The elastic wave propagation phenomena in two-dimensional periodic beam lattices are studied by using the Bloch wave transform. The numerical modeling is applied to the hexagonal and the rectangular beam lattices, in ...The elastic wave propagation phenomena in two-dimensional periodic beam lattices are studied by using the Bloch wave transform. The numerical modeling is applied to the hexagonal and the rectangular beam lattices, in which, both the in-plane （with respect to the lattice plane） and out-of-plane waves are considered. The dispersion relations are obtained by calculating the Bloch eigenfrequencies and eigenmodes. The frequency bandgaps are observed and the influence of the elastic and geometric properties of the primitive cell on the bandgaps is studied. By analyzing the phase and the group velocities of the Bloch wave modes, the anisotropic behaviors and the dispersive characteristics of the hexagonal beam lattice with respect to the wave prop- agation are highlighted in high frequency domains. One im- portant result presented herein is the comparison between the first Bloch wave modes to the membrane and bend- ing/transverse shear wave modes of the classical equivalent homogenized orthotropic plate model of the hexagonal beam lattice. It is shown that, in low frequency ranges, the homog- enized plate model can correctly represent both the in-plane and out-of-plane dynamic behaviors of the beam lattice, its frequency validity domain can be precisely evaluated thanks to the Bloch modal analysis. As another important and original result, we have highlighted the existence of the retro- propagating Bloch wave modes with a negative group veloc- ity, and of the corresponding ＂retro-propagating＂ frequency bands.展开更多
Based on an input-output analysis, this paper compiles inventories of fuel-related CO2 emissions of Hubei economy in the years of 2002, 2005, and 2007. Results show that calculated total direct CO2 emissions rose from...Based on an input-output analysis, this paper compiles inventories of fuel-related CO2 emissions of Hubei economy in the years of 2002, 2005, and 2007. Results show that calculated total direct CO2 emissions rose from 114,462.69 kt （2002） to 196,650.31 kt （2005）, reaching 210,419.93 kt in 2007, with an average 22.50% rate of increase. Raw coal was the dominant source of the direct emissions throughout the three years. The sector of Electric Power, Heat Production, and Supply was the main direct emissions contributor, with the largest intensities observed from 2002 （1192.97 g/CNY） to 2007 （1739.15 g/ CNY）. From the industrial perspective, the secondary industry, which is characterized as manufacture of finished products, was still the pillar of the Hubei economy during this period concerned, contributing more than 80% of the total direct emissions. As a net exporter of embodied CO2 emissions in 2002 and 2007, Hubei reported net-exported emissions of 4109.00 kt and 17,871.77 kt respectively; however, Hubei was once a net importer of CO2 emissions in 2005 （2511.93 kt）. The CO2 emissions embodied in export and fixed capital formation had the two leading fractions of emissions embodied in the final use. The corresponding countermeasures, such as promoting renew- able and clean energy and properly reducing the exports of low value added and carbon-intensive products are suggestions for reducing CO2 emissions in Hubei.展开更多
为了优化水泥碳排放因子的测算方法,论文基于生料碳酸盐法以及工艺/燃料排放(新型干法窑)、无机碳/有机碳排放(立窑)的碳排放分类对熟料和水泥碳排放因子进行了分析和测算。结果表明:基于抽样调查样品的测试数据,新型干法窑的工艺碳排...为了优化水泥碳排放因子的测算方法,论文基于生料碳酸盐法以及工艺/燃料排放(新型干法窑)、无机碳/有机碳排放(立窑)的碳排放分类对熟料和水泥碳排放因子进行了分析和测算。结果表明:基于抽样调查样品的测试数据,新型干法窑的工艺碳排放因子约为520.00 kg CO_2/tcl,燃料碳排放因子约为288.06 kg CO_2/tcl,熟料碳排放因子约为808.06 kg CO_2/tcl,立窑的无机碳排放因子约为504.18 kg CO_2/tcl,有机碳排放因子约为343.67 kg CO_2/tcl,熟料碳排放因子约为847.85 kg CO_2/tcl;由于新型干法窑和余热发电等技术的普及以及熟料水泥比降低等因素,中国水泥碳排放因子有逐年降低的趋势,从2001年到2012年,水泥碳排放因子从767.13 kg CO_2/tce降到550.80 kg CO_2/tce;水泥碳排放构成中的工艺排放、燃料排放和电力消耗间接排放约各占58.57%、29.79%和11.64%。展开更多
文摘The elastic wave propagation phenomena in two-dimensional periodic beam lattices are studied by using the Bloch wave transform. The numerical modeling is applied to the hexagonal and the rectangular beam lattices, in which, both the in-plane （with respect to the lattice plane） and out-of-plane waves are considered. The dispersion relations are obtained by calculating the Bloch eigenfrequencies and eigenmodes. The frequency bandgaps are observed and the influence of the elastic and geometric properties of the primitive cell on the bandgaps is studied. By analyzing the phase and the group velocities of the Bloch wave modes, the anisotropic behaviors and the dispersive characteristics of the hexagonal beam lattice with respect to the wave prop- agation are highlighted in high frequency domains. One im- portant result presented herein is the comparison between the first Bloch wave modes to the membrane and bend- ing/transverse shear wave modes of the classical equivalent homogenized orthotropic plate model of the hexagonal beam lattice. It is shown that, in low frequency ranges, the homog- enized plate model can correctly represent both the in-plane and out-of-plane dynamic behaviors of the beam lattice, its frequency validity domain can be precisely evaluated thanks to the Bloch modal analysis. As another important and original result, we have highlighted the existence of the retro- propagating Bloch wave modes with a negative group veloc- ity, and of the corresponding ＂retro-propagating＂ frequency bands.
基金Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant Nos. 51306067 and 51376076）.
文摘Based on an input-output analysis, this paper compiles inventories of fuel-related CO2 emissions of Hubei economy in the years of 2002, 2005, and 2007. Results show that calculated total direct CO2 emissions rose from 114,462.69 kt （2002） to 196,650.31 kt （2005）, reaching 210,419.93 kt in 2007, with an average 22.50% rate of increase. Raw coal was the dominant source of the direct emissions throughout the three years. The sector of Electric Power, Heat Production, and Supply was the main direct emissions contributor, with the largest intensities observed from 2002 （1192.97 g/CNY） to 2007 （1739.15 g/ CNY）. From the industrial perspective, the secondary industry, which is characterized as manufacture of finished products, was still the pillar of the Hubei economy during this period concerned, contributing more than 80% of the total direct emissions. As a net exporter of embodied CO2 emissions in 2002 and 2007, Hubei reported net-exported emissions of 4109.00 kt and 17,871.77 kt respectively; however, Hubei was once a net importer of CO2 emissions in 2005 （2511.93 kt）. The CO2 emissions embodied in export and fixed capital formation had the two leading fractions of emissions embodied in the final use. The corresponding countermeasures, such as promoting renew- able and clean energy and properly reducing the exports of low value added and carbon-intensive products are suggestions for reducing CO2 emissions in Hubei.
文摘为了优化水泥碳排放因子的测算方法,论文基于生料碳酸盐法以及工艺/燃料排放(新型干法窑)、无机碳/有机碳排放(立窑)的碳排放分类对熟料和水泥碳排放因子进行了分析和测算。结果表明:基于抽样调查样品的测试数据,新型干法窑的工艺碳排放因子约为520.00 kg CO_2/tcl,燃料碳排放因子约为288.06 kg CO_2/tcl,熟料碳排放因子约为808.06 kg CO_2/tcl,立窑的无机碳排放因子约为504.18 kg CO_2/tcl,有机碳排放因子约为343.67 kg CO_2/tcl,熟料碳排放因子约为847.85 kg CO_2/tcl;由于新型干法窑和余热发电等技术的普及以及熟料水泥比降低等因素,中国水泥碳排放因子有逐年降低的趋势,从2001年到2012年,水泥碳排放因子从767.13 kg CO_2/tce降到550.80 kg CO_2/tce;水泥碳排放构成中的工艺排放、燃料排放和电力消耗间接排放约各占58.57%、29.79%和11.64%。
