Equal access to education has long been a global concern and is important for rural revitalization strategy in the new era. However, little is known about the regional differences of educational resources in China, es...Equal access to education has long been a global concern and is important for rural revitalization strategy in the new era. However, little is known about the regional differences of educational resources in China, especially southwest China, where the spatial heterogeneity of human and physical geography is extremely significant. Using a dataset of primary and secondary schools of southwest China at county level in 2015, this study builds an index system to comprehensively measure the supply of educational resources, investigates the spatial pattern of educational resources via exploratory spatial data analysis(ESDA), and explores its influence factors through spatial econometrics. Results indicated that the supply level of educational resources in southwest China was relatively low;the high-high clusters of the supply of educational resources were mainly located in Sichuan Basin and the east of Western Sichuan Plateau, while the concentrated poverty-stricken areas of Guizhou and the border areas of Yunnan-SichuanGuizhou, especially Wumeng mountain area, were characterized by the low-low clusters. Furthermore, this study suggested that altitude, population density, local government revenue and rural residents' income were positively correlated with the supply of educational resources, while the negative influenceswere exerted by proportion of ethnic minority population and urbanization rate. And there were differences in the specific objects of actions of each factor. Ultimately, we proposed that village relocation and combination, as well as sustainable urbanization and regional development were practical paths to optimize the supply of educational resources in rural areas, thus promoting the modernization of agriculture and countryside.展开更多
A landmark in the realization of UNESCO’s Sustainability Goals,Education for All(SDG4),was passed when the organization’s Recommendation of Open Educational Resources(OER)was uniformly adopted in 2019.Now it is time...A landmark in the realization of UNESCO’s Sustainability Goals,Education for All(SDG4),was passed when the organization’s Recommendation of Open Educational Resources(OER)was uniformly adopted in 2019.Now it is time to transfer from the consciousness of OER to their mainstream realization at all levels,micro,meso,and macro,including all stakeholders,such as governments,institutions,academics,teachers,administrators,librarians,students,learners,and the civil service.The OER Recommendation includes five areas:building capacity and utilizing OER;developing supportive policies;ensuring effectiveness;promoting the creation of sustainable OER models;promoting and facilitating international collaboration;monitoring and evaluation.OER are valued as a catalyst for innovation and the achievement of UNESCO’s SDG 4,education for all,lifelong learning,social justice,and human rights.The OER Recommendation will be a catalyst for the realization of several other SDGs.Because access to quality OER concerns human rights and social justice,this Recommendation is vital.In 2020,the effects of the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic clearly demonstrated the importance of opening up education and the access to internationally recognized,qualified learning resources.This article describes and discusses how the promise of resilient,sustainable quality open education can be fulfilled in the new normal and the next normal.展开更多
Digital educational resources have become essential elements of modern educational public services.China’s national program on new educational infrastructure construction has proposed to take new infrastructure const...Digital educational resources have become essential elements of modern educational public services.China’s national program on new educational infrastructure construction has proposed to take new infrastructure construction of digital educational resources as one of the critical tasks.This paper aims to provide a theoretical basis for advancing the reform and development of digital educational resources in the new era.It classifies the current development and realistic challenges of China’s digital educational resources,and summaries and interprets the directions of the three construction projects of new type resources and tools,the resource supply system,and the resource supervisory system.It depicts the prospect of digital educational resource construction in the intelligent era in the combination of the strategic layout of the policies on new educational infrastructure construction.It also discusses such key technologies supporting new infrastructure construction of digital educational resources as multimodal learning analytics,disciplinary knowledge graphs,machine learning,and blockchain.It finally proposes a specific development path for new infrastructure construction of digital educational resources.展开更多
With the continuous development of promoting high-quality and balanced basic education and the continuous advancement of research on spatial layout of school,it aims to ensure that the public enjoys educational resour...With the continuous development of promoting high-quality and balanced basic education and the continuous advancement of research on spatial layout of school,it aims to ensure that the public enjoys educational resources fairly.Based on 63 items of POI data of primary and secondary schools in Shijingshan District,Beijing,this study analyzes the spatial layout,degree supply,and coverage of primary and secondary schools in Shijingshan District using three spatial analysis methods:ArcGIS average nearest neighbor,kernel density analysis,and standard deviation ellipse.The results show that the spatial layout of primary and secondary schools in Shijingshan District,Beijing is characterized by overall clustering:the central region is high-density distribution,while the eastern and western parts are scattered.Moreover,this spatial structure continues to develop along the northwest-southeast direction.Although the high-density population areas in the nine streets correspond to the high-density distribution of schools,the service scope of primary and secondary schools does not cover all residential areas,and the distribution of residential areas within the coverage range is uneven.At the same time,the actual degree supply in Shijingshan District is insufficient.展开更多
Open Courseware(OCW)and massive open online courses(MOOCs)are teaching and learning resources that are easily accessible to anyone with an Internet connection.OCW is digitally published learning content including full...Open Courseware(OCW)and massive open online courses(MOOCs)are teaching and learning resources that are easily accessible to anyone with an Internet connection.OCW is digitally published learning content including full and partial courses(syllabi,outlines,lectures in pdf or video,slides,reference lists,etc.),simulations,animations,tutorials,drills and practices,modules,podcasts,case studies,and quizzes.This content is free and can be adopted or adapted to the user's needs.MOOCs are online learning experiences taught by university professors using conventional educational tools including video lectures,interactive modules,assignments,study materials,discussion boards,quizzes and tests.MOOCs are offered free or at low cost for personal and professional learning,and as a supplement to classroom teaching.Many MOOCs and OCW focus on topics of interest to nursing,particularly to nurse educators.This article provides the reader with a brief history of the development of OCW and MOOCs,conceptual descriptions,and guidance about how to access and use these new online resources.展开更多
In the base of utility and marginal utility,the article put forwardthe concept of utility and marginal utilityof educational outlay and the theory of them,and analyzed the actuality of educational resource deployment ...In the base of utility and marginal utility,the article put forwardthe concept of utility and marginal utilityof educational outlay and the theory of them,and analyzed the actuality of educational resource deployment in ourcountry,gave some advice about howtoi mprove our educational resource deployment of compulsory education.展开更多
Since the electronic resources and Internet Web sites became popular, distance education courses offered via the Internet could play an important role in providing global digital resources and teaching the knowledge o...Since the electronic resources and Internet Web sites became popular, distance education courses offered via the Internet could play an important role in providing global digital resources and teaching the knowledge of international library and information standards for bibliographic databases with electronic and web resources.This paper uses the example of the author's new online course: ILS 608 Cataloging and Development of a Digital Union Catalog for Ancient Chinese Books to demonstrate the global re...展开更多
As professors are subjected to teaching their classes online due to the recent COVID-19, our local Hong Kong students find it difficult to consult their teachers, and ultimately would fail to achieve the intended lear...As professors are subjected to teaching their classes online due to the recent COVID-19, our local Hong Kong students find it difficult to consult their teachers, and ultimately would fail to achieve the intended learning outcomes, especially for practical-based subjects. In this research, students having online classes of a practical-based fabric design subject were encouraged to self-study from Open Educational Resource (OER) materials for a further and better understanding of their subject. Additionally, online materials were developed to improve students’ understanding via skill of digital literacy. Their learning progress was evaluated and compared to the face-to-face version. The majority of students found online classes combined with self-studying OER materials, potentially be a substitute for face-to-face classes. Most of the students further opined different OER videos assisted them without any face-to-face instructions in practical works, to develop new fabric samples from the inspiration. Analysis of test results, and comparison of students’ final grades with different learning modes, supported these phenomena.展开更多
The most important way to realize the educational function of museums is to use the transmission of cultural relics information.However,there are some problems in this kind of information transmission.The most promine...The most important way to realize the educational function of museums is to use the transmission of cultural relics information.However,there are some problems in this kind of information transmission.The most prominent problem is that the collection information"output"by the museum to the audience is too simple,and scholars are concerned about the collection.It is difficult for research to be“imported”into museum exhibitions in time,and then cannot be transformed into rich and colorful educational resources,resulting in a disconnectbetween academics and exhibitions and a waste of educational resources.Under the new situation of more diversified audience interests and demands,museums need to build a bridge between scholars and audiences,and combine the museum’s survey information of the audience withaudience feedback to improve the educational function of the museum,so as to promote the development of museum education in a better direction.展开更多
The traditional culture of ethnic minorities embodies the spiritual pursuit of unique national value.It can be used as a valuable moral education resource and is of great significance to improve the effectiveness of m...The traditional culture of ethnic minorities embodies the spiritual pursuit of unique national value.It can be used as a valuable moral education resource and is of great significance to improve the effectiveness of moral education in colleges and universities in ethnic areas.At present,China has not paid enough attention to the development and utilization of moral education resources of the ethnic minority traditional culture,nor has it established and improved the relevant development and utilization mechanism.Taking the moral education spirit of the traditional Mongolian culture as an example,this paper analyzes its moral education value,points out the existing problems of moral education in colleges and universities in ethnic areas,as well as suggests strategies for the integration of moral education resources of ethnic minority traditional culture with the moral education in colleges and universities in ethnic areas.展开更多
This paper analyzes the behavior of families in China regarding private tutoring,applying game theory to its discussion of their actions.It finds that families will definitely give their children private tutoring afte...This paper analyzes the behavior of families in China regarding private tutoring,applying game theory to its discussion of their actions.It finds that families will definitely give their children private tutoring after school in order to obtain better educational opportunities in situations where the distribution of educational resources is uneven.According to game theory,overuse of private tutoring after school will waste societal resources and negatively affect all the players in the game.It is argued that a key strategy to reduce private tutoring after school is to close the gaps in state provision of education.展开更多
To use educational resources efficiently and dig out the nature of relations among MOOCs(massive open online courses),a knowledge graph was built for MOOCs on four major platforms:Coursera,EDX,XuetangX,and ICourse.Thi...To use educational resources efficiently and dig out the nature of relations among MOOCs(massive open online courses),a knowledge graph was built for MOOCs on four major platforms:Coursera,EDX,XuetangX,and ICourse.This paper demonstrates the whole process of educational knowledge graph construction for reference.And this knowledge graph,the largest knowledge graph of MOOC resources at present,stores and represents five classes,11 kinds of relations and 52779 entities with their corresponding properties,amounting to more than 300000 triples.Notably,24188 concepts are extracted from text attributes of MOOCs and linked them directly with corresponding Wikipedia entries or the closest entries calculated semantically,which provides the normalized representation of knowledge and a more precise description for MOOCs far more than enriching words with explanatory links.Besides,prerequisites discovered by direct extractions are viewed as an essential supplement to augment the connectivity in the knowledge graph.This knowledge graph could be considered as a collection of unified MOOC resources for learners and the abundant data for researchers on MOOC-related applications,such as prerequisites mining.展开更多
With the expansion of the higher education system in China since the late 1990s,questions on the distribution of higher education opportunities and resources have attracted increasing attention from academics,policyma...With the expansion of the higher education system in China since the late 1990s,questions on the distribution of higher education opportunities and resources have attracted increasing attention from academics,policymakers,and the general public.While there have been an increasing studies on the development of higher education opportunity equality in China,quantitative,systematic research on the distribution of higher education resources across China is still rather limited.This paper aims at filling this gap.It provides quantitative and comprehensive evidence on the development of the distribution of higher education resources across Chinese provinces.The analysis is based on a provincial panel dataset and uses a generalized Theil index to measure inequality.Results show that higher education resources have been far from equally provided in relation to the size of provincial student populations in China.The unequal distribution has become even more pronounced over the past decade.In other words,even if high school students have an increasingly equal access to higher education in China(Bickenbach&Liu,2013b),the increasingly unequal distribution of higher education resources makes it difficult for university students to equally benefit from higher education.展开更多
As a type of urban gentrification oriented by high-quality educational resources,jiaoyufication is a socio-spatial process that refers to the middle-class group that attaches importance to education realizes the agglo...As a type of urban gentrification oriented by high-quality educational resources,jiaoyufication is a socio-spatial process that refers to the middle-class group that attaches importance to education realizes the agglomeration in famous school districts by purchasing high-price school district houses.Based on the theoretical analysis of jiaoyufication conducted by Chinese and foreign scholars,this paper takes Nanjing as a case city,applies multi-source data like POIs(points of interest),real estate market data,mobile-phone user portraits and questionnaires,and develops a composite measurement of jiaoyufication to identify jiaoyufied school district,jiaoyufied group&its spatial characteristics,and discusses the causal mechanisms and effects of jiaoyufication.With the GIS-entropy-TOPSIS model,this paper evaluates the jiaoyufication level of public primary school districts in the main urban area of Nanjing.The result show that 218 primary school districts are categorized into four types,i.e.,high jiaoyufied school district,mid-high jiaoyufied school district,medium jiaoyufied school district,and low jiaoyufied school district.The high jiaoyufied school districts are closely associated with the institutional system.In the high jiaoyufied school districts,many middle-class families have abundant social,economic,and cultural capital.They purchase and move to houses with lower living quality in school districts to pursue high-quality education for their children.The strict school district system,soaring school district housing prices,and intense educational competition continuously solidify the jiaoyufication levels of famous school districts and lock the opportunities for high-quality education in specific school-district spaces and classes or groups.The phenomenon of this socio-spatial reconstruction process,which results from the unequal distribution of high-quality educational resources,tends to aggravate the rich-poor gap and social segregation in cities.It is suggested that equalization of compulsory education services should be effectively carried forward as soon as possible.展开更多
According to records from 2002,there will be a continuous increase in the number of classes,full-time teachers and teaching staff in urban primary and junior secondary schools during the period 2005-2020.At the same t...According to records from 2002,there will be a continuous increase in the number of classes,full-time teachers and teaching staff in urban primary and junior secondary schools during the period 2005-2020.At the same time,the demand for classes and teachers of non-compulsory education will decrease yearly.It is estimated that the budgetary funds for urban primary,junior secondary,senior secondary education and even higher education will increase by 8%,8.7%,15.2%and 9%,respectively each year.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41931293 and 41871183)
文摘Equal access to education has long been a global concern and is important for rural revitalization strategy in the new era. However, little is known about the regional differences of educational resources in China, especially southwest China, where the spatial heterogeneity of human and physical geography is extremely significant. Using a dataset of primary and secondary schools of southwest China at county level in 2015, this study builds an index system to comprehensively measure the supply of educational resources, investigates the spatial pattern of educational resources via exploratory spatial data analysis(ESDA), and explores its influence factors through spatial econometrics. Results indicated that the supply level of educational resources in southwest China was relatively low;the high-high clusters of the supply of educational resources were mainly located in Sichuan Basin and the east of Western Sichuan Plateau, while the concentrated poverty-stricken areas of Guizhou and the border areas of Yunnan-SichuanGuizhou, especially Wumeng mountain area, were characterized by the low-low clusters. Furthermore, this study suggested that altitude, population density, local government revenue and rural residents' income were positively correlated with the supply of educational resources, while the negative influenceswere exerted by proportion of ethnic minority population and urbanization rate. And there were differences in the specific objects of actions of each factor. Ultimately, we proposed that village relocation and combination, as well as sustainable urbanization and regional development were practical paths to optimize the supply of educational resources in rural areas, thus promoting the modernization of agriculture and countryside.
文摘A landmark in the realization of UNESCO’s Sustainability Goals,Education for All(SDG4),was passed when the organization’s Recommendation of Open Educational Resources(OER)was uniformly adopted in 2019.Now it is time to transfer from the consciousness of OER to their mainstream realization at all levels,micro,meso,and macro,including all stakeholders,such as governments,institutions,academics,teachers,administrators,librarians,students,learners,and the civil service.The OER Recommendation includes five areas:building capacity and utilizing OER;developing supportive policies;ensuring effectiveness;promoting the creation of sustainable OER models;promoting and facilitating international collaboration;monitoring and evaluation.OER are valued as a catalyst for innovation and the achievement of UNESCO’s SDG 4,education for all,lifelong learning,social justice,and human rights.The OER Recommendation will be a catalyst for the realization of several other SDGs.Because access to quality OER concerns human rights and social justice,this Recommendation is vital.In 2020,the effects of the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic clearly demonstrated the importance of opening up education and the access to internationally recognized,qualified learning resources.This article describes and discusses how the promise of resilient,sustainable quality open education can be fulfilled in the new normal and the next normal.
基金funded by the Ministry of Education Humanities and Social Science Research 2018 Project“Research on the Supply Models of Digital Educational Resources and Performance Assessment”(No.18YJA880036)the Key Project under the National Social Science Fund of China in 2018“Research on Basic Education Equality Driven by Informatization in the New Era”(No.18ZDA334).
文摘Digital educational resources have become essential elements of modern educational public services.China’s national program on new educational infrastructure construction has proposed to take new infrastructure construction of digital educational resources as one of the critical tasks.This paper aims to provide a theoretical basis for advancing the reform and development of digital educational resources in the new era.It classifies the current development and realistic challenges of China’s digital educational resources,and summaries and interprets the directions of the three construction projects of new type resources and tools,the resource supply system,and the resource supervisory system.It depicts the prospect of digital educational resource construction in the intelligent era in the combination of the strategic layout of the policies on new educational infrastructure construction.It also discusses such key technologies supporting new infrastructure construction of digital educational resources as multimodal learning analytics,disciplinary knowledge graphs,machine learning,and blockchain.It finally proposes a specific development path for new infrastructure construction of digital educational resources.
文摘With the continuous development of promoting high-quality and balanced basic education and the continuous advancement of research on spatial layout of school,it aims to ensure that the public enjoys educational resources fairly.Based on 63 items of POI data of primary and secondary schools in Shijingshan District,Beijing,this study analyzes the spatial layout,degree supply,and coverage of primary and secondary schools in Shijingshan District using three spatial analysis methods:ArcGIS average nearest neighbor,kernel density analysis,and standard deviation ellipse.The results show that the spatial layout of primary and secondary schools in Shijingshan District,Beijing is characterized by overall clustering:the central region is high-density distribution,while the eastern and western parts are scattered.Moreover,this spatial structure continues to develop along the northwest-southeast direction.Although the high-density population areas in the nine streets correspond to the high-density distribution of schools,the service scope of primary and secondary schools does not cover all residential areas,and the distribution of residential areas within the coverage range is uneven.At the same time,the actual degree supply in Shijingshan District is insufficient.
文摘Open Courseware(OCW)and massive open online courses(MOOCs)are teaching and learning resources that are easily accessible to anyone with an Internet connection.OCW is digitally published learning content including full and partial courses(syllabi,outlines,lectures in pdf or video,slides,reference lists,etc.),simulations,animations,tutorials,drills and practices,modules,podcasts,case studies,and quizzes.This content is free and can be adopted or adapted to the user's needs.MOOCs are online learning experiences taught by university professors using conventional educational tools including video lectures,interactive modules,assignments,study materials,discussion boards,quizzes and tests.MOOCs are offered free or at low cost for personal and professional learning,and as a supplement to classroom teaching.Many MOOCs and OCW focus on topics of interest to nursing,particularly to nurse educators.This article provides the reader with a brief history of the development of OCW and MOOCs,conceptual descriptions,and guidance about how to access and use these new online resources.
文摘In the base of utility and marginal utility,the article put forwardthe concept of utility and marginal utilityof educational outlay and the theory of them,and analyzed the actuality of educational resource deployment in ourcountry,gave some advice about howtoi mprove our educational resource deployment of compulsory education.
文摘Since the electronic resources and Internet Web sites became popular, distance education courses offered via the Internet could play an important role in providing global digital resources and teaching the knowledge of international library and information standards for bibliographic databases with electronic and web resources.This paper uses the example of the author's new online course: ILS 608 Cataloging and Development of a Digital Union Catalog for Ancient Chinese Books to demonstrate the global re...
文摘As professors are subjected to teaching their classes online due to the recent COVID-19, our local Hong Kong students find it difficult to consult their teachers, and ultimately would fail to achieve the intended learning outcomes, especially for practical-based subjects. In this research, students having online classes of a practical-based fabric design subject were encouraged to self-study from Open Educational Resource (OER) materials for a further and better understanding of their subject. Additionally, online materials were developed to improve students’ understanding via skill of digital literacy. Their learning progress was evaluated and compared to the face-to-face version. The majority of students found online classes combined with self-studying OER materials, potentially be a substitute for face-to-face classes. Most of the students further opined different OER videos assisted them without any face-to-face instructions in practical works, to develop new fabric samples from the inspiration. Analysis of test results, and comparison of students’ final grades with different learning modes, supported these phenomena.
文摘The most important way to realize the educational function of museums is to use the transmission of cultural relics information.However,there are some problems in this kind of information transmission.The most prominent problem is that the collection information"output"by the museum to the audience is too simple,and scholars are concerned about the collection.It is difficult for research to be“imported”into museum exhibitions in time,and then cannot be transformed into rich and colorful educational resources,resulting in a disconnectbetween academics and exhibitions and a waste of educational resources.Under the new situation of more diversified audience interests and demands,museums need to build a bridge between scholars and audiences,and combine the museum’s survey information of the audience withaudience feedback to improve the educational function of the museum,so as to promote the development of museum education in a better direction.
基金This study was supported by the 2021 Scientific Research Project of Colleges and Universities in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region:Research on the Construction Path of Moral Education Community in Colleges and Universities in Ethnic Minority Areas in the New Era-Taking Inner Mongolia as an Example(Phased achievements of njsy21033).
文摘The traditional culture of ethnic minorities embodies the spiritual pursuit of unique national value.It can be used as a valuable moral education resource and is of great significance to improve the effectiveness of moral education in colleges and universities in ethnic areas.At present,China has not paid enough attention to the development and utilization of moral education resources of the ethnic minority traditional culture,nor has it established and improved the relevant development and utilization mechanism.Taking the moral education spirit of the traditional Mongolian culture as an example,this paper analyzes its moral education value,points out the existing problems of moral education in colleges and universities in ethnic areas,as well as suggests strategies for the integration of moral education resources of ethnic minority traditional culture with the moral education in colleges and universities in ethnic areas.
基金part of the research findings of the Project of Humanities and Social Sciences,financed by Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China基础教育阶段家庭校外教育投资研究(Project No.O7JJD88O222)led by Department of Economics of Education,Graduate School of Education,Peking University.
文摘This paper analyzes the behavior of families in China regarding private tutoring,applying game theory to its discussion of their actions.It finds that families will definitely give their children private tutoring after school in order to obtain better educational opportunities in situations where the distribution of educational resources is uneven.According to game theory,overuse of private tutoring after school will waste societal resources and negatively affect all the players in the game.It is argued that a key strategy to reduce private tutoring after school is to close the gaps in state provision of education.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China under Grant No.2018YFB1004502the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.61532001,61702532 and 61303190.
文摘To use educational resources efficiently and dig out the nature of relations among MOOCs(massive open online courses),a knowledge graph was built for MOOCs on four major platforms:Coursera,EDX,XuetangX,and ICourse.This paper demonstrates the whole process of educational knowledge graph construction for reference.And this knowledge graph,the largest knowledge graph of MOOC resources at present,stores and represents five classes,11 kinds of relations and 52779 entities with their corresponding properties,amounting to more than 300000 triples.Notably,24188 concepts are extracted from text attributes of MOOCs and linked them directly with corresponding Wikipedia entries or the closest entries calculated semantically,which provides the normalized representation of knowledge and a more precise description for MOOCs far more than enriching words with explanatory links.Besides,prerequisites discovered by direct extractions are viewed as an essential supplement to augment the connectivity in the knowledge graph.This knowledge graph could be considered as a collection of unified MOOC resources for learners and the abundant data for researchers on MOOC-related applications,such as prerequisites mining.
文摘With the expansion of the higher education system in China since the late 1990s,questions on the distribution of higher education opportunities and resources have attracted increasing attention from academics,policymakers,and the general public.While there have been an increasing studies on the development of higher education opportunity equality in China,quantitative,systematic research on the distribution of higher education resources across China is still rather limited.This paper aims at filling this gap.It provides quantitative and comprehensive evidence on the development of the distribution of higher education resources across Chinese provinces.The analysis is based on a provincial panel dataset and uses a generalized Theil index to measure inequality.Results show that higher education resources have been far from equally provided in relation to the size of provincial student populations in China.The unequal distribution has become even more pronounced over the past decade.In other words,even if high school students have an increasingly equal access to higher education in China(Bickenbach&Liu,2013b),the increasingly unequal distribution of higher education resources makes it difficult for university students to equally benefit from higher education.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.42171234,No.41901215,No.42271245。
文摘As a type of urban gentrification oriented by high-quality educational resources,jiaoyufication is a socio-spatial process that refers to the middle-class group that attaches importance to education realizes the agglomeration in famous school districts by purchasing high-price school district houses.Based on the theoretical analysis of jiaoyufication conducted by Chinese and foreign scholars,this paper takes Nanjing as a case city,applies multi-source data like POIs(points of interest),real estate market data,mobile-phone user portraits and questionnaires,and develops a composite measurement of jiaoyufication to identify jiaoyufied school district,jiaoyufied group&its spatial characteristics,and discusses the causal mechanisms and effects of jiaoyufication.With the GIS-entropy-TOPSIS model,this paper evaluates the jiaoyufication level of public primary school districts in the main urban area of Nanjing.The result show that 218 primary school districts are categorized into four types,i.e.,high jiaoyufied school district,mid-high jiaoyufied school district,medium jiaoyufied school district,and low jiaoyufied school district.The high jiaoyufied school districts are closely associated with the institutional system.In the high jiaoyufied school districts,many middle-class families have abundant social,economic,and cultural capital.They purchase and move to houses with lower living quality in school districts to pursue high-quality education for their children.The strict school district system,soaring school district housing prices,and intense educational competition continuously solidify the jiaoyufication levels of famous school districts and lock the opportunities for high-quality education in specific school-district spaces and classes or groups.The phenomenon of this socio-spatial reconstruction process,which results from the unequal distribution of high-quality educational resources,tends to aggravate the rich-poor gap and social segregation in cities.It is suggested that equalization of compulsory education services should be effectively carried forward as soon as possible.
文摘According to records from 2002,there will be a continuous increase in the number of classes,full-time teachers and teaching staff in urban primary and junior secondary schools during the period 2005-2020.At the same time,the demand for classes and teachers of non-compulsory education will decrease yearly.It is estimated that the budgetary funds for urban primary,junior secondary,senior secondary education and even higher education will increase by 8%,8.7%,15.2%and 9%,respectively each year.
