Convenience rice has become widely popular due to its easy availability for cooking. This study investigated the starch structure and composition of leachate and the microstructure of reheated convenience rice using n...Convenience rice has become widely popular due to its easy availability for cooking. This study investigated the starch structure and composition of leachate and the microstructure of reheated convenience rice using novel processing technologies: super-heated steaming(SHS), auto-electric cooking(AEC), and pressurized-steam cooking(PSC). Additionally, the effect of two different target water contents(58% and 63%) was also evaluated. The PSC_63% sample had the highest total solids and amylopectin amount in the leachate. The amylopectin amount in the leachate differed significantly based on the targeted water content. Morphological characterization revealed that the swelling of starch and the coated layer on the surface of rice grains were most pronounced in the PSC_63% sample due to the pressure processing. The textural hardness of the AEC_58% sample was much higher than that of the other samples. The PSC_63% sample had the highest textural adhesiveness value, which can be attributed to the highest amylopectin amount in the leachate. Sensory characterization showed that the PSC_63% sample had the highest glossiness, whiteness, moistness, and overall acceptability. The principal component analysis score plots presented substantial differences in the leachate and textural and sensory characteristics of reheated convenience rice among the different processing technologies.展开更多
Invitation You are warmly invited to the 76th Annual ISE Meeting to be held in Mainz,Germany from 7 to 12 September 2025,conveniently located close to Frankfurt.The meeting will take place at"Rheingoldhalle"...Invitation You are warmly invited to the 76th Annual ISE Meeting to be held in Mainz,Germany from 7 to 12 September 2025,conveniently located close to Frankfurt.The meeting will take place at"Rheingoldhalle",a recently refurbished modern conference center.Mainz is the capital and largest city of the State of Rhineland-Palatinate and is located at the river Rhine.展开更多
BACKGROUND: The route of most systemic diseases begins in the oral cavity. Oral health knowledge of mouthwashes and their uses is indispensable for the general population and especially adolescents. The use of mouthwa...BACKGROUND: The route of most systemic diseases begins in the oral cavity. Oral health knowledge of mouthwashes and their uses is indispensable for the general population and especially adolescents. The use of mouthwash by adolescents can be a beneficial adjunct to their oral hygiene routine, providing additional protection against dental diseases and promoting fresher breath. Overuse or misuse of mouthwash, particularly those containing alcohol or other potentially irritating ingredients, may lead to adverse effects such as oral mucosal irritation, dry mouth, or alteration of the oral microbiome. OBJECTIVES: To determine the knowledge, attitude, and use of mouthwash among senior high school students in Kumasi. METHODOLOGY: 120 students responded to a standard questionnaire by a convenient sample technique. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 22.0 and MS Excel were used for data management and analysis. The results of the study were presented using tables, bar charts, and pie chart. RESULTS: The ages of the respondents ranged from 14 to 20 years. Out of the 120 participants, 71 students that represent 59.2% of the total, used mouthwash. Majority of the participants (63%) utilized a mouthwash after brushing their teeth. 49% of the participants reported using mouthwash to address halitosis, 37% used it to combat periodontal disease, and 10% used it for relief from a sore throat. CONCLUSION: In general, most of the participants who use mouthwash had excellent knowledge and a positive attitude toward the use of mouthwash.展开更多
Background: Orthodontics is a dental specialty focusing on correcting dental irregularities and malocclusion. Knowledge and attitudes towards orthodontic treatment are crucial for promoting oral health and overall wel...Background: Orthodontics is a dental specialty focusing on correcting dental irregularities and malocclusion. Knowledge and attitudes towards orthodontic treatment are crucial for promoting oral health and overall well-being. Education and awareness play a vital role in ensuring optimal treatment outcomes and improving quality of life. Aim: This study aims to determine the knowledge and attitudes of Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) pre-clinical dentistry students concerning orthodontic therapy. Methodology: This research is a quantitative descriptive cross-sectional study. The research used a non-random convenience sampling method to form the desired sample. For data collection, an interview-administered questionnaire was used over one month. The study set its sights on pre-clinical dental students in KNUST. A total of 150 questionnaires were printed to meet the sample size. Results: The results of the research showed that the knowledge level of KNUST pre-clinical students on orthodontic treatment and its nuances is quite limited. They however had a fair level of knowledge on the disease or ailment that orthodontic treatments solved (especially malocclusion). Their interest in orthodontic treatments on the other hand was quite significant, with a large number having interest in it. Conclusion: To conclude, KNUST pre-clinical students in Ghana although having a limited level of knowledge on orthodontic treatments have a keen interest in undergoing them regardless of the discomforts or the length of time.展开更多
On Shenzhen,Guangdong Province,a city known for its tech innovation,residents have recently adopted helicopters as“air taxis”alongside buses,cabs and the subway.On board these air taxis,passengers are treated to pan...On Shenzhen,Guangdong Province,a city known for its tech innovation,residents have recently adopted helicopters as“air taxis”alongside buses,cabs and the subway.On board these air taxis,passengers are treated to panoramic views of the city’s picturesque landscapes,making their journeys both convenient and alluring.展开更多
With the continuous advancement of science and technology,our lifestyles are undergoing significant changes,with wearable technology emerging as a captivating trend.In this digital era,there is a growing demand for so...With the continuous advancement of science and technology,our lifestyles are undergoing significant changes,with wearable technology emerging as a captivating trend.In this digital era,there is a growing demand for solutions that cater to people’s needs for health and comfort.The wearable inflatable massage chair represents one such innovation designed to meet these evolving needs.This project is focused on creating a“wearable and portable massage chair”that is both convenient and lightweight.It serves as a massage solution particularly beneficial for the elderly and sedentary individuals.This innovative chair can be used by the elderly during outings or errands,as well as by office workers on business trips,while driving,or commuting via subway.Users can simply lean against the seat or a wall,enjoying moments of relaxation amid the busy and fast-paced modern era.展开更多
When Malawian President Lazarus Chakwera delivered a State of the Nation Address at the 50th Parliamentary Session and Budget Meeting in February,tourism was top of mind.
In Shenzhen,Guangdong Province,a city known for its tech innovation,residents have recently adopted helicopters as“air taxis”alongside buses,cabs and the subway.On board these air taxis,passengers are treated to pan...In Shenzhen,Guangdong Province,a city known for its tech innovation,residents have recently adopted helicopters as“air taxis”alongside buses,cabs and the subway.On board these air taxis,passengers are treated to panoramic views of the city’s picturesque landscapes,making their journeys both convenient and alluring.展开更多
Safety profile of 0.0015%tafluprost eye drops in China:a post-marketing observational study Xue-Li Chen,Yan-Jing Fu,Bo Qu,Ye-Wei Wang,Xin Tang,Yu-Hong Wang,Guo-Yi Zhou,Ming-Kai Lin,Jing-Yuan Shen,Jin Yao,Su-Yan Li,Mia...Safety profile of 0.0015%tafluprost eye drops in China:a post-marketing observational study Xue-Li Chen,Yan-Jing Fu,Bo Qu,Ye-Wei Wang,Xin Tang,Yu-Hong Wang,Guo-Yi Zhou,Ming-Kai Lin,Jing-Yuan Shen,Jin Yao,Su-Yan Li,Miao-Qin Wu,Hua-Zong Peng,Ming-Ying Lai,Ren-Yi Wu,Yi-Nong Zhang,Yan Li,Xiao-Jun Wu,Ming-Chang Zhang,Su-Ping Guo and Xing-Huai Sun(Int J Ophthalmol 2023;16(1):108-114.DOI:10.18240/ijo.2023.01.16)The authors would like to make the following change to the above article:The name of the second author Yan-Jing Fu should be modified as“Yan-Jiang Fu”.The authors apologize for any inconvenience caused by this error.展开更多
As more people are choosing to read online,thanks to digital devices that make services fast and convenient,where does that leave traditional reading spaces?
New and clean energy has been a focus to fight against climate change to achieve a clean and just energy transition.Sinopec as one of the largest integrated energy and chemical companies in China,has accelerated the d...New and clean energy has been a focus to fight against climate change to achieve a clean and just energy transition.Sinopec as one of the largest integrated energy and chemical companies in China,has accelerated the development of new energy,especially the hydrogen energy,while maintaining the high-quality development of traditional fossil energy resources.In this regard,it has established a framework with hydrogen energy at its core while developing other new energy sources including solar energy,wind energy,and biomass energy.Hydrogen energy featuring wide availability,high combustion efficiency,convenient storage,and wide application,is a type of clean energy having the potential to replace the fossil energy for transportation,domestic and industrial applications.展开更多
A device is designed to assess the ammonia removal effect of passive air purification products which derived the QB/T 2761-2006 Methods for determination of purificatory effect of indoor environment decontamination pr...A device is designed to assess the ammonia removal effect of passive air purification products which derived the QB/T 2761-2006 Methods for determination of purificatory effect of indoor environment decontamination product.The device is composed of three parts:ammonia generator,ammonia removal device and ammonia collection device,which is made up of common laboratory equipment.The reagents used are common acid and alkali reagents in the laboratory.During the experiment,5.0mL of 25%concentrated ammonia water is added to the ammonia generator as the ammonia source,and filter paper is used as the sample carrier.Take 3.0g sample and add it to the filter paper,after the ammonia is absorbed by the filter paper with the sample,the residual ammonia is collected and measured by acid-base titration.The ammonia removal efficacy of the sample is calculated by the ammonia absorption amount of the blank sample and the sample to be tested.This method has the characteristics of simple equipment,small area,toxic or harmful substance free,and fabulous accuracy.Four different samples were tested,and the results matched the standard method.展开更多
Reform dividends refer to the improvements in certain economic actors under the new, reformed institutional system as compared against the original system. Reform leads to greater economic growth potential by changing...Reform dividends refer to the improvements in certain economic actors under the new, reformed institutional system as compared against the original system. Reform leads to greater economic growth potential by changing the institutional environment, which in turn increases the vibrancy and innovation of economic actors. The most economically convenient system is also in actuality the most effective market economic system. Reform based on public and collective actions should be based on the following principle： if institutional reform is evolving towards the enhancement of economic convenience, then we can be sure that reform is embarking on the path of releasing dividends.展开更多
对考生说来,关键的问题是找准切入点。不论哪一方面的问题,只要找准切入点,回答问题就会变得容易得多。比如在上一期有 The disadvantage of living in the ruralarea 这样一个话题。如果你想到的是生活在乡下“很不方便”(less conveni...对考生说来,关键的问题是找准切入点。不论哪一方面的问题,只要找准切入点,回答问题就会变得容易得多。比如在上一期有 The disadvantage of living in the ruralarea 这样一个话题。如果你想到的是生活在乡下“很不方便”(less convenient),那么,你还得进一步缩小你的范围,不方便的地方多着呢,你指的是哪一方面?展开更多
The security of controlled bidirectional quantum direct communication using a GHZ state[Chin.Phys.Lett.23(2006)1680]is analyzed.It turns out that the MX protocol has the problem of definite information leakage,i.e.,th...The security of controlled bidirectional quantum direct communication using a GHZ state[Chin.Phys.Lett.23(2006)1680]is analyzed.It turns out that the MX protocol has the problem of definite information leakage,i.e.,the first bit of a secret message from any communication party is always leaked out without any active attack after the controller's announcement of measurement results.We put forward two approaches to improve this.The first is to merely modify the encoding rule of the MX protocol,while the second is to use a Bell state as the quantum resource instead of a GHZ state.Both our approaches can ensure that all the bits of secret messages from two communication parties are not leaked out after the controller's announcement of measurement results.Moreover,the controlled bidirectional quantum secure direct communication protocol based on the second approach is more convenient to implement than the MX protocol,since it merely uses a Bell state as the quantum resource and only needs to perform the Bell-basis measurement.展开更多
A new interval arithmetic method is proposed to solve interval functions with correlated intervals through which the overestimation problem existing in interval analysis could be significantly alleviated. The correlat...A new interval arithmetic method is proposed to solve interval functions with correlated intervals through which the overestimation problem existing in interval analysis could be significantly alleviated. The correlation between interval parameters is defined by the multidimensional parallelepiped model which is convenient to describe the correlative and independent interval variables in a unified framework. The original interval variables with correlation are transformed into the standard space without correlation,and then the relationship between the original variables and the standard interval variables is obtained. The expressions of four basic interval arithmetic operations, namely addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, are given in the standard space. Finally, several numerical examples and a two-step bar are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.展开更多
Around half of the men who have sex with men(MSM)have never been tested for human immunodeficiency virus(HIV),even though the health authorities promoted a massive scale-up of HIV testing and counseling in health faci...Around half of the men who have sex with men(MSM)have never been tested for human immunodeficiency virus(HIV),even though the health authorities promoted a massive scale-up of HIV testing and counseling in health facilities[1].HIV self-testing has been recommended by the World Health Organization as a user-friendly,convenient,rapid,and accurate approach to access HIV testing[2].An internet-based provision of self-testing services may be critical to the rollout of HIV self-testing,but more research is needed.展开更多
The method of empirical orthogonal modes has been widely used since the 1970’s in physical oceanography to study and rebuild vertical structures of ocean dynamic factors. Because of the dominance of the low modes, th...The method of empirical orthogonal modes has been widely used since the 1970’s in physical oceanography to study and rebuild vertical structures of ocean dynamic factors. Because of the dominance of the low modes, the dynamic profile data can be largely reduced.Up to now, all expressions of empirical orthogonal modes are numerical. In this study, an analytic expression for empirical orthogonal ocean modes is constructed for convenient use whereby any numerical expressions can be repeated.The features of the normal modes decomposed from the buoyance frequency profiles obtained in October of 1986,1987 and 1988 by the R/V Science 1 in the western Pacific are quantitatively examined in this study.展开更多
基金supported by the High Value-added Food Technology Development Program in Korea (Grant No. 323002-4)the Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture and Forestry, Republic of Korea。
文摘Convenience rice has become widely popular due to its easy availability for cooking. This study investigated the starch structure and composition of leachate and the microstructure of reheated convenience rice using novel processing technologies: super-heated steaming(SHS), auto-electric cooking(AEC), and pressurized-steam cooking(PSC). Additionally, the effect of two different target water contents(58% and 63%) was also evaluated. The PSC_63% sample had the highest total solids and amylopectin amount in the leachate. The amylopectin amount in the leachate differed significantly based on the targeted water content. Morphological characterization revealed that the swelling of starch and the coated layer on the surface of rice grains were most pronounced in the PSC_63% sample due to the pressure processing. The textural hardness of the AEC_58% sample was much higher than that of the other samples. The PSC_63% sample had the highest textural adhesiveness value, which can be attributed to the highest amylopectin amount in the leachate. Sensory characterization showed that the PSC_63% sample had the highest glossiness, whiteness, moistness, and overall acceptability. The principal component analysis score plots presented substantial differences in the leachate and textural and sensory characteristics of reheated convenience rice among the different processing technologies.
文摘Invitation You are warmly invited to the 76th Annual ISE Meeting to be held in Mainz,Germany from 7 to 12 September 2025,conveniently located close to Frankfurt.The meeting will take place at"Rheingoldhalle",a recently refurbished modern conference center.Mainz is the capital and largest city of the State of Rhineland-Palatinate and is located at the river Rhine.
文摘BACKGROUND: The route of most systemic diseases begins in the oral cavity. Oral health knowledge of mouthwashes and their uses is indispensable for the general population and especially adolescents. The use of mouthwash by adolescents can be a beneficial adjunct to their oral hygiene routine, providing additional protection against dental diseases and promoting fresher breath. Overuse or misuse of mouthwash, particularly those containing alcohol or other potentially irritating ingredients, may lead to adverse effects such as oral mucosal irritation, dry mouth, or alteration of the oral microbiome. OBJECTIVES: To determine the knowledge, attitude, and use of mouthwash among senior high school students in Kumasi. METHODOLOGY: 120 students responded to a standard questionnaire by a convenient sample technique. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 22.0 and MS Excel were used for data management and analysis. The results of the study were presented using tables, bar charts, and pie chart. RESULTS: The ages of the respondents ranged from 14 to 20 years. Out of the 120 participants, 71 students that represent 59.2% of the total, used mouthwash. Majority of the participants (63%) utilized a mouthwash after brushing their teeth. 49% of the participants reported using mouthwash to address halitosis, 37% used it to combat periodontal disease, and 10% used it for relief from a sore throat. CONCLUSION: In general, most of the participants who use mouthwash had excellent knowledge and a positive attitude toward the use of mouthwash.
文摘Background: Orthodontics is a dental specialty focusing on correcting dental irregularities and malocclusion. Knowledge and attitudes towards orthodontic treatment are crucial for promoting oral health and overall well-being. Education and awareness play a vital role in ensuring optimal treatment outcomes and improving quality of life. Aim: This study aims to determine the knowledge and attitudes of Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) pre-clinical dentistry students concerning orthodontic therapy. Methodology: This research is a quantitative descriptive cross-sectional study. The research used a non-random convenience sampling method to form the desired sample. For data collection, an interview-administered questionnaire was used over one month. The study set its sights on pre-clinical dental students in KNUST. A total of 150 questionnaires were printed to meet the sample size. Results: The results of the research showed that the knowledge level of KNUST pre-clinical students on orthodontic treatment and its nuances is quite limited. They however had a fair level of knowledge on the disease or ailment that orthodontic treatments solved (especially malocclusion). Their interest in orthodontic treatments on the other hand was quite significant, with a large number having interest in it. Conclusion: To conclude, KNUST pre-clinical students in Ghana although having a limited level of knowledge on orthodontic treatments have a keen interest in undergoing them regardless of the discomforts or the length of time.
文摘On Shenzhen,Guangdong Province,a city known for its tech innovation,residents have recently adopted helicopters as“air taxis”alongside buses,cabs and the subway.On board these air taxis,passengers are treated to panoramic views of the city’s picturesque landscapes,making their journeys both convenient and alluring.
文摘With the continuous advancement of science and technology,our lifestyles are undergoing significant changes,with wearable technology emerging as a captivating trend.In this digital era,there is a growing demand for solutions that cater to people’s needs for health and comfort.The wearable inflatable massage chair represents one such innovation designed to meet these evolving needs.This project is focused on creating a“wearable and portable massage chair”that is both convenient and lightweight.It serves as a massage solution particularly beneficial for the elderly and sedentary individuals.This innovative chair can be used by the elderly during outings or errands,as well as by office workers on business trips,while driving,or commuting via subway.Users can simply lean against the seat or a wall,enjoying moments of relaxation amid the busy and fast-paced modern era.
文摘When Malawian President Lazarus Chakwera delivered a State of the Nation Address at the 50th Parliamentary Session and Budget Meeting in February,tourism was top of mind.
文摘In Shenzhen,Guangdong Province,a city known for its tech innovation,residents have recently adopted helicopters as“air taxis”alongside buses,cabs and the subway.On board these air taxis,passengers are treated to panoramic views of the city’s picturesque landscapes,making their journeys both convenient and alluring.
文摘Safety profile of 0.0015%tafluprost eye drops in China:a post-marketing observational study Xue-Li Chen,Yan-Jing Fu,Bo Qu,Ye-Wei Wang,Xin Tang,Yu-Hong Wang,Guo-Yi Zhou,Ming-Kai Lin,Jing-Yuan Shen,Jin Yao,Su-Yan Li,Miao-Qin Wu,Hua-Zong Peng,Ming-Ying Lai,Ren-Yi Wu,Yi-Nong Zhang,Yan Li,Xiao-Jun Wu,Ming-Chang Zhang,Su-Ping Guo and Xing-Huai Sun(Int J Ophthalmol 2023;16(1):108-114.DOI:10.18240/ijo.2023.01.16)The authors would like to make the following change to the above article:The name of the second author Yan-Jing Fu should be modified as“Yan-Jiang Fu”.The authors apologize for any inconvenience caused by this error.
文摘As more people are choosing to read online,thanks to digital devices that make services fast and convenient,where does that leave traditional reading spaces?
文摘New and clean energy has been a focus to fight against climate change to achieve a clean and just energy transition.Sinopec as one of the largest integrated energy and chemical companies in China,has accelerated the development of new energy,especially the hydrogen energy,while maintaining the high-quality development of traditional fossil energy resources.In this regard,it has established a framework with hydrogen energy at its core while developing other new energy sources including solar energy,wind energy,and biomass energy.Hydrogen energy featuring wide availability,high combustion efficiency,convenient storage,and wide application,is a type of clean energy having the potential to replace the fossil energy for transportation,domestic and industrial applications.
文摘A device is designed to assess the ammonia removal effect of passive air purification products which derived the QB/T 2761-2006 Methods for determination of purificatory effect of indoor environment decontamination product.The device is composed of three parts:ammonia generator,ammonia removal device and ammonia collection device,which is made up of common laboratory equipment.The reagents used are common acid and alkali reagents in the laboratory.During the experiment,5.0mL of 25%concentrated ammonia water is added to the ammonia generator as the ammonia source,and filter paper is used as the sample carrier.Take 3.0g sample and add it to the filter paper,after the ammonia is absorbed by the filter paper with the sample,the residual ammonia is collected and measured by acid-base titration.The ammonia removal efficacy of the sample is calculated by the ammonia absorption amount of the blank sample and the sample to be tested.This method has the characteristics of simple equipment,small area,toxic or harmful substance free,and fabulous accuracy.Four different samples were tested,and the results matched the standard method.
文摘Reform dividends refer to the improvements in certain economic actors under the new, reformed institutional system as compared against the original system. Reform leads to greater economic growth potential by changing the institutional environment, which in turn increases the vibrancy and innovation of economic actors. The most economically convenient system is also in actuality the most effective market economic system. Reform based on public and collective actions should be based on the following principle： if institutional reform is evolving towards the enhancement of economic convenience, then we can be sure that reform is embarking on the path of releasing dividends.
文摘对考生说来,关键的问题是找准切入点。不论哪一方面的问题,只要找准切入点,回答问题就会变得容易得多。比如在上一期有 The disadvantage of living in the ruralarea 这样一个话题。如果你想到的是生活在乡下“很不方便”(less convenient),那么,你还得进一步缩小你的范围,不方便的地方多着呢,你指的是哪一方面?
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No 60972071the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province under Grant Nos Y6100421 and LQ12F02012.
文摘The security of controlled bidirectional quantum direct communication using a GHZ state[Chin.Phys.Lett.23(2006)1680]is analyzed.It turns out that the MX protocol has the problem of definite information leakage,i.e.,the first bit of a secret message from any communication party is always leaked out without any active attack after the controller's announcement of measurement results.We put forward two approaches to improve this.The first is to merely modify the encoding rule of the MX protocol,while the second is to use a Bell state as the quantum resource instead of a GHZ state.Both our approaches can ensure that all the bits of secret messages from two communication parties are not leaked out after the controller's announcement of measurement results.Moreover,the controlled bidirectional quantum secure direct communication protocol based on the second approach is more convenient to implement than the MX protocol,since it merely uses a Bell state as the quantum resource and only needs to perform the Bell-basis measurement.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation for Excellent Young Scholars(Grant 51222502)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant 11172096)the Funds for State Key Laboratory of Construction Machinery(SKLCM2014-1)
文摘A new interval arithmetic method is proposed to solve interval functions with correlated intervals through which the overestimation problem existing in interval analysis could be significantly alleviated. The correlation between interval parameters is defined by the multidimensional parallelepiped model which is convenient to describe the correlative and independent interval variables in a unified framework. The original interval variables with correlation are transformed into the standard space without correlation,and then the relationship between the original variables and the standard interval variables is obtained. The expressions of four basic interval arithmetic operations, namely addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, are given in the standard space. Finally, several numerical examples and a two-step bar are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
基金supported by the National Science and Technology Major Project Research of the 13th Five-Year[No.2018ZX10101001-001-003]National Natural Science Foundation of China[No.81872674]AIDS Healthcare Foundation(AHF)China program[No.2016-P-001]。
文摘Around half of the men who have sex with men(MSM)have never been tested for human immunodeficiency virus(HIV),even though the health authorities promoted a massive scale-up of HIV testing and counseling in health facilities[1].HIV self-testing has been recommended by the World Health Organization as a user-friendly,convenient,rapid,and accurate approach to access HIV testing[2].An internet-based provision of self-testing services may be critical to the rollout of HIV self-testing,but more research is needed.
文摘The method of empirical orthogonal modes has been widely used since the 1970’s in physical oceanography to study and rebuild vertical structures of ocean dynamic factors. Because of the dominance of the low modes, the dynamic profile data can be largely reduced.Up to now, all expressions of empirical orthogonal modes are numerical. In this study, an analytic expression for empirical orthogonal ocean modes is constructed for convenient use whereby any numerical expressions can be repeated.The features of the normal modes decomposed from the buoyance frequency profiles obtained in October of 1986,1987 and 1988 by the R/V Science 1 in the western Pacific are quantitatively examined in this study.
