Contract,as a legal agreement,stipulates the obligations and rights for both the buyer and the seller,therefore the appropriateness of contract translation is highly required. This paper first demonstrates that "...Contract,as a legal agreement,stipulates the obligations and rights for both the buyer and the seller,therefore the appropriateness of contract translation is highly required. This paper first demonstrates that "faithfulness" is the basic standard for Chinese-English (thereafter shortened as C-E) contract translation. Then by using some examples to illustrate how the criteria of "faithfulness" is put into practice.展开更多
J. C. Catford is a world-renowned British linguist and translation theorist, and also an outstanding representative of the linguistic school of translation. His famous work A linguistic theory of translation was first...J. C. Catford is a world-renowned British linguist and translation theorist, and also an outstanding representative of the linguistic school of translation. His famous work A linguistic theory of translation was first published by Oxford University Press in 1965, and republished in 1967. It was among the list of the series of language and linguistic studies of Oxford University. This essay attempts to interpret this great book in five aspects, namely, definition of translation, types of translation, translation equivalence, transference, and limits of translatability, and tries to probe into the positive impact of its theories on the development of translation theory and its limitations.展开更多
The purpose of this paper is to introduce a new translation teaching method which is based on Skopos theory and communicative translation competence training. It makes a brief analysis of the functionalist framework f...The purpose of this paper is to introduce a new translation teaching method which is based on Skopos theory and communicative translation competence training. It makes a brief analysis of the functionalist framework for translation teaching. When more and more universities of China open translation courses for under graduates and postgraduates, it is hoped that this paper could slightly contribute to the translation teaching field.展开更多
Polysystem Theory was developed in 1970s by Israeli scholar Itamar Even-Zohar,and was well known for its three circumstances.Children' literature,as a special branch of literature,attracts more and more research n...Polysystem Theory was developed in 1970s by Israeli scholar Itamar Even-Zohar,and was well known for its three circumstances.Children' literature,as a special branch of literature,attracts more and more research nowadays.This paper explores the process of translation of Children' s Literature in China under polysystem.展开更多
The main errors in translating Chinese advertisements into English are pragmatic failures in which target-language readers fail to find the optimal relevance between the target text and source text.The translation str...The main errors in translating Chinese advertisements into English are pragmatic failures in which target-language readers fail to find the optimal relevance between the target text and source text.The translation strategies proposed under the guidance of Relevance Theory can effectively help translators find out optimal relevance in the process of translating Chinese advertisements into English to avoid pragmatic failures.展开更多
Hunan Province is rich in red tourism resources, and many scenic spots in the region proudly echo the glory of China's revolutionary history. Publicity materials of red tourism in Hunan Province play the role of p...Hunan Province is rich in red tourism resources, and many scenic spots in the region proudly echo the glory of China's revolutionary history. Publicity materials of red tourism in Hunan Province play the role of publicizing and promoting historical sites and places linked with China's revolutionary history. However, at present the C-E translation of publicity materials of red tourism in Hunan province is far from satisfaction. Reasonable application of eco-translatology in C-E translation of publicity materials of red tourism in Hunan Province will allow the translator to enjoy a much greater degree of flexibility in translating and produce appropriate translation which produce functionally the same effect on the target readers as the original on the readers.展开更多
This paper deals with the theory of cohesion, the importance of the "cohesion"criterion in C-E translation and the ways of producing a cohesive translation.
Public signs are widely used in our lives, and increasingly play a significant role with the boom of international tourism. Xi'an, as a major tour destination of China, needs more accurate public signs. Skopostheo...Public signs are widely used in our lives, and increasingly play a significant role with the boom of international tourism. Xi'an, as a major tour destination of China, needs more accurate public signs. Skopostheorie offers a new perspective for translation and translating. In Skopostheorie, translation is seen as translational action with purposes. The TT which doesn't achieve the function and purpose is not an adequate translation. In this thesis, C-E translation of public signs under the guidance of Skopostheorie in Xi'an is discussed.展开更多
Tang poetry is a shining pearl in the history of Chinese literature.C-E translation of Tang poetry is regarded as a very complex and hard task because of its special style and form,concise diction and profound artisti...Tang poetry is a shining pearl in the history of Chinese literature.C-E translation of Tang poetry is regarded as a very complex and hard task because of its special style and form,concise diction and profound artistic conception.Eco-translatology provides a new perspective for the study on C-E translation of Tang poetry.Based on analysis of some practical examples,this paper discusses some C-E translation methods of tang poetry from the perspective of eco-translatology,namely,adaptive transformation from linguistic,cultural and communicative dimensions.展开更多
The video game plays an important role in inter-cultural communication studies. However, few have ventured the field of E-C translation of video game titles. Within the frame of Skopostheorie, this paper focuses on th...The video game plays an important role in inter-cultural communication studies. However, few have ventured the field of E-C translation of video game titles. Within the frame of Skopostheorie, this paper focuses on the three translation strategies brought up by the functions and features of video game titles. When preserving the structure and meaning of the original title is possible, literal translation should be used. However, the fact that some translators ignore the context of the title causes rigid translation. Transliteration is recommended when the title is the name of a person or place because the meaning of the title is hard to be preserved by the other two strategies. Since there are cultural differences between China and western world, when literal translation and transliteration cannot present the meaning of the title, free translation should be used. Translators should bear the content and game play of the game in mind in order to free themselves from the formal equivalence for a properly translated title. Free translation does not mean translators can do the translation as whatever they want in the name of Skopos, they should avoid arbitrary translation. The aim of this paper is to help people to understand more about the E-C translation of video game title as well as the practical translation strategies and Sino-western inter-cultural communication.展开更多
Replication of hepatitis C virus(HCV)depends on the interaction of viral proteins with various host cellular proteins and signalling pathways.Similar to cellular proteins,post-translational modifications(PTMs)of HCV p...Replication of hepatitis C virus(HCV)depends on the interaction of viral proteins with various host cellular proteins and signalling pathways.Similar to cellular proteins,post-translational modifications(PTMs)of HCV proteins are essential for proper protein function and regulation,thus,directly affecting viral life cycle and the generation of infectious virus particles.Cleavage of the HCV polyprotein by cellular and viral proteases into more than 10 proteins represents an early protein modification step after translation of the HCV positivestranded RNA genome.The key modifications include the regulated intramembranous proteolytic cleavage of core protein,disulfide bond formation of core,glycosylation of HCV envelope proteins E1 and E2,methylation of nonstructural protein 3(NS3),biotinylation of NS4A,ubiquitination of NS5B and phosphorylation of core and NS5B.Other modifications like ubiquitination of core and palmitoylation of core and NS4B proteins have been reported as well.For some modifications such as phosphorylation of NS3 and NS5A and acetylation of NS3,we have limited understanding of their effects on HCV replication and pathogenesis while the impact of other modifications is far from clear.In this review,we summarize the available information on PTMs of HCV proteins and discuss their relevance to HCV replication and pathogenesis.展开更多
Hepatitis C virus(HCV)causes a clinically important disease affecting 3%of the world population.HCV is a single-stranded,positive-sense RNA virus belonging to the genus Hepacivirus within the Flaviviridae family.The v...Hepatitis C virus(HCV)causes a clinically important disease affecting 3%of the world population.HCV is a single-stranded,positive-sense RNA virus belonging to the genus Hepacivirus within the Flaviviridae family.The virus establishes a chronic infection in the face of an active host oxidative defence,thus adaptation to oxidative stress is key to virus survival.Being a small RNA virus with a limited genomic capacity,we speculate that HCV deploys a different strategy to evade host oxidative defence.Instead of counteracting oxidative stress,it utilizes oxidative stress to facilitate its own survival.Translation is the first step in the replication of a plus strand RNA virus so it would make sense if the virus can exploit the host oxidative defence in facilitating this very first step.This is particularly true when HCV utilizes an internal ribosome entry site element in translation,which is distinctive from that of cap-dependent translation of the vast majority of cellular genes,thus allowing selective translation of genes under conditions when global protein synthesis is compromised.Indeed,we were the first to show that HCV translation was stimulated by an important prooxidant-hydrogen peroxide in hepatocytes,suggesting that HCV is able to adapt to and utilize the host antiviral response to facilitate its own translation thus allowing the virus to thrive under oxidative stress condition to establish chronicity.Understanding how HCV translation is regulated under oxidative stress condition will advance our knowledge on how HCV establishes chronicity.As chronicity is the initiator step in disease progression this will eventually lead to a better understanding of pathogenicity,which is particularly relevant to the development of anti-virals and improved treatments of HCV patients using anti-oxidants.展开更多
Chinese scholar Qiu Maoru points out that the aim of translation is,partly,to establish cultural equivalence between the source text and the target text.He also argues that whether or how to establish cultural equival...Chinese scholar Qiu Maoru points out that the aim of translation is,partly,to establish cultural equivalence between the source text and the target text.He also argues that whether or how to establish cultural equivalence depends on the following four factors:1) the type of source text;2) the significance of cultural flavor in the source text;3) the purpose of translation;4) the type of readers of the target text.This theory provides a good perspective for the C-E translation of cultural information in Tourist Publicity Materials.Under the guidance of this theory,this paper attempts to explore the methods of establishing cultural equivalence in translation of Tourist Publicity Materials.展开更多
In memory of Dr.Henry C.Lu,a traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)practitioner,educator and translator,this article provides an overview of his masterpiece A Complete Translation of the Yellow Emperor’s Classics of Inter...In memory of Dr.Henry C.Lu,a traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)practitioner,educator and translator,this article provides an overview of his masterpiece A Complete Translation of the Yellow Emperor’s Classics of Internal Medicine and the Difficult Classic(Nei-Jing and Nan-Jing)from the perspectives of book section,translation ideology and translation strategies.We then identify the features of TCM classics translated by overseas TCM practitioners and educators through analyzing exemplary characteristics of this translation.Their translations are often teaching oriented with plain and easy-to-read language,thus making TCM classics practical and applicable in clinic practice.Although these works are found in very few library collections of academic institutions,they received positive comments from readers including foreign TCM practitioners and students.展开更多
As one of China’s outstanding traditional cultures, Chinese landscape paintings are not only loved and admired by Chinese people, but also won favors abroad. In the face of China’s current international status, it i...As one of China’s outstanding traditional cultures, Chinese landscape paintings are not only loved and admired by Chinese people, but also won favors abroad. In the face of China’s current international status, it is essential to carry forward its excellent things and increase cultural self-confidence. However, it is inseparable from translation, and through the translation of various languages, the world’s excellent culture can be promoted and passed down. Based on his many years of practical experience, the author tries to explore the English translation method of the Chinese painting landscape “皴(cūn)” from the two translation strategies of domestication and foreignization in order to provide reference for the spread of traditional culture.展开更多
The mood particle in Mandarin Chinese is a very important kind of mark in the analysis of discourse structure.By varying the discourse structure,changing the word order or using modal verbs,we can translate Chinese in...The mood particle in Mandarin Chinese is a very important kind of mark in the analysis of discourse structure.By varying the discourse structure,changing the word order or using modal verbs,we can translate Chinese into English both accurately and beautifully.展开更多
文摘Contract,as a legal agreement,stipulates the obligations and rights for both the buyer and the seller,therefore the appropriateness of contract translation is highly required. This paper first demonstrates that "faithfulness" is the basic standard for Chinese-English (thereafter shortened as C-E) contract translation. Then by using some examples to illustrate how the criteria of "faithfulness" is put into practice.
文摘J. C. Catford is a world-renowned British linguist and translation theorist, and also an outstanding representative of the linguistic school of translation. His famous work A linguistic theory of translation was first published by Oxford University Press in 1965, and republished in 1967. It was among the list of the series of language and linguistic studies of Oxford University. This essay attempts to interpret this great book in five aspects, namely, definition of translation, types of translation, translation equivalence, transference, and limits of translatability, and tries to probe into the positive impact of its theories on the development of translation theory and its limitations.
文摘The purpose of this paper is to introduce a new translation teaching method which is based on Skopos theory and communicative translation competence training. It makes a brief analysis of the functionalist framework for translation teaching. When more and more universities of China open translation courses for under graduates and postgraduates, it is hoped that this paper could slightly contribute to the translation teaching field.
文摘Polysystem Theory was developed in 1970s by Israeli scholar Itamar Even-Zohar,and was well known for its three circumstances.Children' literature,as a special branch of literature,attracts more and more research nowadays.This paper explores the process of translation of Children' s Literature in China under polysystem.
文摘The main errors in translating Chinese advertisements into English are pragmatic failures in which target-language readers fail to find the optimal relevance between the target text and source text.The translation strategies proposed under the guidance of Relevance Theory can effectively help translators find out optimal relevance in the process of translating Chinese advertisements into English to avoid pragmatic failures.
文摘Hunan Province is rich in red tourism resources, and many scenic spots in the region proudly echo the glory of China's revolutionary history. Publicity materials of red tourism in Hunan Province play the role of publicizing and promoting historical sites and places linked with China's revolutionary history. However, at present the C-E translation of publicity materials of red tourism in Hunan province is far from satisfaction. Reasonable application of eco-translatology in C-E translation of publicity materials of red tourism in Hunan Province will allow the translator to enjoy a much greater degree of flexibility in translating and produce appropriate translation which produce functionally the same effect on the target readers as the original on the readers.
文摘This paper deals with the theory of cohesion, the importance of the "cohesion"criterion in C-E translation and the ways of producing a cohesive translation.
文摘Public signs are widely used in our lives, and increasingly play a significant role with the boom of international tourism. Xi'an, as a major tour destination of China, needs more accurate public signs. Skopostheorie offers a new perspective for translation and translating. In Skopostheorie, translation is seen as translational action with purposes. The TT which doesn't achieve the function and purpose is not an adequate translation. In this thesis, C-E translation of public signs under the guidance of Skopostheorie in Xi'an is discussed.
文摘Tang poetry is a shining pearl in the history of Chinese literature.C-E translation of Tang poetry is regarded as a very complex and hard task because of its special style and form,concise diction and profound artistic conception.Eco-translatology provides a new perspective for the study on C-E translation of Tang poetry.Based on analysis of some practical examples,this paper discusses some C-E translation methods of tang poetry from the perspective of eco-translatology,namely,adaptive transformation from linguistic,cultural and communicative dimensions.
文摘The video game plays an important role in inter-cultural communication studies. However, few have ventured the field of E-C translation of video game titles. Within the frame of Skopostheorie, this paper focuses on the three translation strategies brought up by the functions and features of video game titles. When preserving the structure and meaning of the original title is possible, literal translation should be used. However, the fact that some translators ignore the context of the title causes rigid translation. Transliteration is recommended when the title is the name of a person or place because the meaning of the title is hard to be preserved by the other two strategies. Since there are cultural differences between China and western world, when literal translation and transliteration cannot present the meaning of the title, free translation should be used. Translators should bear the content and game play of the game in mind in order to free themselves from the formal equivalence for a properly translated title. Free translation does not mean translators can do the translation as whatever they want in the name of Skopos, they should avoid arbitrary translation. The aim of this paper is to help people to understand more about the E-C translation of video game title as well as the practical translation strategies and Sino-western inter-cultural communication.
基金Supported by Canadian Institutes of Health Research,Saskatchewan Health Research Foundation,and Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
文摘Replication of hepatitis C virus(HCV)depends on the interaction of viral proteins with various host cellular proteins and signalling pathways.Similar to cellular proteins,post-translational modifications(PTMs)of HCV proteins are essential for proper protein function and regulation,thus,directly affecting viral life cycle and the generation of infectious virus particles.Cleavage of the HCV polyprotein by cellular and viral proteases into more than 10 proteins represents an early protein modification step after translation of the HCV positivestranded RNA genome.The key modifications include the regulated intramembranous proteolytic cleavage of core protein,disulfide bond formation of core,glycosylation of HCV envelope proteins E1 and E2,methylation of nonstructural protein 3(NS3),biotinylation of NS4A,ubiquitination of NS5B and phosphorylation of core and NS5B.Other modifications like ubiquitination of core and palmitoylation of core and NS4B proteins have been reported as well.For some modifications such as phosphorylation of NS3 and NS5A and acetylation of NS3,we have limited understanding of their effects on HCV replication and pathogenesis while the impact of other modifications is far from clear.In this review,we summarize the available information on PTMs of HCV proteins and discuss their relevance to HCV replication and pathogenesis.
基金Supported by The work quoted from my laboratory was supported by a Medical Research Council(United Kingdom)grant
文摘Hepatitis C virus(HCV)causes a clinically important disease affecting 3%of the world population.HCV is a single-stranded,positive-sense RNA virus belonging to the genus Hepacivirus within the Flaviviridae family.The virus establishes a chronic infection in the face of an active host oxidative defence,thus adaptation to oxidative stress is key to virus survival.Being a small RNA virus with a limited genomic capacity,we speculate that HCV deploys a different strategy to evade host oxidative defence.Instead of counteracting oxidative stress,it utilizes oxidative stress to facilitate its own survival.Translation is the first step in the replication of a plus strand RNA virus so it would make sense if the virus can exploit the host oxidative defence in facilitating this very first step.This is particularly true when HCV utilizes an internal ribosome entry site element in translation,which is distinctive from that of cap-dependent translation of the vast majority of cellular genes,thus allowing selective translation of genes under conditions when global protein synthesis is compromised.Indeed,we were the first to show that HCV translation was stimulated by an important prooxidant-hydrogen peroxide in hepatocytes,suggesting that HCV is able to adapt to and utilize the host antiviral response to facilitate its own translation thus allowing the virus to thrive under oxidative stress condition to establish chronicity.Understanding how HCV translation is regulated under oxidative stress condition will advance our knowledge on how HCV establishes chronicity.As chronicity is the initiator step in disease progression this will eventually lead to a better understanding of pathogenicity,which is particularly relevant to the development of anti-virals and improved treatments of HCV patients using anti-oxidants.
文摘Chinese scholar Qiu Maoru points out that the aim of translation is,partly,to establish cultural equivalence between the source text and the target text.He also argues that whether or how to establish cultural equivalence depends on the following four factors:1) the type of source text;2) the significance of cultural flavor in the source text;3) the purpose of translation;4) the type of readers of the target text.This theory provides a good perspective for the C-E translation of cultural information in Tourist Publicity Materials.Under the guidance of this theory,this paper attempts to explore the methods of establishing cultural equivalence in translation of Tourist Publicity Materials.
基金financed by the grants from National Social Science Fund of China(No.20 CYY004 and No.18ZDA322)the Jiangsu Social Science Application Project(No.20SWA-02)the Qing Lan Project (2022)。
文摘In memory of Dr.Henry C.Lu,a traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)practitioner,educator and translator,this article provides an overview of his masterpiece A Complete Translation of the Yellow Emperor’s Classics of Internal Medicine and the Difficult Classic(Nei-Jing and Nan-Jing)from the perspectives of book section,translation ideology and translation strategies.We then identify the features of TCM classics translated by overseas TCM practitioners and educators through analyzing exemplary characteristics of this translation.Their translations are often teaching oriented with plain and easy-to-read language,thus making TCM classics practical and applicable in clinic practice.Although these works are found in very few library collections of academic institutions,they received positive comments from readers including foreign TCM practitioners and students.
文摘As one of China’s outstanding traditional cultures, Chinese landscape paintings are not only loved and admired by Chinese people, but also won favors abroad. In the face of China’s current international status, it is essential to carry forward its excellent things and increase cultural self-confidence. However, it is inseparable from translation, and through the translation of various languages, the world’s excellent culture can be promoted and passed down. Based on his many years of practical experience, the author tries to explore the English translation method of the Chinese painting landscape “皴(cūn)” from the two translation strategies of domestication and foreignization in order to provide reference for the spread of traditional culture.
文摘The mood particle in Mandarin Chinese is a very important kind of mark in the analysis of discourse structure.By varying the discourse structure,changing the word order or using modal verbs,we can translate Chinese into English both accurately and beautifully.
