A flame retardant composition was prepared by using phosphoguanidine,guanidine sulfamate,disodium octaborate tetrahydrate and dodecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride.Veneers were immersed in such flame retardant mix...A flame retardant composition was prepared by using phosphoguanidine,guanidine sulfamate,disodium octaborate tetrahydrate and dodecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride.Veneers were immersed in such flame retardant mixture to prepare plywood.The combustion characteristics and thermal stability of plywood were assessed using a cone calorimeter and TG.Results showed that:(1)High concentration and loading of flame retardant were beneficial for the fire resistance of the plywood.(2)The limiting oxygen index(LOI)and residual mass of plywood processed using the flame retardant was increased by 87.52%and 58.66%compared to those of the untreated plywood,while the average heat release rate(av-HRR),total heat release(THR),effective heat of combustion(EHC),total smoke release(TSR),CO yield(COY),CO_(2) yield(CO_(2)Y)and oxygen consumption were decreased by 44.3%,82.9%,47.0%,86.0%,89.9%,50.1%and 83.1%,respectively.(3)Treated plywood which had a low fire growth index(FGI)displayed a later combustion heat release rate peak and slower flame spread than observed for the untreated material.Combustion of treated plywood displayed a higher fire performance index(FPI),indicating a longer time to ignition.This suggests that burning structures from this material would be subject to a longer time for escape from the structure and would present lower fire risk than similar structures containing treated plywood.(4)TG results demonstrated that the presence of the flame retardant can decrease the pyrolysis temperature for hemicellulose and cellulose,change the decomposition and reaction progress for plywood degradation and promote dehydration carbonization and accelerated charformation.Moreover,the formed char was more stable than that combustion of untreated plywood.(5)The flame retardant contains nitrogen(N),phosphorus(P),boron(B),chlorine(Cl)and guanidine(Gu)compounds.The adhesive also contains N and P compounds.These substances display flame resistance and supplement each other to generate flame retardance than any one used alone.By changing the thermolysis and thermal decomposition processes,the heat release and smoke release from plywood,undergoing combustion was reduced.This controlled generation of combustible substances and promoted dehydration and carbonization to form char.As a result,the flame resistance of plywood was improved significantly.The probability of smoke asphyxia or poisoning death of those trapped in structures containing treated plywood during fire accidents can be decreased dramatically.展开更多
It is necessary to achieve the best specifications in carpets that provide safety to human health in establishments and buildings. This can be achieved by reducing the emissions of toxic gases from combustion via cont...It is necessary to achieve the best specifications in carpets that provide safety to human health in establishments and buildings. This can be achieved by reducing the emissions of toxic gases from combustion via controlling the carpets composition. This research presents a study on carpets behavior when burning samples with different mixing specifications to determine the combustion products by conducting a test using cone Calorimeter to determine the effect of different structures of the carpet on combustion products. The study includes the effect of both the quality of the material used and their different densities and thicknesses. The research provides an analysis of carpet combustion products from different emissions, such as the amount of carbon monoxide CO, the amount of carbon dioxide CO2, smoke density, heat of combustion, and the heat released rate. It is clear that the rate of heat released is uneven in samples with different percentages of mixing. The samples with higher mixing percentage of synthetic fibers give lower temperature while the samples with higher wool percentage give higher temperature. The temperature of combustion increases gradually with the increase of the percentage of wool while the density of the smoke decreases which achieves the required safety of carpets. In addition to this, the research proves the increase of both CO and CO2 as the percentage of synthetic fibers in products which confirms the necessity to avoid the adverse effects of these emissions on human health.展开更多
The NR/modified montmorillonite(EMT)nano-composites were prepared by mechanical mixing and reacting in situ with glycidyl methacrylate.Under 30 kW.m^(-2)of heat flux,the combustion behavior of the nano-composites was ...The NR/modified montmorillonite(EMT)nano-composites were prepared by mechanical mixing and reacting in situ with glycidyl methacrylate.Under 30 kW.m^(-2)of heat flux,the combustion behavior of the nano-composites was studied with cone calorimetry,and PHRR,THR,EHC,TSR and MLR were tested.The results showed that the nano- composite had improved mechanical properties and flame retardance properties,and to some extent,the nano-composite had smoke suppress effect.Compared with pure NR,the PHRR,EHC and SPR of the nano-composite reduced by 34%,21% and 16.8%,respectively.展开更多
In this research, the flame retardancy of neat alginate fiber, flame retardant viscose fiber(FRV) and alginate/FRV(50/50) blending fibers were investigated by vertical burning and cone calorimeter tests.The vertical b...In this research, the flame retardancy of neat alginate fiber, flame retardant viscose fiber(FRV) and alginate/FRV(50/50) blending fibers were investigated by vertical burning and cone calorimeter tests.The vertical burning test showed that the afterflame time of alginate fiber was 0 s, but alginate presented serious smoldering behavior with the afterglow time of 605 s and damaged length of 85 mm, while the afterglow time of FRV was 0 s. When the FRV was incorporated into alginate with the weight ratio of 50/50, the afterglow time and damaged length were significantly reduced to 85 s and 35 mm, indicating the smoldering of alginate can be effectively decreased. The morphology and chemical structure of the alginate residual demonstrated that it was seriously destroyed during smoldering process, which was ascribed to its relative low initial thermal degradation temperature. Based on the thermal properties analysis, alginate and FRV fibers shared the concurrence of rapid degradation in the same temperature region of 250-300 ℃, through which, the compact and stable char formed by FRV can prevent the heat transmission and suppress the smoldering of alginate. Further, the cone calorimeter results demonstrated that the time to ignition(TTI) significantly increased and peak heat release rate(PHRR)decreased for alginate/FRV(50/50) compared with FRV. With this research, a new method to overcome the smoldering of alginate was proposed by blending with展开更多
The present paper describes an optimization work to obtain the properties related to a pyrolysis process in the solid material such as density, specific heat, conductivity of virgin and char, heat of pyrolysis and kin...The present paper describes an optimization work to obtain the properties related to a pyrolysis process in the solid material such as density, specific heat, conductivity of virgin and char, heat of pyrolysis and kinetic parameters used for deciding pyrolysis rate. A repulsive particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to obtain the pyrolysis-related properties. In the previous study all properties obtained only using a cone calorimeter but in this paper both the cone calorimeter and thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) are used for precisely optimizing the pyrolysis properties. In the TGA test a very small mass is heated up and conduction and heat capacity in the specimen is negligible so kinetic parameters can first be optimized. Other pyrolysis-related properties such as virgin/char specific heat and conductivity and char density are also optimized in the cone calorimeter test with the already decided parameters in the TGA test.展开更多
In the future, the Very Large Area gamma-ray Space Telescope is expected to observe high-energy electrons and gamma rays in the MeV to TeV range with unprecedented acceptance. As part of the detector suite, a high-ene...In the future, the Very Large Area gamma-ray Space Telescope is expected to observe high-energy electrons and gamma rays in the MeV to TeV range with unprecedented acceptance. As part of the detector suite, a high-energy imaging calorimeter(HEIC) is currently being developed as a homogeneous calorimeter that utilizes long bismuth germanate(BGO) scintillation crystals as both absorbers and detectors. To accurately measure the energy deposition in the BGO bar of HEIC, a highdynamic-range readout method using a silicon photomultiplier(SiPM) and multiphotodiode(PD) with different active areas has been proposed. A prototype readout system that adopts multichannel charge measurement ASICs was also developed to read out the combined system of SiPMs and PDs. Preliminary tests confirmed the feasibility of the readout scheme, which is expected to have a dynamic range close to 10~6.展开更多
The Cooling Storage Ring external-target experiment(CEE)spectrometer is used to study the nuclear matter created in heavy-ion collisions at√sNN=2.1-2.4 GeV with the aim to reveal the quantum chromodynamics phase stru...The Cooling Storage Ring external-target experiment(CEE)spectrometer is used to study the nuclear matter created in heavy-ion collisions at√sNN=2.1-2.4 GeV with the aim to reveal the quantum chromodynamics phase structure in the high-baryon-density region.Collective flow is considered an effective probe for evaluating the properties of media during high-energy nuclear collisions.One of the main functions of the zero-degree calorimeter(ZDC),a subdetector system in the CEE,is to determine the reaction plane in heavy-ion collisions.This step is crucial for measuring the collective flow and other reaction-plane-related analyses.In this paper,we illustrate the procedures for event plane determination using the ZDC.Finally,isospin-dependent quantum molecular dynamics model-based predictions of the rapidity dependence of the directed and elliptical flows for p,d,t,3He,and 4He,produced in 2.1 GeV U+U collisions,are presented.展开更多
Pinus is an economically and ecologically important genus whose members are dominant components globally in low-latitude mountainous and mid-latitude temperate forests.Pinus species richness is currently concentrated ...Pinus is an economically and ecologically important genus whose members are dominant components globally in low-latitude mountainous and mid-latitude temperate forests.Pinus species richness is currently concentrated in subtropical mid-low latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere,differing from the latitudinal diversity gradient mostly recognized in woody angiosperms.How the present pattern was developing in Earth's past is still poorly studied,particularly in eastern Asia.Here,a new fossil species,Pinus shengxianica sp.nov.is described based on a fossil seed cone from the Late Miocene Shengxian Formation in Zhejiang,southeast China.A co-occurring cone is recognized as a known fossil species,Pinus speciosa Li.Extensive comparison of extant and fossil members of Pinus suggests P.shengxianica shares a striking cone similarity to Pinus merkusii and Pinus latteri(subsection Pinus)from tropical Southeast Asia in having annular bulges around the umbo on the apophysis.The morphological resemblance indicates these two extant low-latitude pines probably possess a close affinity with the present newly-discovered P.shengxianica and originated from East Asian mid-low latitude ancestors during this generic re-diversification in the Miocene.This scenario is consistent with the evolutionary trajectory reflected by the pine fossil history and molecular data,marking the Miocene as a key period for the origin and evolution of most extant pines globally.The co-occurrences of diverse conifers and broadleaved angiosperms preferring diverse niches demonstrate Late Miocene eastern Zhejiang was one of the hot spots for coniferophyte diversity and hosted a needled-broadleaved mixed forest with complex vegetation structure and an altitudinal zonation.展开更多
In this research, we explore the properties and applications of the mapping cone and its variant, the pinched mapping cone. The mapping cone is a construction that arises naturally in algebraic topology and is used to...In this research, we explore the properties and applications of the mapping cone and its variant, the pinched mapping cone. The mapping cone is a construction that arises naturally in algebraic topology and is used to study the homotopy type of spaces. It has several key properties, including its homotopy equivalence to the cofiber of a continuous map, and its ability to compute homotopy groups using the long exact sequence associated with the cofiber. We also provide an overview of the properties and applications of the mapping cone and the pinched mapping cone in algebraic topology. This work highlights the importance of these constructions in the study of homotopy theory and the calculation of homotopy groups. The study also points to the potential for further research in this area which includes the study of higher homotopy groups and the applications of these constructions to other areas of mathematics.展开更多
As the reproductive organ of the endangered species Fokienia hodginsii,the size of the cones is a constraint on the reproductive renewal of the population.In this study,the molecular basis of the influence of cone siz...As the reproductive organ of the endangered species Fokienia hodginsii,the size of the cones is a constraint on the reproductive renewal of the population.In this study,the molecular basis of the influence of cone size on F.hodginsii was elucidated by comparing the phenotype,biochemistry,and transcriptome of two cultivars of F.hodginsii(‘FJ431’and‘FJ415’).The two cultivars differed significantly in cone size,with FJ431 having a significantly larger cone size and weight than FJ415,1.32 and 1.90 times that of FJ415,respectively.RNA-Seq analysis of both cultivars retrieved 75,940 genes whose approximate functions were classified as the pathway of response to endogenous stimulus and response to hormone and showed significant differences in the auxin-activated signaling pathway,particularly the MAPK signaling pathway-plant.Furthermore,the endogenous IAA content was significantly higher in FJ431 than in FJ415,and 1.58 and 1.29 times more IAA was present in immature and mature cones,respectively.Moreover,exogenous IAA treatment significantly induced the expression of the MAPK pathway-related gene TRINITY_DN10564_c0_g1 and significantly inhibited the expression of the MAPK pathwayrelated gene TRINITY_DN17056_c0_g1.Our work suggests that IAA can affect the cone size of F.hodginsii,most probably through the MAPK pathway.This has high theoretical and practical significance for the improvement of genetic breeding and the further cultivation of quality germplasm resources of F.hodginsii.展开更多
Cone penetration testing (CPT) is an extensively utilized and cost effective tool for geotechnical site characterization. CPT consists of pushing at a constant rate an electronic cone into penetrable soils and recordi...Cone penetration testing (CPT) is an extensively utilized and cost effective tool for geotechnical site characterization. CPT consists of pushing at a constant rate an electronic cone into penetrable soils and recording the resistance to the cone tip (q<sub>c</sub> value). The measured q<sub>c</sub> values (after correction for the pore water pressure) are utilized to estimate soil type and associated soil properties based predominantly on empirical correlations. The most common cone tips have associated areas of 10 cm<sup>2</sup> and 15 cm<sup>2</sup>. Investigators also utilized significantly larger cone tips (33 cm<sup>2</sup> and 40 cm<sup>2</sup>) so that gravelly soils can be penetrated. Small cone tips (2 cm<sup>2</sup> and 5 cm<sup>2</sup>) are utilized for shallow soil investigations. The cone tip resistance measured at a particular depth is affected by the values above and below the depth of interest which results in a smoothing or blurring of the true bearing values. Extensive work has been carried out in mathematically modelling the smoothing function which results in the blurred cone bearing measurements. This paper outlines a technique which facilitates estimating the dominant parameters of the cone smoothing function from processing real cone bearing data sets. This cone calibration technique is referred to as the so-called CPSPE algorithm. The mathematical details of the CPSPE algorithm are outlined in this paper along with the results from a challenging test bed simulation.展开更多
基金This work was supported by Science-technology Support Foundation of Guizhou Province of China(Nos.[2019]2308,[2020]1Y125,NY[2015]3027,and ZK[2021]162)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31800481)+1 种基金Forestry Department Foundation of Guizhou Province of China(No.[2018]13)Cultivation Project of Guizhou University of China(No.[2019]37).
文摘A flame retardant composition was prepared by using phosphoguanidine,guanidine sulfamate,disodium octaborate tetrahydrate and dodecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride.Veneers were immersed in such flame retardant mixture to prepare plywood.The combustion characteristics and thermal stability of plywood were assessed using a cone calorimeter and TG.Results showed that:(1)High concentration and loading of flame retardant were beneficial for the fire resistance of the plywood.(2)The limiting oxygen index(LOI)and residual mass of plywood processed using the flame retardant was increased by 87.52%and 58.66%compared to those of the untreated plywood,while the average heat release rate(av-HRR),total heat release(THR),effective heat of combustion(EHC),total smoke release(TSR),CO yield(COY),CO_(2) yield(CO_(2)Y)and oxygen consumption were decreased by 44.3%,82.9%,47.0%,86.0%,89.9%,50.1%and 83.1%,respectively.(3)Treated plywood which had a low fire growth index(FGI)displayed a later combustion heat release rate peak and slower flame spread than observed for the untreated material.Combustion of treated plywood displayed a higher fire performance index(FPI),indicating a longer time to ignition.This suggests that burning structures from this material would be subject to a longer time for escape from the structure and would present lower fire risk than similar structures containing treated plywood.(4)TG results demonstrated that the presence of the flame retardant can decrease the pyrolysis temperature for hemicellulose and cellulose,change the decomposition and reaction progress for plywood degradation and promote dehydration carbonization and accelerated charformation.Moreover,the formed char was more stable than that combustion of untreated plywood.(5)The flame retardant contains nitrogen(N),phosphorus(P),boron(B),chlorine(Cl)and guanidine(Gu)compounds.The adhesive also contains N and P compounds.These substances display flame resistance and supplement each other to generate flame retardance than any one used alone.By changing the thermolysis and thermal decomposition processes,the heat release and smoke release from plywood,undergoing combustion was reduced.This controlled generation of combustible substances and promoted dehydration and carbonization to form char.As a result,the flame resistance of plywood was improved significantly.The probability of smoke asphyxia or poisoning death of those trapped in structures containing treated plywood during fire accidents can be decreased dramatically.
文摘It is necessary to achieve the best specifications in carpets that provide safety to human health in establishments and buildings. This can be achieved by reducing the emissions of toxic gases from combustion via controlling the carpets composition. This research presents a study on carpets behavior when burning samples with different mixing specifications to determine the combustion products by conducting a test using cone Calorimeter to determine the effect of different structures of the carpet on combustion products. The study includes the effect of both the quality of the material used and their different densities and thicknesses. The research provides an analysis of carpet combustion products from different emissions, such as the amount of carbon monoxide CO, the amount of carbon dioxide CO2, smoke density, heat of combustion, and the heat released rate. It is clear that the rate of heat released is uneven in samples with different percentages of mixing. The samples with higher mixing percentage of synthetic fibers give lower temperature while the samples with higher wool percentage give higher temperature. The temperature of combustion increases gradually with the increase of the percentage of wool while the density of the smoke decreases which achieves the required safety of carpets. In addition to this, the research proves the increase of both CO and CO2 as the percentage of synthetic fibers in products which confirms the necessity to avoid the adverse effects of these emissions on human health.
基金The project was supported by the Program of Key Lab of GD for High Property and Functional Polymer Materials(No.39172).
文摘The NR/modified montmorillonite(EMT)nano-composites were prepared by mechanical mixing and reacting in situ with glycidyl methacrylate.Under 30 kW.m^(-2)of heat flux,the combustion behavior of the nano-composites was studied with cone calorimetry,and PHRR,THR,EHC,TSR and MLR were tested.The results showed that the nano- composite had improved mechanical properties and flame retardance properties,and to some extent,the nano-composite had smoke suppress effect.Compared with pure NR,the PHRR,EHC and SPR of the nano-composite reduced by 34%,21% and 16.8%,respectively.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No. CUSF-DH-D2016012)
文摘In this research, the flame retardancy of neat alginate fiber, flame retardant viscose fiber(FRV) and alginate/FRV(50/50) blending fibers were investigated by vertical burning and cone calorimeter tests.The vertical burning test showed that the afterflame time of alginate fiber was 0 s, but alginate presented serious smoldering behavior with the afterglow time of 605 s and damaged length of 85 mm, while the afterglow time of FRV was 0 s. When the FRV was incorporated into alginate with the weight ratio of 50/50, the afterglow time and damaged length were significantly reduced to 85 s and 35 mm, indicating the smoldering of alginate can be effectively decreased. The morphology and chemical structure of the alginate residual demonstrated that it was seriously destroyed during smoldering process, which was ascribed to its relative low initial thermal degradation temperature. Based on the thermal properties analysis, alginate and FRV fibers shared the concurrence of rapid degradation in the same temperature region of 250-300 ℃, through which, the compact and stable char formed by FRV can prevent the heat transmission and suppress the smoldering of alginate. Further, the cone calorimeter results demonstrated that the time to ignition(TTI) significantly increased and peak heat release rate(PHRR)decreased for alginate/FRV(50/50) compared with FRV. With this research, a new method to overcome the smoldering of alginate was proposed by blending with
文摘The present paper describes an optimization work to obtain the properties related to a pyrolysis process in the solid material such as density, specific heat, conductivity of virgin and char, heat of pyrolysis and kinetic parameters used for deciding pyrolysis rate. A repulsive particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to obtain the pyrolysis-related properties. In the previous study all properties obtained only using a cone calorimeter but in this paper both the cone calorimeter and thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) are used for precisely optimizing the pyrolysis properties. In the TGA test a very small mass is heated up and conduction and heat capacity in the specimen is negligible so kinetic parameters can first be optimized. Other pyrolysis-related properties such as virgin/char specific heat and conductivity and char density are also optimized in the cone calorimeter test with the already decided parameters in the TGA test.
基金Foundation of China (Nos. 12227805, U1831206, 12103095, 12235012, 12273120, and 11973097)the Scientific Instrument Developing Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. GJJSTD20210009)。
文摘In the future, the Very Large Area gamma-ray Space Telescope is expected to observe high-energy electrons and gamma rays in the MeV to TeV range with unprecedented acceptance. As part of the detector suite, a high-energy imaging calorimeter(HEIC) is currently being developed as a homogeneous calorimeter that utilizes long bismuth germanate(BGO) scintillation crystals as both absorbers and detectors. To accurately measure the energy deposition in the BGO bar of HEIC, a highdynamic-range readout method using a silicon photomultiplier(SiPM) and multiphotodiode(PD) with different active areas has been proposed. A prototype readout system that adopts multichannel charge measurement ASICs was also developed to read out the combined system of SiPMs and PDs. Preliminary tests confirmed the feasibility of the readout scheme, which is expected to have a dynamic range close to 10~6.
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Nos.2022YFA1604900 and 2020YFE0202002)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12175084,11890710,11890711,11927901)+1 种基金the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDB34030000)Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities(No.CCNU220N003).
文摘The Cooling Storage Ring external-target experiment(CEE)spectrometer is used to study the nuclear matter created in heavy-ion collisions at√sNN=2.1-2.4 GeV with the aim to reveal the quantum chromodynamics phase structure in the high-baryon-density region.Collective flow is considered an effective probe for evaluating the properties of media during high-energy nuclear collisions.One of the main functions of the zero-degree calorimeter(ZDC),a subdetector system in the CEE,is to determine the reaction plane in heavy-ion collisions.This step is crucial for measuring the collective flow and other reaction-plane-related analyses.In this paper,we illustrate the procedures for event plane determination using the ZDC.Finally,isospin-dependent quantum molecular dynamics model-based predictions of the rapidity dependence of the directed and elliptical flows for p,d,t,3He,and 4He,produced in 2.1 GeV U+U collisions,are presented.
基金This work was funded in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41872017)the Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy(Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology,CAS)(Nos.193113 and 183125)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,CHD(Nos.300102272206,300102271402 and 300102271403)the Undergraduate Innovation and Entrepreneurship Project(No.S202210710194).
文摘Pinus is an economically and ecologically important genus whose members are dominant components globally in low-latitude mountainous and mid-latitude temperate forests.Pinus species richness is currently concentrated in subtropical mid-low latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere,differing from the latitudinal diversity gradient mostly recognized in woody angiosperms.How the present pattern was developing in Earth's past is still poorly studied,particularly in eastern Asia.Here,a new fossil species,Pinus shengxianica sp.nov.is described based on a fossil seed cone from the Late Miocene Shengxian Formation in Zhejiang,southeast China.A co-occurring cone is recognized as a known fossil species,Pinus speciosa Li.Extensive comparison of extant and fossil members of Pinus suggests P.shengxianica shares a striking cone similarity to Pinus merkusii and Pinus latteri(subsection Pinus)from tropical Southeast Asia in having annular bulges around the umbo on the apophysis.The morphological resemblance indicates these two extant low-latitude pines probably possess a close affinity with the present newly-discovered P.shengxianica and originated from East Asian mid-low latitude ancestors during this generic re-diversification in the Miocene.This scenario is consistent with the evolutionary trajectory reflected by the pine fossil history and molecular data,marking the Miocene as a key period for the origin and evolution of most extant pines globally.The co-occurrences of diverse conifers and broadleaved angiosperms preferring diverse niches demonstrate Late Miocene eastern Zhejiang was one of the hot spots for coniferophyte diversity and hosted a needled-broadleaved mixed forest with complex vegetation structure and an altitudinal zonation.
文摘In this research, we explore the properties and applications of the mapping cone and its variant, the pinched mapping cone. The mapping cone is a construction that arises naturally in algebraic topology and is used to study the homotopy type of spaces. It has several key properties, including its homotopy equivalence to the cofiber of a continuous map, and its ability to compute homotopy groups using the long exact sequence associated with the cofiber. We also provide an overview of the properties and applications of the mapping cone and the pinched mapping cone in algebraic topology. This work highlights the importance of these constructions in the study of homotopy theory and the calculation of homotopy groups. The study also points to the potential for further research in this area which includes the study of higher homotopy groups and the applications of these constructions to other areas of mathematics.
基金The“Eagle Program”of Fujian Province,funded by the Department of Human Resources and Social Security of Fujian ProvinceThe“Fujian Cypress 1st Generation Core Breeding Population Construction Research”(No.2021R1010004),funded by the Department of Science and Technology of Fujian Province.
文摘As the reproductive organ of the endangered species Fokienia hodginsii,the size of the cones is a constraint on the reproductive renewal of the population.In this study,the molecular basis of the influence of cone size on F.hodginsii was elucidated by comparing the phenotype,biochemistry,and transcriptome of two cultivars of F.hodginsii(‘FJ431’and‘FJ415’).The two cultivars differed significantly in cone size,with FJ431 having a significantly larger cone size and weight than FJ415,1.32 and 1.90 times that of FJ415,respectively.RNA-Seq analysis of both cultivars retrieved 75,940 genes whose approximate functions were classified as the pathway of response to endogenous stimulus and response to hormone and showed significant differences in the auxin-activated signaling pathway,particularly the MAPK signaling pathway-plant.Furthermore,the endogenous IAA content was significantly higher in FJ431 than in FJ415,and 1.58 and 1.29 times more IAA was present in immature and mature cones,respectively.Moreover,exogenous IAA treatment significantly induced the expression of the MAPK pathway-related gene TRINITY_DN10564_c0_g1 and significantly inhibited the expression of the MAPK pathwayrelated gene TRINITY_DN17056_c0_g1.Our work suggests that IAA can affect the cone size of F.hodginsii,most probably through the MAPK pathway.This has high theoretical and practical significance for the improvement of genetic breeding and the further cultivation of quality germplasm resources of F.hodginsii.
文摘Cone penetration testing (CPT) is an extensively utilized and cost effective tool for geotechnical site characterization. CPT consists of pushing at a constant rate an electronic cone into penetrable soils and recording the resistance to the cone tip (q<sub>c</sub> value). The measured q<sub>c</sub> values (after correction for the pore water pressure) are utilized to estimate soil type and associated soil properties based predominantly on empirical correlations. The most common cone tips have associated areas of 10 cm<sup>2</sup> and 15 cm<sup>2</sup>. Investigators also utilized significantly larger cone tips (33 cm<sup>2</sup> and 40 cm<sup>2</sup>) so that gravelly soils can be penetrated. Small cone tips (2 cm<sup>2</sup> and 5 cm<sup>2</sup>) are utilized for shallow soil investigations. The cone tip resistance measured at a particular depth is affected by the values above and below the depth of interest which results in a smoothing or blurring of the true bearing values. Extensive work has been carried out in mathematically modelling the smoothing function which results in the blurred cone bearing measurements. This paper outlines a technique which facilitates estimating the dominant parameters of the cone smoothing function from processing real cone bearing data sets. This cone calibration technique is referred to as the so-called CPSPE algorithm. The mathematical details of the CPSPE algorithm are outlined in this paper along with the results from a challenging test bed simulation.
文摘目的:主观评价和客观评估不同成像参数下CBCT的图像质量,分析图像质量的主观评价和客观评价间的关系。方法:分别采用6台不同品牌CBCT扫描仪〔3D Accuitomo(Morita)、i-CAT(Kavo)、5G(NewTom)、Smart3D(北京朗视)、DCT Pro(Vatech)、VGi(NewTom)〕,在各个品牌的典型曝光条件下(电压和电流强度不同)扫描空间分辨率模体和高仿真头模,7位医师对拍摄的CBCT图像进行主观评价打分,比较不同CBCT扫描仪的空间分辨率和对常见口腔解剖结构的可见性。客观评价指标采用各仪器所获的图像空间分辩率(LP/mm)。结果:7位医师的组内一致性和组间一致性均无显著性差异。主观评价New Tom 5G为2分,i-CAT为5分,其余4个品牌匀为4分,客观评价i-CAT的LP/mm为1.8,Smart3D为2.0,其余4个品牌为1.0~1.7。在相同管电流条件下,不同管电压的图像主观质量有显著性差异。在相同管电压条件下,不同管电流的图像主观质量有显著性差异。结论:图像质量的主客观评价具有一定的一致性,不同品牌之间的客观评价差异可能与电压、电流强度不同有关。
