Change”(Grant nos.IRASCC 01-01-01B,02-01-02).
文摘We compare the characteristics of Circumpolar Deep Water(CDW)in the Amundsen Sea based on Conductivity-Temperature-Depth(CTD)records in the World Ocean Database.There are considerable numbers of ship-based CTD casts in the year 1994,2000,2007 and 2009.After confining temporal-and spatial-windows,several stations are emerged as having at-least two casts in different years.The comparisons show that the CDWs turn warmer and salter on shelf and near ice shelf.The results therefore describe the geographic differences of CDW changes,and exhibit rareness of ship-based CTD survey in the Amundsen Sea.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No.41721005the Fund of the Ministry of Natural Resources of the People’s Republic of China under contract Nos IRASCC 02-01-01 and 01-01-02C.
文摘Nitrification,a central process in the marine nitrogen cycle,produces regenerated nitrate in the euphotic zone and emits N_(2)O,a potent greenhouse gas as a by-product.The regulatory mechanisms of nitrification in the Southern Ocean,which is a critical region for CO_(2)sequestration and radiative benefits,remain poorly understood.Here,we investigated the in situ and dark nitrification rates in the upper 500 m and conducted substrate kinetics experiments across the Indian Sector in the Cosmonaut and Cooperation seas in the late austral summer.Our findings indicate that light inhibition of nitrification decreases exponentially with depth,exhibiting a light threshold of 0.53%photosynthetically active radiation.A positive relationship between dark nitrification and apparent oxygen utilization suggests a dependence on substrate availability from primary production.Importantly,an increased NH_(4)^(+) supply can act as a buffer against photo-inhibitory damage.Globally,substrate affinity(α)increases with depth and transitions from light to dark,decreases with increasing ambient NH_(4)^(+)and exhibits a latitudinal distribution,reflecting substrate utilization strategies.We also reveal that upwelling in Circumpolar Deep Water(CDW)stimulates nitrification through the introduction of potentially higher iron and deep diverse nitrifying microorganisms with higherα.We conclude that although light is the primary limiting factor for nitrification in summer,coupling between substrate availability and CDW upwelling can overcome this limitation,thereby alleviating photoinhibition by up to 45%±5.3%.
基金The Chinese Polar Science and Strategic Research Fond Project under contract No.20140307the Basic Research Operating Funds of the First Institute of Oceanography,State Oceanic Administration under contract Nos 2014T02 and 2014G02+2 种基金the China Polar Science and Strategy Research Foundation under contract No.20150102the Public Science and Technology Research Funds Projects of Ocean under contract No.201405031the National High Technology Research and Development Program(863 Program)of China under contract No.2011AA090401
文摘Hydrographic observations collected by conductivity-temperature-depth（CTD） and instrumented elephant seals on the Prydz Bay continental shelf during 2012 and 2013 are used to characterize the intrusion of modified circumpolar deep water.As a regular occurrence,modified circumpolar deep water（MCDW） intrudes onto the shelf mainly between 150–300 m layer of 73°–75°E and then turns southeast affected by the cyclonic gyre of the Prydz Bay.The southernmost point of the warm water signal is captured on the east front of Amery Ice Shelf during March 2012.In terms of vertical distribution,MCDW occupies the central layer of 200 m with about 100 m thickness in the austral summer,but when to winter transition,the layer of MCDW deepens with time on the central shelf.
文摘本文使用多套再分数据、气候态数据和模式模拟结果对菲律宾海深层环流进行了研究,同时结合断面观测数据评估了这些数据集对于菲律宾海深层水团与环流分析的适用性。结果显示,气候态数据的温盐结构与断面观测结果较为一致,较适于用来进行菲律宾海深层水团气候态特征的研究。多个非气候态资料的数据集中混合坐标模型(Hybrid coordinate ocean model GLBa0.08)数据中的温盐结构与观测相对较为接近,也可用于开展菲律宾海深层水团研究。海洋与气候环流模型(Estimating the circulation and climate of the ocean Version 2)数据与菲律宾海深层环流的观测研究吻合相对较好。通过对比分析多个数据集,结合前人研究成果,显示在菲律宾海的2 000~4 000 m层,深层水会从雅浦-马里亚纳深水通道(Yap-Mariana junction, YMJ)处入侵到菲律宾海深层,并跨过九州-帕拉海脊(Kyushu-Palau Ridge, KPR),在菲律宾海盆(Philippine Basin, PB)的南部和北部形成气旋式环流;深层水还会通过伊豆-小笠原海脊上豁口进入四国海盆(Shikoku Basin, SHB),在SHB内形成反气旋环流,并一直延伸到海底;还有一部分会进入PB在琉球海沟处形成南向西边界流,并分出一支流动跨过吕宋海峡进入南海。在4 000 m以深的菲律宾海,深层水通过YMJ入侵到菲律宾海,并跨过KPR,在PB的南部和北部形成两个气旋式环流。本文对比分析结果及对多数据集的评估可为开展菲律宾海深层环流时空特征的研究和模拟的优化提供一定的参考。
