Introduction: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is one of the leading causes of mortality among women of reproductive age and Mother to Child Transmission of Human immunodeficiency virus is still a challenge affectin...Introduction: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is one of the leading causes of mortality among women of reproductive age and Mother to Child Transmission of Human immunodeficiency virus is still a challenge affecting many countries. Globally, an estimation of 180,000 children under 15 years acquire the Human immunodeficiency virus every day, and more than 90% of those infections are due to Mother to Child Transmission. The study sought to explore the experiences of mothers on the Elimination of Mother to Child Transmission-HIV services at Mtendere Clinic, Lusaka. Materials and Methods: Qualitative interpretive phenomenology study design was employed using in-depth interviews to collect data from a sample that was selected using purposive sampling technique. Thirteen participants were recruited, and these were HIV-positive mothers at least between the ages of 15 and 49 years and enrolled in the Elimination of Mother To Child Transmission-HIV program. The in-depth interviews were audiotape recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data was analyzed using thematic method. Findings: Three main themes that emerged are;living with HIV, support system and barriers to utilization of Elimination of Mother To Child Transmission-HIV services. Most of the participants expressed having acquired knowledge from the program, and received counselling and support from spouses, family as well as health personnel at Mtendere health facility which culminated into a positive experience and enhanced their uptake of the Elimination of Mother to Child Transmission-HIV services. However, barriers to service utilization were identified and these included fear of stigma, negative attitudes from health workers, long waiting times, lack of support and lack of transport to the health facility. Conclusion: Interventions such as community awareness campaigns on Elimination of Mother To Child Transmission-HIV, male involvement and implementing mother-to-mother peer support strategies in Elimination of Mother To Child Transmission-HIV service utilization should be prioritized so as to alleviate stigma and enhancing a positive experience for these mothers thus reducing on the Mother to Child HIV Transmission burden and mortality rates.展开更多
Lymphatic filariasis(LF),an asymptomatic,acute,and chronic condition in human beings,is the second most common vector-borne disease after malaria.According to the World Health Organization,there are 120 million LF cas...Lymphatic filariasis(LF),an asymptomatic,acute,and chronic condition in human beings,is the second most common vector-borne disease after malaria.According to the World Health Organization,there are 120 million LF cases detected in 81 tropical and subtropical countries,and one billion people are at risk.Therefore,the Global Program to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis was launched in 2000,with the primary objective of stopping LF transmission among all at-risk groups using mass drug administration(MDA),managing morbidities,and preventing LF-related impairments using a minimum treatment package.Additionally,other programs such as epidemiological assessment including National Filaria Control Program and World Health Organization recommended routine and pre-MDA microfilaremia surveys also implemented to stop the LF transmission.The routine filaria surveys were also carried out in around 2000-4000 individuals/month throughout the year whereas pre-MDA surveys were also conducted every year in approximately 4000 individuals in four fixed and four random sites.Furthermore,the Transmission Assessment Survey was also conducted to check the risk of LF among primary school children.Moreover,potential diagnostic methods,systematic surveillance regimes,the Direct Network Report system,and regular trainings and awareness may be also effective in preventing the recurrence of LF.Hence,this review emphasizes the potential advocacy tools and various strategies as well as procedures for monitoring,which could be impactful in eliminating LF.展开更多
Coal and gas outburst is a complex dynamic disaster during coal underground mining.Revealing the disaster mechanism is of great signifcance for accurate prediction and prevention of coal and gas outburst.The geo-dynam...Coal and gas outburst is a complex dynamic disaster during coal underground mining.Revealing the disaster mechanism is of great signifcance for accurate prediction and prevention of coal and gas outburst.The geo-dynamic system of coal and gas outburst is proposed.The framework of geo-dynamic system is composed of gassy coal mass,geological dynamic environment and mining disturbance.Equations of stress–damage–seepage interaction for gassy coal mass is constructed to resolve the outburst elimination process by gas extraction with boreholes through layer in foor roadway.The results show the occurrence of outburst is divided into the evolution process of gestation,formation,development and termination of geo-dynamic system.The scale range of outburst occurrence is determined,which provides a spatial basis for the prevention and control of outburst.The formation criterion and instability criterion of coal and gas outburst are established.The formation criterion F1 is defned as the scale of the geo-dynamic system,and the instability criterion F2 is defned as the scale of the outburst geo-body.According to the geo-dynamic system,the elimination mechanism of coal and gas outburst—‘unloading+depressurization’is established,and the gas extraction by boreholes through layer in foor roadway for outburst elimination is given.For the research case,when the gas extraction is 120 days,the gas pressure of the coal seam is reduced to below 0.4 MPa,and the outburst danger is eliminated efectively.展开更多
The steady decline in malaria cases and deaths in recent years is a step ahead toward elimination;however,an increasing number of reports of antimalarial and insecticide resistance highlight the importance of having n...The steady decline in malaria cases and deaths in recent years is a step ahead toward elimination;however,an increasing number of reports of antimalarial and insecticide resistance highlight the importance of having newer approaches to achieve the goal in the stipulated time frame.Therefore,having an effective and durable malaria vaccine is extremely crucial,which can complement the tools currently in use.Although the malaria vaccine development efforts initiated in the 1910’s with the first attempts to develop a malaria vaccine involved inoculating humans with live,attenuated strains of the malaria parasite but the efforts have been intensified over the previous decade,resulting in several significant developments.展开更多
India's healthcare system continues to place the highest priority on the fight against malaria[1].Malaria elimination program has received considerable attention from both the public and private sectors,resulting ...India's healthcare system continues to place the highest priority on the fight against malaria[1].Malaria elimination program has received considerable attention from both the public and private sectors,resulting in a significant drop in malaria cases[2].In 2022,a total of 176000 million cases of malaria were reported in India,in which Plasmodium(P.)falciparum has contributed 57.0%and 42.3%were P.vivax cases and limited cases of P.malariae and P.ovale.展开更多
Introduction: For several years, the fight against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been a major public health issue in Africa. Since 2012, Senegal has adopted WHO option B+, consisting of systematic triple ...Introduction: For several years, the fight against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been a major public health issue in Africa. Since 2012, Senegal has adopted WHO option B+, consisting of systematic triple therapy for HIV-positive pregnant women, combined with breastfeeding and antiretroviral (ARV) prophylaxis for exposed newborns. It is in this dynamic that we set ourselves the objectives of evaluating the rate of transmission of HIV from mother to child and taking stock of the monitoring of children born to HIV-positive mothers at the Pediatric Department of the CHN of Pikine located in the Dakar suburbs. Methodology: Thus, we conducted a descriptive and analytical cross-sectional cohort follow-up study from 11/25/2014 to 03/09/2022 including all children born to HIV-positive mothers followed at the Pikine CHN since the start of care. Results: We had collected 51 children exposed to HIV and followed in our structure. They were exposed to HIV1 in 92% of cases. The HIV status of the mothers was known before pregnancy in more than half of the cases. The couples were serodiscordant in 56% of cases. The mothers were in clinical stage 1 of the disease in 69.6% of cases and were already under treatment in 47% of cases. The most used treatment regimen was ATRIPLA with Tenofovir (TDF) + Emtracitabine (FTC) + Efavirenz (EFV) in 59% of cases. Compliance was good in the majority of cases. The CD4 count during pregnancy was low in 10.6% of cases. The pregnancy was well followed in only 36.2% of cases. The mothers had given birth in our structure in 91.4% of cases. The vaginal route was found in 72.5% of cases and delivery was carried out by a midwife in 69.4% of cases. The average birth weight was 2733 ± 564. The majority of newborns had received antiretroviral (ARV) prophylaxis after birth, half of them between 12 and 24 hours. The most used therapeutic protocol was Zidovudine (AZT) + Lamivudine (3TC) + Lopinavir/Ritonavir (LPV/r). Protected breastfeeding was the option chosen in 76.8% of cases. The PCR performed at 6 weeks was negative in more than half of the cases. Retroviral serology was carried out after 14 months in 43% of cases. We noted a single positive case with a negative initial PCR, representing an overall transmission rate of 1.96%. Conclusion: Senegal’s current policy targeting EMTCT of HIV is on good momentum with a fairly low transmission rate thanks to screening of pregnant women and prophylaxis with antiretrovirals (ARV) for HIV-positive mothers during pregnancy and for life. And children exposed from birth and during breastfeeding up to 6 weeks with regular monitoring.展开更多
Today, with the introduction of interferon-free direct-acting antivirals and outstanding progresses in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of hepatitis C virus(HCV) infection, the elimination of HCV infection seem...Today, with the introduction of interferon-free direct-acting antivirals and outstanding progresses in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of hepatitis C virus(HCV) infection, the elimination of HCV infection seems more achievable. A further challenge is continued transmission of HCV infection in high-risk population specially injecting drug users(IDUs) as the major reservoir of HCV infection. Considering the fact that most of these infections remain undiagnosed, unidentified HCVinfected IDUs are potential sources for the rapid spread of HCV in the community. The continuous increase in the number of IDUs along with the rising prevalence of HCV infection among young IDUs is harbinger of a forthcoming public health dilemma, presenting a serious challenge to control transmission of HCV infection. Even the changes in HCV genotype distribution attributed to injecting drug use confirm this issue. These circumstances create a strong demand for timely diagnosis and proper treatment of HCV-infected patients through risk-based screening to mitigate the risk of HCV transmission in the IDUs community and, consequently, in the society. Meanwhile, raising general awareness of HCV infection, diagnosis and treatment through public education should be the core activity of any harm reduction intervention, as the root cause of failure in control of HCV infection has been lack of awareness among young drug takers. In addition, effective prevention, comprehensive screening programs with a specific focus on high-risk population, accessibility to the new anti-HCV treatment regimens and public education should be considered as the top priorities of any health policy decision to eliminate HCV infection.展开更多
Interference in the data of geochemical hydrocarbon exploration is a large obstacle for anomaly recognition. The multiresolution analysis of wavelet analysis can extract the information at different scales so as to pr...Interference in the data of geochemical hydrocarbon exploration is a large obstacle for anomaly recognition. The multiresolution analysis of wavelet analysis can extract the information at different scales so as to provide a powerful tool for information analysis and processing. Based on the analysis of the geometric nature of hydrocarbon anomalies and background, Mallat wavelet and symmetric border treatment are selected and data pre-processing (logarithm-normalization) is established. This approach provide good results in Shandong and Inner Mongolia, China. It is demonstrated that this approach overcome the disadvantage of backgound variation in the window (interference in window), used in moving average, frame filtering and spatial and scaling modeling methods.展开更多
In the spectral analysis of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy,abundant characteristic spectral lines and severe interference information exist simultaneously in the original spectral data.Here,a feature selection m...In the spectral analysis of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy,abundant characteristic spectral lines and severe interference information exist simultaneously in the original spectral data.Here,a feature selection method called recursive feature elimination based on ridge regression(Ridge-RFE)for the original spectral data is recommended to make full use of the valid information of spectra.In the Ridge-RFE method,the absolute value of the ridge regression coefficient was used as a criterion to screen spectral characteristic,the feature with the absolute value of minimum weight in the input subset features was removed by recursive feature elimination(RFE),and the selected features were used as inputs of the partial least squares regression(PLS)model.The Ridge-RFE method based PLS model was used to measure the Fe,Si,Mg,Cu,Zn and Mn for 51 aluminum alloy samples,and the results showed that the root mean square error of prediction decreased greatly compared to the PLS model with full spectrum as input.The overall results demonstrate that the Ridge-RFE method is more efficient to extract the redundant features,make PLS model for better quantitative analysis results and improve model generalization ability.展开更多
Worldwide, more than one million people die each year from hepatitis C virus(HCV) related diseases, and over 300 million people are chronically infected with hepatitis B or C. Egypt used to be on the top of the countr...Worldwide, more than one million people die each year from hepatitis C virus(HCV) related diseases, and over 300 million people are chronically infected with hepatitis B or C. Egypt used to be on the top of the countries with heavy HCV burden. Some countries are making advances in elimination of HCV, yet multiple factors preventing progress; remain for the majority. These factors include lack of global funding sources for treatment, late diagnosis, poor data, and inadequate screening. Treatment of HCV in Egypt has become one of the top national priorities since 2007. Egypt started a national treatment program intending to provide cure for Egyptian HCV-infected patients. Mass HCV treatment program had started using Pegylated interferon and ribavirin between 2007 and 2014. Yet, with the development of highly-effective direct acting antivirals(DAAs) for HCV, elimination of viral hepatitis has become a real possibility. The Egyptian National Committee for the Control of Viral Hepatitis did its best to provide Egyptian HCV patients with DAAs. Egypt adopted a strategy that represents a model of care that could help other countries with high HCV prevalence rate in their battle against HCV. This review covers the effects of HCV management in Egyptian real life settings and the outcome of different treatment protocols. Also, it deals with the current and future strategies for HCV prevention and screening as well as the challenges facing HCV elimination and the prospect of future eradication of HCV.展开更多
The burden of schistosomiasis remains a global public health problem,especially in sub-Saharan Africa despite progress in terms of morbidity control.Successful control efforts achieved by China in the last six decades...The burden of schistosomiasis remains a global public health problem,especially in sub-Saharan Africa despite progress in terms of morbidity control.Successful control efforts achieved by China in the last six decades came with considerable experience and lessons that could benefit schistosomiasis control programs in other endemic countries.China's role and commitment to global health cooperation has become increasingly important;this has created a platform for partnership with developing partners for the establishment of Forum on China-Africa health cooperation which prioritizes the pursuit of global elimination target for schistosomiasis and malaria,control of HIV/AIDS,and improved access to reproductive health care.Chinese government's commitment towards achieving schistosomiasis elimination in Africa prompted the establishment of Institution-based Network on China-Africa Cooperation for Schistosomiasis Elimination (INCAS),by the National Institute of Parasitic Diseases to promote schistosomiasis elimination in Africa.Schistosomiasis experts from six provincial institutions and counterparts from 10 African countries participated in the first workshop on China-Africa cooperation for Schistosomiasis Elimination in Africa at Lilongwe,Malawi,in 2015.Experts at the inaugural meeting shared experiences from their national schistosomiasis control programs,as well as identified areas for collaborative synergy targeting schistosomiasis elimination in Africa.The establishment of INCAS,which comprises of 28 member-institutions from China and Africa,was proposed at this meeting.We,therefore,provide information on INCAS activities,cooperation mechanism,as well as assess the strengths,weaknesses,opportunities,and threats as we target schistosomiasis elimination in Africa using the INCAS platform.展开更多
Chronic viral hepatitis is a significant health problem throughout the world,which already represents high annual mortality.By 2040,chronic viral hepatitis due to virus B and virus C and their complications cirrhosis ...Chronic viral hepatitis is a significant health problem throughout the world,which already represents high annual mortality.By 2040,chronic viral hepatitis due to virus B and virus C and their complications cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma will be more deadly than malaria,vitellogenesis-inhibiting hormone,and tuberculosis altogether.In this review,we analyze the global impact of chronic viral hepatitis with a focus on the most vulnerable groups,the goals set by the World Health Organization for the year 2030,and the key points to achieve them,such as timely access to antiviral treatment of direct-acting antiviral,which represents the key to achieving hepatitis C virus elimination.Likewise,we review the strategies to prevent transmission and achieve control of hepatitis B virus.Finally,we address the impact that the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has had on implementing elimination strategies and the advantages of implementing telemedicine programs.展开更多
Elimination of viral hepatitis in sub-Saharan Africa by 2030 is an ambitious feat.However,as stated by the World Health Organization,there are unprecedented opportunities to act and make significant contributions to t...Elimination of viral hepatitis in sub-Saharan Africa by 2030 is an ambitious feat.However,as stated by the World Health Organization,there are unprecedented opportunities to act and make significant contributions to the elimination target.With 60 million people chronically infected with hepatitis B virus(HBV)of whom 38800 are at risk of developing highly fatal hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)every year,sub-Saharan Africa faces one of the greatest battles towards elimination of viral hepatitis.There is a need to examine progress in controlling the disproportionate burden of HBV-associated HCC in sub-Saharan Africa within the context of this elimination target.By scaling-up coverage of hepatitis B birth dose and early childhood vaccination,we can significantly reduce new cases of HCC by as much as 50%within the next three to five decades.Given the substantial reservoir of chronic HBV carriers however,projections show that HCC incidence and mortality rates in sub-Saharan Africa will double by 2040.This warrants urgent public health attention.The trends in the burden of HCC over the next two decades,will be determined to a large extent by progress in achieving early diagnosis and appropriate linkage to care for high-risk chronic HBV infected persons.展开更多
In this study,the hourly directions of eight banking stocks in Borsa Istanbul were predicted using linear-based,deep-learning(LSTM)and ensemble learning(Light-GBM)models.These models were trained with four different f...In this study,the hourly directions of eight banking stocks in Borsa Istanbul were predicted using linear-based,deep-learning(LSTM)and ensemble learning(Light-GBM)models.These models were trained with four different feature sets and their performances were evaluated in terms of accuracy and F-measure metrics.While the first experiments directly used the own stock features as the model inputs,the second experiments utilized reduced stock features through Variational AutoEncoders(VAE).In the last experiments,in order to grasp the effects of the other banking stocks on individual stock performance,the features belonging to other stocks were also given as inputs to our models.While combining other stock features was done for both own(named as allstock_own)and VAE-reduced(named as allstock_VAE)stock features,the expanded dimensions of the feature sets were reduced by Recursive Feature Elimination.As the highest success rate increased up to 0.685 with allstock_own and LSTM with attention model,the combination of allstock_VAE and LSTM with the attention model obtained an accuracy rate of 0.675.Although the classification results achieved with both feature types was close,allstock_VAE achieved these results using nearly 16.67%less features compared to allstock_own.When all experimental results were examined,it was found out that the models trained with allstock_own and allstock_VAE achieved higher accuracy rates than those using individual stock features.It was also concluded that the results obtained with the VAE-reduced stock features were similar to those obtained by own stock features.展开更多
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus(HCV) is a leading cause of worldwide liver-related morbidity and mortality. The World Health Organization released an integrated strategy targeting HCV-elimination by 2030. This study aims...BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus(HCV) is a leading cause of worldwide liver-related morbidity and mortality. The World Health Organization released an integrated strategy targeting HCV-elimination by 2030. This study aims to estimate the required interventions to achieve elimination using updated information for direct-acting antiviral(DAA) treatment coverage, to compute the total costs(including indirect/societal costs) of the strategy and to identify whether the elimination strategy is cost-effective/cost-saving in Greece.AIM To estimate the required interventions and subsequent costs to achieve HCV elimination in Greece.METHODS A previously validated mathematical model was adapted to the Greek HCVinfected population to compare the outcomes of DAA treatment without the additional implementation of awareness or screening campaigns versus an HCV elimination strategy, which includes a sufficient number of treated patients. We estimated the total costs(direct and indirect costs), the disability-adjusted life years and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio using two different price scenarios.RESULTS Without the implementation of awareness or screening campaigns,approximately 20000 patients would be diagnosed and treated with DAAs by2030. This strategy would result in a 19.6% increase in HCV-related mortality in2030 compared to 2015. To achieve the elimination goal, 90000 patients need to be treated by 2030. Under the elimination scenario, viremic cases would decrease by78.8% in 2030 compared to 2015. The cumulative direct costs to eliminate the disease would range from 2.1-2.3 billion euros(€) by 2030, while the indirect costs would be €1.1 billion. The total elimination cost in Greece would range from €3.2-3.4 billion by 2030. The cost per averted disability-adjusted life year is estimated between €10100 and €13380, indicating that the elimination strategy is very costeffective. Furthermore, HCV elimination strategy would save €560-895 million by2035.CONCLUSION Without large screening programs, elimination of HCV cannot be achieved. The HCV elimination strategy is feasible and cost-saving despite the uncertainty of the future cost of DAAs in Greece.展开更多
Described is the optically pure synthesis of 5-((-)-bornyloxy)-3,4-dichloro-8(5H)-furanone 4band the novel tandem Michael addition-elimination reaction of 4b with a seriea of thiols to providecorresponding new chiral ...Described is the optically pure synthesis of 5-((-)-bornyloxy)-3,4-dichloro-8(5H)-furanone 4band the novel tandem Michael addition-elimination reaction of 4b with a seriea of thiols to providecorresponding new chiral sowces 5a-e.展开更多
Chlorinated volatile organic compounds(CVOCs)are widely used in industry as solvents intermediates,which are highly toxic and a contributor for secondary organic aerogels,tropospheric ozone and photochemical smog[1].M...Chlorinated volatile organic compounds(CVOCs)are widely used in industry as solvents intermediates,which are highly toxic and a contributor for secondary organic aerogels,tropospheric ozone and photochemical smog[1].Many technologies have been developed to eliminate CVOCs emission.Catalytic combustion is regarded as one of the most economical and reliable technologies.The development of catalytic combustion system includes exploring reaction devices,reaction processes and catalysts,among which the key task is to develop highperformance catalysts.展开更多
For drugs obeying parallel first-order and Michaelis-Menten elimination kinetics,mathematical analysis concerning the optimum dosage regimen of intravenous infusion is conducted and following equations are derived:whe...For drugs obeying parallel first-order and Michaelis-Menten elimination kinetics,mathematical analysis concerning the optimum dosage regimen of intravenous infusion is conducted and following equations are derived:where Xo is the intravenous loading dose,Cb the plasma concentration level desired in clinical therapy,V the apparent distribution volume,k0 the rate constant of intravenouns infusion,K the first－order elimination rate constant,Vm the theoretical maximum rate of the Michaelis－Menten elimination process,Km the Michaelis constant.From this dosage regimen,plasma level maintains a constant Cb during the administration period.When K=0 the dosage regimen above is also suitable for drugs obeying Michaelis-Menten elimination kinetics.展开更多
Assessing canopy nitrogen content(CNC) and canopy carbon content(CCC) of maize by hyperspectral remote sensing data permits estimating cropland productivity, protecting farmland ecology, and investigating the nitrogen...Assessing canopy nitrogen content(CNC) and canopy carbon content(CCC) of maize by hyperspectral remote sensing data permits estimating cropland productivity, protecting farmland ecology, and investigating the nitrogen and carbon cycles in the atmosphere. This study aimed to assess maize CNC and CCC using canopy hyperspectral information and uninformative variable elimination(UVE). Vegetation indices(VIs) and wavelet functions were adopted for estimating CNC and CCC under varying water and nitrogen regimes. Linear, nonlinear, and partial least squares(PLS) regression models were fitted to VIs and wavelet functions to estimate CNC and CCC, and were evaluated for their prediction accuracy.UVE was used to eliminate uninformative variables, improve the prediction accuracy of the models, and simplify the PLS regression models(UVE-PLS). For estimating CNC and CCC, the normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI, based on red edge and NIR wavebands) yielded the highest correlation coefficients(r > 0.88). PLS regression models showed the lowest root mean square error(RMSE) among all models. However, PLS regression models required nine VIs and four wavelet functions, increasing their complexity. UVE was used to retain valid spectral parameters and optimize the PLS regression models.UVE-PLS regression models improved validation accuracy and resulted in more accurate CNC and CCC than the PLS regression models. Thus, canopy spectral reflectance integrated with UVE-PLS can accurately reflect maize leaf nitrogen and carbon status.展开更多
文摘Introduction: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is one of the leading causes of mortality among women of reproductive age and Mother to Child Transmission of Human immunodeficiency virus is still a challenge affecting many countries. Globally, an estimation of 180,000 children under 15 years acquire the Human immunodeficiency virus every day, and more than 90% of those infections are due to Mother to Child Transmission. The study sought to explore the experiences of mothers on the Elimination of Mother to Child Transmission-HIV services at Mtendere Clinic, Lusaka. Materials and Methods: Qualitative interpretive phenomenology study design was employed using in-depth interviews to collect data from a sample that was selected using purposive sampling technique. Thirteen participants were recruited, and these were HIV-positive mothers at least between the ages of 15 and 49 years and enrolled in the Elimination of Mother To Child Transmission-HIV program. The in-depth interviews were audiotape recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data was analyzed using thematic method. Findings: Three main themes that emerged are;living with HIV, support system and barriers to utilization of Elimination of Mother To Child Transmission-HIV services. Most of the participants expressed having acquired knowledge from the program, and received counselling and support from spouses, family as well as health personnel at Mtendere health facility which culminated into a positive experience and enhanced their uptake of the Elimination of Mother to Child Transmission-HIV services. However, barriers to service utilization were identified and these included fear of stigma, negative attitudes from health workers, long waiting times, lack of support and lack of transport to the health facility. Conclusion: Interventions such as community awareness campaigns on Elimination of Mother To Child Transmission-HIV, male involvement and implementing mother-to-mother peer support strategies in Elimination of Mother To Child Transmission-HIV service utilization should be prioritized so as to alleviate stigma and enhancing a positive experience for these mothers thus reducing on the Mother to Child HIV Transmission burden and mortality rates.
文摘Lymphatic filariasis(LF),an asymptomatic,acute,and chronic condition in human beings,is the second most common vector-borne disease after malaria.According to the World Health Organization,there are 120 million LF cases detected in 81 tropical and subtropical countries,and one billion people are at risk.Therefore,the Global Program to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis was launched in 2000,with the primary objective of stopping LF transmission among all at-risk groups using mass drug administration(MDA),managing morbidities,and preventing LF-related impairments using a minimum treatment package.Additionally,other programs such as epidemiological assessment including National Filaria Control Program and World Health Organization recommended routine and pre-MDA microfilaremia surveys also implemented to stop the LF transmission.The routine filaria surveys were also carried out in around 2000-4000 individuals/month throughout the year whereas pre-MDA surveys were also conducted every year in approximately 4000 individuals in four fixed and four random sites.Furthermore,the Transmission Assessment Survey was also conducted to check the risk of LF among primary school children.Moreover,potential diagnostic methods,systematic surveillance regimes,the Direct Network Report system,and regular trainings and awareness may be also effective in preventing the recurrence of LF.Hence,this review emphasizes the potential advocacy tools and various strategies as well as procedures for monitoring,which could be impactful in eliminating LF.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52004117,52174117 and 51674132)the Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China(2021T140290 and 2020M680975)the Discipline Innovation Team of Liaoning Technical University(LNTU20TD-03 and LNTU20TD-30).
文摘Coal and gas outburst is a complex dynamic disaster during coal underground mining.Revealing the disaster mechanism is of great signifcance for accurate prediction and prevention of coal and gas outburst.The geo-dynamic system of coal and gas outburst is proposed.The framework of geo-dynamic system is composed of gassy coal mass,geological dynamic environment and mining disturbance.Equations of stress–damage–seepage interaction for gassy coal mass is constructed to resolve the outburst elimination process by gas extraction with boreholes through layer in foor roadway.The results show the occurrence of outburst is divided into the evolution process of gestation,formation,development and termination of geo-dynamic system.The scale range of outburst occurrence is determined,which provides a spatial basis for the prevention and control of outburst.The formation criterion and instability criterion of coal and gas outburst are established.The formation criterion F1 is defned as the scale of the geo-dynamic system,and the instability criterion F2 is defned as the scale of the outburst geo-body.According to the geo-dynamic system,the elimination mechanism of coal and gas outburst—‘unloading+depressurization’is established,and the gas extraction by boreholes through layer in foor roadway for outburst elimination is given.For the research case,when the gas extraction is 120 days,the gas pressure of the coal seam is reduced to below 0.4 MPa,and the outburst danger is eliminated efectively.
文摘The steady decline in malaria cases and deaths in recent years is a step ahead toward elimination;however,an increasing number of reports of antimalarial and insecticide resistance highlight the importance of having newer approaches to achieve the goal in the stipulated time frame.Therefore,having an effective and durable malaria vaccine is extremely crucial,which can complement the tools currently in use.Although the malaria vaccine development efforts initiated in the 1910’s with the first attempts to develop a malaria vaccine involved inoculating humans with live,attenuated strains of the malaria parasite but the efforts have been intensified over the previous decade,resulting in several significant developments.
文摘India's healthcare system continues to place the highest priority on the fight against malaria[1].Malaria elimination program has received considerable attention from both the public and private sectors,resulting in a significant drop in malaria cases[2].In 2022,a total of 176000 million cases of malaria were reported in India,in which Plasmodium(P.)falciparum has contributed 57.0%and 42.3%were P.vivax cases and limited cases of P.malariae and P.ovale.
文摘Introduction: For several years, the fight against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been a major public health issue in Africa. Since 2012, Senegal has adopted WHO option B+, consisting of systematic triple therapy for HIV-positive pregnant women, combined with breastfeeding and antiretroviral (ARV) prophylaxis for exposed newborns. It is in this dynamic that we set ourselves the objectives of evaluating the rate of transmission of HIV from mother to child and taking stock of the monitoring of children born to HIV-positive mothers at the Pediatric Department of the CHN of Pikine located in the Dakar suburbs. Methodology: Thus, we conducted a descriptive and analytical cross-sectional cohort follow-up study from 11/25/2014 to 03/09/2022 including all children born to HIV-positive mothers followed at the Pikine CHN since the start of care. Results: We had collected 51 children exposed to HIV and followed in our structure. They were exposed to HIV1 in 92% of cases. The HIV status of the mothers was known before pregnancy in more than half of the cases. The couples were serodiscordant in 56% of cases. The mothers were in clinical stage 1 of the disease in 69.6% of cases and were already under treatment in 47% of cases. The most used treatment regimen was ATRIPLA with Tenofovir (TDF) + Emtracitabine (FTC) + Efavirenz (EFV) in 59% of cases. Compliance was good in the majority of cases. The CD4 count during pregnancy was low in 10.6% of cases. The pregnancy was well followed in only 36.2% of cases. The mothers had given birth in our structure in 91.4% of cases. The vaginal route was found in 72.5% of cases and delivery was carried out by a midwife in 69.4% of cases. The average birth weight was 2733 ± 564. The majority of newborns had received antiretroviral (ARV) prophylaxis after birth, half of them between 12 and 24 hours. The most used therapeutic protocol was Zidovudine (AZT) + Lamivudine (3TC) + Lopinavir/Ritonavir (LPV/r). Protected breastfeeding was the option chosen in 76.8% of cases. The PCR performed at 6 weeks was negative in more than half of the cases. Retroviral serology was carried out after 14 months in 43% of cases. We noted a single positive case with a negative initial PCR, representing an overall transmission rate of 1.96%. Conclusion: Senegal’s current policy targeting EMTCT of HIV is on good momentum with a fairly low transmission rate thanks to screening of pregnant women and prophylaxis with antiretrovirals (ARV) for HIV-positive mothers during pregnancy and for life. And children exposed from birth and during breastfeeding up to 6 weeks with regular monitoring.
文摘Today, with the introduction of interferon-free direct-acting antivirals and outstanding progresses in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of hepatitis C virus(HCV) infection, the elimination of HCV infection seems more achievable. A further challenge is continued transmission of HCV infection in high-risk population specially injecting drug users(IDUs) as the major reservoir of HCV infection. Considering the fact that most of these infections remain undiagnosed, unidentified HCVinfected IDUs are potential sources for the rapid spread of HCV in the community. The continuous increase in the number of IDUs along with the rising prevalence of HCV infection among young IDUs is harbinger of a forthcoming public health dilemma, presenting a serious challenge to control transmission of HCV infection. Even the changes in HCV genotype distribution attributed to injecting drug use confirm this issue. These circumstances create a strong demand for timely diagnosis and proper treatment of HCV-infected patients through risk-based screening to mitigate the risk of HCV transmission in the IDUs community and, consequently, in the society. Meanwhile, raising general awareness of HCV infection, diagnosis and treatment through public education should be the core activity of any harm reduction intervention, as the root cause of failure in control of HCV infection has been lack of awareness among young drug takers. In addition, effective prevention, comprehensive screening programs with a specific focus on high-risk population, accessibility to the new anti-HCV treatment regimens and public education should be considered as the top priorities of any health policy decision to eliminate HCV infection.
文摘Interference in the data of geochemical hydrocarbon exploration is a large obstacle for anomaly recognition. The multiresolution analysis of wavelet analysis can extract the information at different scales so as to provide a powerful tool for information analysis and processing. Based on the analysis of the geometric nature of hydrocarbon anomalies and background, Mallat wavelet and symmetric border treatment are selected and data pre-processing (logarithm-normalization) is established. This approach provide good results in Shandong and Inner Mongolia, China. It is demonstrated that this approach overcome the disadvantage of backgound variation in the window (interference in window), used in moving average, frame filtering and spatial and scaling modeling methods.
基金supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2016YFF0102502)the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences,CAS(No.QYZDJ-SSW-JSC037)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association,CAS,Liao Ning Revitalization Talents Program(No.XLYC1807110)。
文摘In the spectral analysis of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy,abundant characteristic spectral lines and severe interference information exist simultaneously in the original spectral data.Here,a feature selection method called recursive feature elimination based on ridge regression(Ridge-RFE)for the original spectral data is recommended to make full use of the valid information of spectra.In the Ridge-RFE method,the absolute value of the ridge regression coefficient was used as a criterion to screen spectral characteristic,the feature with the absolute value of minimum weight in the input subset features was removed by recursive feature elimination(RFE),and the selected features were used as inputs of the partial least squares regression(PLS)model.The Ridge-RFE method based PLS model was used to measure the Fe,Si,Mg,Cu,Zn and Mn for 51 aluminum alloy samples,and the results showed that the root mean square error of prediction decreased greatly compared to the PLS model with full spectrum as input.The overall results demonstrate that the Ridge-RFE method is more efficient to extract the redundant features,make PLS model for better quantitative analysis results and improve model generalization ability.
文摘Worldwide, more than one million people die each year from hepatitis C virus(HCV) related diseases, and over 300 million people are chronically infected with hepatitis B or C. Egypt used to be on the top of the countries with heavy HCV burden. Some countries are making advances in elimination of HCV, yet multiple factors preventing progress; remain for the majority. These factors include lack of global funding sources for treatment, late diagnosis, poor data, and inadequate screening. Treatment of HCV in Egypt has become one of the top national priorities since 2007. Egypt started a national treatment program intending to provide cure for Egyptian HCV-infected patients. Mass HCV treatment program had started using Pegylated interferon and ribavirin between 2007 and 2014. Yet, with the development of highly-effective direct acting antivirals(DAAs) for HCV, elimination of viral hepatitis has become a real possibility. The Egyptian National Committee for the Control of Viral Hepatitis did its best to provide Egyptian HCV patients with DAAs. Egypt adopted a strategy that represents a model of care that could help other countries with high HCV prevalence rate in their battle against HCV. This review covers the effects of HCV management in Egyptian real life settings and the outcome of different treatment protocols. Also, it deals with the current and future strategies for HCV prevention and screening as well as the challenges facing HCV elimination and the prospect of future eradication of HCV.
文摘The burden of schistosomiasis remains a global public health problem,especially in sub-Saharan Africa despite progress in terms of morbidity control.Successful control efforts achieved by China in the last six decades came with considerable experience and lessons that could benefit schistosomiasis control programs in other endemic countries.China's role and commitment to global health cooperation has become increasingly important;this has created a platform for partnership with developing partners for the establishment of Forum on China-Africa health cooperation which prioritizes the pursuit of global elimination target for schistosomiasis and malaria,control of HIV/AIDS,and improved access to reproductive health care.Chinese government's commitment towards achieving schistosomiasis elimination in Africa prompted the establishment of Institution-based Network on China-Africa Cooperation for Schistosomiasis Elimination (INCAS),by the National Institute of Parasitic Diseases to promote schistosomiasis elimination in Africa.Schistosomiasis experts from six provincial institutions and counterparts from 10 African countries participated in the first workshop on China-Africa cooperation for Schistosomiasis Elimination in Africa at Lilongwe,Malawi,in 2015.Experts at the inaugural meeting shared experiences from their national schistosomiasis control programs,as well as identified areas for collaborative synergy targeting schistosomiasis elimination in Africa.The establishment of INCAS,which comprises of 28 member-institutions from China and Africa,was proposed at this meeting.We,therefore,provide information on INCAS activities,cooperation mechanism,as well as assess the strengths,weaknesses,opportunities,and threats as we target schistosomiasis elimination in Africa using the INCAS platform.
文摘Chronic viral hepatitis is a significant health problem throughout the world,which already represents high annual mortality.By 2040,chronic viral hepatitis due to virus B and virus C and their complications cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma will be more deadly than malaria,vitellogenesis-inhibiting hormone,and tuberculosis altogether.In this review,we analyze the global impact of chronic viral hepatitis with a focus on the most vulnerable groups,the goals set by the World Health Organization for the year 2030,and the key points to achieve them,such as timely access to antiviral treatment of direct-acting antiviral,which represents the key to achieving hepatitis C virus elimination.Likewise,we review the strategies to prevent transmission and achieve control of hepatitis B virus.Finally,we address the impact that the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has had on implementing elimination strategies and the advantages of implementing telemedicine programs.
基金Supported by The Harry Crossley Postdoctoral Research Fellowship 2021.
文摘Elimination of viral hepatitis in sub-Saharan Africa by 2030 is an ambitious feat.However,as stated by the World Health Organization,there are unprecedented opportunities to act and make significant contributions to the elimination target.With 60 million people chronically infected with hepatitis B virus(HBV)of whom 38800 are at risk of developing highly fatal hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)every year,sub-Saharan Africa faces one of the greatest battles towards elimination of viral hepatitis.There is a need to examine progress in controlling the disproportionate burden of HBV-associated HCC in sub-Saharan Africa within the context of this elimination target.By scaling-up coverage of hepatitis B birth dose and early childhood vaccination,we can significantly reduce new cases of HCC by as much as 50%within the next three to five decades.Given the substantial reservoir of chronic HBV carriers however,projections show that HCC incidence and mortality rates in sub-Saharan Africa will double by 2040.This warrants urgent public health attention.The trends in the burden of HCC over the next two decades,will be determined to a large extent by progress in achieving early diagnosis and appropriate linkage to care for high-risk chronic HBV infected persons.
文摘In this study,the hourly directions of eight banking stocks in Borsa Istanbul were predicted using linear-based,deep-learning(LSTM)and ensemble learning(Light-GBM)models.These models were trained with four different feature sets and their performances were evaluated in terms of accuracy and F-measure metrics.While the first experiments directly used the own stock features as the model inputs,the second experiments utilized reduced stock features through Variational AutoEncoders(VAE).In the last experiments,in order to grasp the effects of the other banking stocks on individual stock performance,the features belonging to other stocks were also given as inputs to our models.While combining other stock features was done for both own(named as allstock_own)and VAE-reduced(named as allstock_VAE)stock features,the expanded dimensions of the feature sets were reduced by Recursive Feature Elimination.As the highest success rate increased up to 0.685 with allstock_own and LSTM with attention model,the combination of allstock_VAE and LSTM with the attention model obtained an accuracy rate of 0.675.Although the classification results achieved with both feature types was close,allstock_VAE achieved these results using nearly 16.67%less features compared to allstock_own.When all experimental results were examined,it was found out that the models trained with allstock_own and allstock_VAE achieved higher accuracy rates than those using individual stock features.It was also concluded that the results obtained with the VAE-reduced stock features were similar to those obtained by own stock features.
基金supported by unrestricted grants from Gilead and MSD
文摘BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus(HCV) is a leading cause of worldwide liver-related morbidity and mortality. The World Health Organization released an integrated strategy targeting HCV-elimination by 2030. This study aims to estimate the required interventions to achieve elimination using updated information for direct-acting antiviral(DAA) treatment coverage, to compute the total costs(including indirect/societal costs) of the strategy and to identify whether the elimination strategy is cost-effective/cost-saving in Greece.AIM To estimate the required interventions and subsequent costs to achieve HCV elimination in Greece.METHODS A previously validated mathematical model was adapted to the Greek HCVinfected population to compare the outcomes of DAA treatment without the additional implementation of awareness or screening campaigns versus an HCV elimination strategy, which includes a sufficient number of treated patients. We estimated the total costs(direct and indirect costs), the disability-adjusted life years and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio using two different price scenarios.RESULTS Without the implementation of awareness or screening campaigns,approximately 20000 patients would be diagnosed and treated with DAAs by2030. This strategy would result in a 19.6% increase in HCV-related mortality in2030 compared to 2015. To achieve the elimination goal, 90000 patients need to be treated by 2030. Under the elimination scenario, viremic cases would decrease by78.8% in 2030 compared to 2015. The cumulative direct costs to eliminate the disease would range from 2.1-2.3 billion euros(€) by 2030, while the indirect costs would be €1.1 billion. The total elimination cost in Greece would range from €3.2-3.4 billion by 2030. The cost per averted disability-adjusted life year is estimated between €10100 and €13380, indicating that the elimination strategy is very costeffective. Furthermore, HCV elimination strategy would save €560-895 million by2035.CONCLUSION Without large screening programs, elimination of HCV cannot be achieved. The HCV elimination strategy is feasible and cost-saving despite the uncertainty of the future cost of DAAs in Greece.
文摘Described is the optically pure synthesis of 5-((-)-bornyloxy)-3,4-dichloro-8(5H)-furanone 4band the novel tandem Michael addition-elimination reaction of 4b with a seriea of thiols to providecorresponding new chiral sowces 5a-e.
文摘Chlorinated volatile organic compounds(CVOCs)are widely used in industry as solvents intermediates,which are highly toxic and a contributor for secondary organic aerogels,tropospheric ozone and photochemical smog[1].Many technologies have been developed to eliminate CVOCs emission.Catalytic combustion is regarded as one of the most economical and reliable technologies.The development of catalytic combustion system includes exploring reaction devices,reaction processes and catalysts,among which the key task is to develop highperformance catalysts.
文摘For drugs obeying parallel first-order and Michaelis-Menten elimination kinetics,mathematical analysis concerning the optimum dosage regimen of intravenous infusion is conducted and following equations are derived:where Xo is the intravenous loading dose,Cb the plasma concentration level desired in clinical therapy,V the apparent distribution volume,k0 the rate constant of intravenouns infusion,K the first－order elimination rate constant,Vm the theoretical maximum rate of the Michaelis－Menten elimination process,Km the Michaelis constant.From this dosage regimen,plasma level maintains a constant Cb during the administration period.When K=0 the dosage regimen above is also suitable for drugs obeying Michaelis-Menten elimination kinetics.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFD0300602)China Agricultural Research System (CARS-04-PS19)Chengdu Science and Technology Project (2020-YF09-00033-SN)。
文摘Assessing canopy nitrogen content(CNC) and canopy carbon content(CCC) of maize by hyperspectral remote sensing data permits estimating cropland productivity, protecting farmland ecology, and investigating the nitrogen and carbon cycles in the atmosphere. This study aimed to assess maize CNC and CCC using canopy hyperspectral information and uninformative variable elimination(UVE). Vegetation indices(VIs) and wavelet functions were adopted for estimating CNC and CCC under varying water and nitrogen regimes. Linear, nonlinear, and partial least squares(PLS) regression models were fitted to VIs and wavelet functions to estimate CNC and CCC, and were evaluated for their prediction accuracy.UVE was used to eliminate uninformative variables, improve the prediction accuracy of the models, and simplify the PLS regression models(UVE-PLS). For estimating CNC and CCC, the normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI, based on red edge and NIR wavebands) yielded the highest correlation coefficients(r > 0.88). PLS regression models showed the lowest root mean square error(RMSE) among all models. However, PLS regression models required nine VIs and four wavelet functions, increasing their complexity. UVE was used to retain valid spectral parameters and optimize the PLS regression models.UVE-PLS regression models improved validation accuracy and resulted in more accurate CNC and CCC than the PLS regression models. Thus, canopy spectral reflectance integrated with UVE-PLS can accurately reflect maize leaf nitrogen and carbon status.
