Shikimic acid/quinic acid hydroxy cinnamyl transferase(HCT)is one of the key enzymes in the phenylpropanoid pathway.However,the role of the HCT gene in chlorogenic acid(CGA)biosynthesis in peach fruit remains unclear....Shikimic acid/quinic acid hydroxy cinnamyl transferase(HCT)is one of the key enzymes in the phenylpropanoid pathway.However,the role of the HCT gene in chlorogenic acid(CGA)biosynthesis in peach fruit remains unclear.For this,we identified the accumulation pattern of CGA in four peach cultivars,cloned and characterized 11 PpHCT gene members,and further analyzed the expression patterns of these PpHCT genes during fruit development.The contents of CGAs in the four peach cultivars all exhibited a trend of increasing and then decreasing during the fruit growth and development.Moreover,the contents of CGAs in the peel and flesh were tissue-specific.Gene structure analysis indicated that the PpHCT genes were highly conserved,containing two exons and one intron.The protein structure analysis demonstrated that the PpHCT proteins contained two conserved motifs(HXXXD,DFGWG)and a transferase domain(PF02458),which belonged to the BAHD acyltransferase family.The cis-acting element analysis suggested that the promoters of PpHCT genes contained many light-related,hormone-related,stress-related,tissue-specific,and circadian-related elements,and they could participate in a variety of biological processes.Phylogenetic analysis showed that the HCT proteins of peach were closely related to the HCT proteins of plum and had a close evolutionary relationship.The qRT-PCR analysis indicated that the expression levels of PpHCT1 and PpHCT2 showed an opposite trend to the accumulation of CGA,whereas the expression levels of PpHCT4,PpHCT5,PpHCT7,PpHCT8,and PpHCT11 demonstrated the same trend as CGA accumulation.It was worth noting that only PpHCT4 and PpHCT5 were highly expressed in the two high-CGA cultivars but showed low levels of expression in the two low-CGA cultivars.Therefore,it was hypothesized that these two genes might be key genes to the synthesis of CGA in peach fruit.Those findings provide a theoretical basis for further study on the biological functions of the HCT gene and help to reveal the molecular mechanism of CGA.展开更多
Sugar is an indispensable source of energy for plant growth and development, and it requires the participation of sugar transporter proteins(STPs) for crossing the hydrophobic barrier in plants. Here, we systematicall...Sugar is an indispensable source of energy for plant growth and development, and it requires the participation of sugar transporter proteins(STPs) for crossing the hydrophobic barrier in plants. Here, we systematically identified the genes encoding sugar transporters in the genome of maize(Zea mays L.), analyzed their expression patterns under different conditions, and determined their functions in disease resistance. The results showed that the mazie sugar transporter family contained 24 members, all of which were predicted to be distributed on the cell membrane and had a highly conserved transmembrane transport domain. The tissue-specific expression of the maize sugar transporter genes was analyzed, and the expression level of these genes was found to be significantly different in different tissues. The analysis of biotic and abiotic stress data showed that the expression levels of the sugar transporter genes changed significantly under different stress factors. The expression levels of Zm STP2 and Zm STP20 continued to increase following Fusarium graminearum infection. By performing disease resistance analysis of zmstp2 and zmstp20 mutants, we found that after inoculation with Cochliobolus carbonum, Setosphaeria turcica, Cochliobolus heterostrophus, and F. graminearum, the lesion area of the mutants was significantly higher than that of the wild-type B73 plant. In this study, the genes encoding sugar transporters in maize were systematically identified and analyzed at the whole genome level. The expression patterns of the sugar transporter-encoding genes in different tissues of maize and under biotic and abiotic stresses were revealed, which laid an important theoretical foundation for further elucidation of their functions.展开更多
Phytocyanin(PC)is a class of plant-specific blue copper proteins involved in electron transport,plant growth,development,and stress resistance.However,PC proteins have not been systematically evaluated in tobacco plan...Phytocyanin(PC)is a class of plant-specific blue copper proteins involved in electron transport,plant growth,development,and stress resistance.However,PC proteins have not been systematically evaluated in tobacco plants.We determined the whole-genome sequences of the PC family in the tobacco cultivar‘K326.’The transcriptome data were used to analyze the expression of the NtPC family at different development stages and tissue-specific genes.Real-time fluorescence quantitative analysis was used to analyze the expression of the NtPC gene family under low temperature and methyl jasmonate stress.The tobacco NtPC family contained 110 members and was divided into four subfamilies:early nodulin-like protein(NtENODL),uclacyanin-like protein,stellacyanin1-like protein,and plantacyanin-like protein.According to phylogenetic and structural analyses,the NtPC family could be divided into eight structural types.Fifty-three NtPCs were randomly distributed on 22 of 24 tobacco chromosomes.Collinearity analysis revealed 33 pairs of genes belonging to the NtPC family.Gene ontology analysis showed that the PC genes are components of the plasma membrane and may participate in plasma membrane-related functions.The NtPC family contained numerous elements related to hormonal and abiotic stress responses and was specifically expressed in the tobacco prosperous,maturation,and budding periods.Tissue-specific expression analysis showed that some genes were tissue specific.The expression of NtENODL58 and other genes was significantly induced by low-temperature and methyl jasmonate stress.Thus,the NtPC gene family plays an important role in plant stress response.展开更多
Abscisic acid(ABA)is involved in regulating diverse biological processes,but its signal transduction genes and roles in hemp seed germination are not well known.Here,the ABA signaling pathway members,PYL,PP2C and SnRK...Abscisic acid(ABA)is involved in regulating diverse biological processes,but its signal transduction genes and roles in hemp seed germination are not well known.Here,the ABA signaling pathway members,PYL,PP2C and SnRK2 gene families,were identified from the hemp reference genome,including 7 CsPYL(pyrab-actin resistance1-like,ABA receptor),8 CsPP2CA(group A protein phosphatase 2c),and 7 CsSnRK2(sucrose nonfermenting1-related protein kinase 2).The content of ABA in hemp seeds in germination stage is lower than that in non-germination stage.Exogenous ABA(1 or 10μM)treatment had a significant regulatory effect on the selected PYL,PP2C,SnRK2 gene families.CsAHG3 and CsHAI1 were most significantly affected by exogenous ABA treatment.Yeast two-hybrid experiments were performed to reveal that CsPYL5,CsSnRK2.2,and CsSnRK2.3 could interact with CsPP2CA7 and demonstrate that this interaction was ABA-independent.Our results indicated that CsPYL5,CsSnRK2.2,CsSnRK2.3 and CsPP2CA7 might involve in the ABA signaling transduction pathway of hemp seeds during the hemp seed germination stages.This study suggested that novel genetic views can be brought into investigation of ABA signaling pathway in hemp seeds and lay the foundation for further exploration of the mechanism of hemp seed germination.展开更多
The WRKY proteins constitute a large family of transcription factors in plants containing highly conserved WRKYGQK sequences and zinc-finger-like motifs. To comprehensively study WRKY III genes in cotton, we analyzed ...The WRKY proteins constitute a large family of transcription factors in plants containing highly conserved WRKYGQK sequences and zinc-finger-like motifs. To comprehensively study WRKY III genes in cotton, we analyzed the genome sequences of Gossypium hirsutum, G. raimondii and G. arboreum. According to the three genome sequences, 18 group III Gh WRKY genes were identified in G. hirsutum, 12 both in G. raimondii and G. arboreum. Phylogenetic and motif analysis showed that proteins with high similarities could be clustered together and had the same motif components. The ratios of non-synonymous(Ka) to synonymous(Ks) of the Gh WRKY to Gr WRKY or Ga WRKY were lower than 1, which indicated that group III WRKY genes in Gossypium species are under purifying selection. Expression analysis revealed that group III Gh WRKY genes expressed during fiber development and leaf senescence, and most of them could be induced by salicylic acid(SA), jasmonic acid(JA), ethylene, abscisic acid(ABA), mannitol, and Na Cl both in roots and cotyledons. Our study gives a briefly introduction on cotton group III WRKY genes and implicates their potential function in cotton fiber development, leaf senescence and abiotic stresses.展开更多
For red-flowered cultivars of tree peony(Paeonia suffruticosa),anthocyanin content is a critical factor determining the different petal pigmentations.Glutathione S-transferases(GSTs)are ubiquitous and multifunctional ...For red-flowered cultivars of tree peony(Paeonia suffruticosa),anthocyanin content is a critical factor determining the different petal pigmentations.Glutathione S-transferases(GSTs)are ubiquitous and multifunctional conjugating proteins that may be responsible for the transport of anthocyanin pigments from the cytoplasm to vacuole.The underlying function of the GST family in tree peony,however,remains unclear.In this study,we systematically isolated and identified a total of 54 putative full-length Ps GST genes through a combination of bioinformatics approaches from transcriptome databases.Intraspecific phylogenetic analyses revealed extensive differentiation in their coding sequences and divided them into 10 of the 14 known classes of plant GSTs.The phylogenetic relationships,evolutionary characteristics,protein domain,and motif organization were clearly conserved among the different phylogenetic subclasses.The results of the RNA-seq and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction experiments exhibited extensive variation in gene expression profiles among different developmental stages and varieties.Furthermore,the phylogenetic relationships,expression profiles,protein interactions,weighted gene co-expression network analysis,and correlation analysis results suggested that PsGSTF3(Unigene 0064200)is a candidate participant in anthocyanin transport and the promotion of pigment accumulation,exhibiting a strong positive correlation with anthocyanin content among different tissues(r=0.908**)and an increasing rate of anthocyanin content during the flower developmental process(r=0.961*).These results furthered our understanding of the transport and accumulation functions of the GST family as well as the enhancement of tree peony breeding through molecular biology techniques.展开更多
Catalase is an important antioxidant protein that can protect organisms against various forms of oxidative damage by eliminating hydrogen peroxide. In this study, the catalase c DNA of Paphia textile(Pt CAT) was clone...Catalase is an important antioxidant protein that can protect organisms against various forms of oxidative damage by eliminating hydrogen peroxide. In this study, the catalase c DNA of Paphia textile(Pt CAT) was cloned using RTPCR and rapid amplification of c DNA ends(RACE). Pt CAT is 1 921 bp long and consists of a 5′-UTR of 50 bp, a 3′-UTR of 349 bp, and an ORF of 1 542 bp that encodes 513 amino acids with a molecular weight of 58.4 k D and an estimated isoelectric point of 8.2. Sequence alignment indicated that Pt CAT contained a highly conserved catalytic signature motif(^(61)FNRERIPERVVHAKGAG^(77)), a proximal heme-ligand signature sequence(^(352)RLFSYSDP^(359)), and three catalytic amino acid residues(H^(72), N^(145), and Y^(356)). Pt CAT also contains two putative N-glycosylation sites(^(34)NKT^(36) and ^(437)NFT^(439)) and a peroxisome-targeting signal(^(511)AQL^(513)). Furthermore, Pt CAT shares 53%–88% identity and 29%–89% similarity with other catalase amino acid sequences. Pt CAT m RNA was present in all tested organs, including the heart, digestive gland, adductor muscle, gonad, gill, and mantle, but its expression was highest in the digestive gland. High-temperature-induced stress produced two expression patterns of Pt CAT m RNA: first, an initial up-regulation followed by a down-regulation in the heart, digestive gland, and gonad and, second, consistent down-regulation in all other organs. These results demonstrate that Pt CAT is a typical member of the catalase family and might be involved in the responses to harmful environmental factors.展开更多
Genes containing GTP_EFTU domain mainly express elongation factors(EF),Small GTPases,and GTP-binding proteins,which are closely related to protein synthesis,extension and ATP synthesis.In this study,we identified 39 g...Genes containing GTP_EFTU domain mainly express elongation factors(EF),Small GTPases,and GTP-binding proteins,which are closely related to protein synthesis,extension and ATP synthesis.In this study,we identified 39 genes containing GTP_EFTU domains from peppers.The evolutionary trees constructed from capsicum,Arabidopsis,rice,and tomato are mainly divided into 7 subfamilies.Using PacBio(Pacific Biosciences)sequencing and assembly data,we extracted these 39 gene sequences,fromwhich 25 genes had alternative splicing.Particularly,the Capana08g000545 had 16 alternative splicing processes.Accordingly,we performed promoter sequence analysis,subcellular location prediction,the expression analysis of different tissues and periods,and also the GO(Gene ontology)analysis of co-expressed genes.Lastly we did the qRTPCR analysis in 5 stages of pepper fruit development.These analyses revealed important structural and functional information for the identified 39 genes that contain GTP_EFTU domains,providing important references for further follow-up experiments to verify the genes function on plants or their unique roles in peppers.展开更多
The sucrose non-fermenting-1 related protein kinase(SnRK), whose expression is induced by kinds of hyperosmotic stresses, plays a key role in improving stress resistance of plants. In order to investigate the molecula...The sucrose non-fermenting-1 related protein kinase(SnRK), whose expression is induced by kinds of hyperosmotic stresses, plays a key role in improving stress resistance of plants. In order to investigate the molecular mechanism of low nitrogen resistance in cucumber, the full-length cDNA of SnRK gene was cloned in this study. The result showed that SnRK gene was 1 548 bp in length, encoded 515 amino acids, and had more than 80% homology with other crops. The protein encoded by this gene was an unstable and hydrophilic protein with no transmembrane structure and no signal peptide. Under nitrogen-free conditions and low nitrogen conditions, the expression pattern analysis of SnRK gene showed that this gene was up-regulated and its expression increased and was significantly higher than the normal level as the nitrogen concentration decreased. In addition, the expression of SnRK gene was also inhibited in the high nitrogen level and was significantly lower than the normal level. The result of this study would help us understand the molecular mechanism of low nitrogen resistance in cucumber.展开更多
Alternative ribonucleic acid(RNA)splicing can lead to the assembly of different protein isoforms with distinctive functions.The outcome of alternative splicing(AS)can result in a complete loss of function or the acqui...Alternative ribonucleic acid(RNA)splicing can lead to the assembly of different protein isoforms with distinctive functions.The outcome of alternative splicing(AS)can result in a complete loss of function or the acquisition of new functions.There is a gap in knowledge of abnormal RNA splice variants promoting cancer stem cells(CSCs),and their prospective contribution in cancer progression.AS directly regulates the self-renewal features of stem cells(SCs)and stem-like cancer cells.Notably,octamer-binding transcription factor 4A spliced variant of octamerbinding transcription factor 4 contributes to maintaining stemness properties in both SCs and CSCs.The epithelial to mesenchymal transition pathway regulates the AS events in CSCs to maintain stemness.The alternative spliced variants of CSCs markers,including cluster of differentiation 44,aldehyde dehydrogenase,and doublecortin-like kinase,α6β1 integrin,have pivotal roles in increasing selfrenewal properties and maintaining the pluripotency of CSCs.Various splicing analysis tools are considered in this study.LeafCutter software can be considered as the best tool for differential splicing analysis and identification of the type of splicing events.Additionally,LeafCutter can be used for efficient mapping splicing quantitative trait loci.Altogether,the accumulating evidence re-enforces the fact that gene and protein expression need to be investigated in parallel with alternative splice variants.展开更多
The F-box protein-encoding gene family plays an essential role in plant stress resistance.In present study,126 non-redundant F-box genes were identified in barley(Hordeum vulgare L.,Hv).The corresponding proteins cont...The F-box protein-encoding gene family plays an essential role in plant stress resistance.In present study,126 non-redundant F-box genes were identified in barley(Hordeum vulgare L.,Hv).The corresponding proteins contained 165–887 amino acid residues and all were amphiphilic,except 5 proteins.Phylogenetic analysis of F-box protein sequences in barley and stress-related F-box protein sequences in wheat and Arabidopsis thaliana(At)was used to classify barley F-box genes are divided into 9 subfamilies(A–I).A structure-based sequence alignment demonstrated that F-box proteins were highly conserved with a total of 10 conserved motifs.In total,124 F-box genes were unevenly distributed on 7 chromosomes;another 2 genes have not been anchored yet.The gene structure analysis revealed high variability in the number of exons and introns in F-box genes.Comprehensive analysis of expression profiles and phylogenetic tree analysis,a total of 12 F-box genes that may be related to stress tolerance in barley were screened.Of the 12 detected F-box genes,8 and 10 were upregulated after drought and salt stress treatments,respectively,using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR).This study is the first systematic analysis conducted on the F-box gene family in barley,which is of great importance for clarifying this family’s bioinformatic characteristics and elucidating its function in barley stress resistance.These results will serve as a theoretical reference for subsequent research on molecular regulation mechanisms,genetic breeding,and improvement.展开更多
4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone(NNK) is a potent and prevalent nitrosamine procarcinogen found in cigarette smoke. The aim of this work is to study alterations in peroxiredoxin(Prx) expression induced b...4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone(NNK) is a potent and prevalent nitrosamine procarcinogen found in cigarette smoke. The aim of this work is to study alterations in peroxiredoxin(Prx) expression induced by NNK during carcinogenesis. Characterization of Prx genes from hamster was performed using bioinformatics. V79 cells were induced with different concentrations of NNK(0.1-0.4 mg/mL), and the expression levels of six Prx genes(Prx1-Prx6) were measured by qRT-PCR 24 h following NNK treatment. Prx gene expression was induced by NNK stress, and the highest transcription levels were induced by over 20.42-fold relative to that of the control. NNK induced alterations in Prx expression over the course of lung cancer, which means Prxs may play important roles in ROS detoxification under NNK stress and their functions are complementary.展开更多
The full-length Mlo gene was obtained by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)and RACE.The result of sequence analysis indicated that Mlo gene from Pericallis hybrida B.Nord.contained about 1 296 bp ...The full-length Mlo gene was obtained by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)and RACE.The result of sequence analysis indicated that Mlo gene from Pericallis hybrida B.Nord.contained about 1 296 bp open reading frame and encoded 431 amino acids.According to the comparison of the exogenous gene sequences by BLAST analysis and phylogenetic analysis,Mlo gene shared over 85%nucleotide homology and 98%amino acid homology.Finally,through semi-quantitative-PCR and fluorescence quantitative analysis,we found that Mlo gene showed the highest expression levels in leaves and the lowest in roots after inoculated with powdery mildew pathogen for different days.展开更多
The zinc finger proteins belong to the largest family of transcription factors.But there is little research of Cys2/His2 type zinc finger proteins in cotton,and there is no submission of correlating
Background:Calmodulin(CaM)is one of the most important Ca^(2+)signaling receptors because it regulates diverse physiological and biochemical reactions in plants.CaM functions by interacting with CaM-binding proteins(C...Background:Calmodulin(CaM)is one of the most important Ca^(2+)signaling receptors because it regulates diverse physiological and biochemical reactions in plants.CaM functions by interacting with CaM-binding proteins(CaMBPs)to modulate Ca^(2+)signaling.IQ domain(IQD)proteins are plant-specific CaMBPs that bind to CaM by their specific CaM binding sites.Results:In this study,we identified 102 GhIQD genes in the Gossypium hirsutum L.genome.The GhIQD gene family was classified into four clusters(Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,andⅣ),and we then mapped the GhIQD genes to the G.hirsutum L.chromosomes.Moreover,we found that 100 of the 102 GhIQD genes resulted from segmental duplication events,indicating that segmental duplication is the main force driving GhIQD gene expansion.Gene expression pattern analysis showed that a total of 89 GhIQD genes expressed in the elongation stage and second cell wall biosynthesis stage of the fiber cells,suggesting that GhIQD genes may contribute to fiber cell development in cotton.In addition,we found that 20 selected GhIQD genes were highly expressed in various tissues.Exogenous application of MeJA significantly enhanced the expression levels of GhIQD genes.Conclusions:Our study shows that GhIQD genes are involved in fiber cell development in cotton and are also widely induced by MeJA.Thw results provide bases to systematically characterize the evolution and biological functions of GhIQD genes,as well as clues to breed better cotton varieties in the future.展开更多
Sucrose synthases(SUS) are a family of enzymes that play pivotal roles in carbon partitioning, sink strength and plant development. A total of 11 SUS genes have been identified in the genome of Malus domestica(Md SUSs...Sucrose synthases(SUS) are a family of enzymes that play pivotal roles in carbon partitioning, sink strength and plant development. A total of 11 SUS genes have been identified in the genome of Malus domestica(Md SUSs), and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Md SUS genes were divided into three groups, named as SUS I, SUS II and SUS III, respectively. The SUS I and SUS III groups included four homologs each, whereas the SUS II group contained three homologs. SUS genes in the same group showed similar structural characteristics, such as exon number, size and length distribution. After assessing four different tissues, Md SUS1 s and Md SUS2.1 showed the highest expression in fruit, whereas Md SUS2.2/2.3 and Md SUS3 s exhibit the highest expression in shoot tips. Most Md SUSs showed decreased expression during fruit development, similar to SUS enzyme activity, but both Md SUS2.1 and Md SUS1.4 displayed opposite expression profiles. These results suggest that different Md SUS genes might play distinct roles in the sink-source sugar cycle and sugar utilization in apple sink tissues.展开更多
The p21-activated kinase 1(PAK1)is a downstream serine/threonine kinase effector of Rac1/Cdc42 that regulates various biological processes including those associating with pathological inflammation.To investigate the ...The p21-activated kinase 1(PAK1)is a downstream serine/threonine kinase effector of Rac1/Cdc42 that regulates various biological processes including those associating with pathological inflammation.To investigate the function of PAK1 in echinoderms,we isolated a new PAK1 from sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus(AjPAK1)by transcriptome database mining and with rapid amplification of cDNA ends(RACE).The full-length cDNA AjPAK1 was 2303 bp in length,containing a 1587 bp ORF encoding 528 amino acid residues.The deduced AjPAK1 contained a p21-Rho-binding domain(PBD)and a serine/threonine protein kinase catalytic domain(S_TKc),which was similar to the PAK1 of crown-of-thorns starfish Acanthaster planci and other eukaryotes.AjPAK1 expressed in all tissues of adult A.japonicus analyzed with the highest transcript anumdance detected in coelomocytes.Significant change in AjPAK1 abundance was observed at 4,24,48 and 72 h after Vibrio splendidus infection.Silencing AjPAK1 induced a significant reduction of lysozyme content in coelomic fluid and relative transcript abundances of AjRac1 and AjMKK3/6 in A.japonicus coelomocytes.These results should aid to characterize PAK1 of sea cucumber and decipher its immune function.展开更多
In the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway, Chalcone synthase (CHS) is involved in the formation of the pigment and has been shown to be a rate-limiting enzyme for the synthesis of flavonoids. In this study, a PCR approach...In the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway, Chalcone synthase (CHS) is involved in the formation of the pigment and has been shown to be a rate-limiting enzyme for the synthesis of flavonoids. In this study, a PCR approach was used to clone a Chalcone synthases cDNA from flower of sweet osmanthus “Chenghong Dangui” and it was designated as OfCHS (O. fragrans, CHS). The cDNA was 1383 bp long and a coding sequence (CDS) of 1173 bp encoding a polypeptide of 391 amino acids with an estimated molecular mass of 39.9 kDa. The theoretical isoelectric point was 6.23. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that OfCHS clustered with Olea europaea, Solenostemon scutellarioides, Perilla frutescens, Antirrhinum majus and Digitalis lanata. We also detected the expression of OfCHS in different tissues in “Dangui” and in two cultivars with varied coloration, “Zi Yingui” and “Chenghong Dangui” at different floral stages using quantitative real-time PCR. We observed that OfCHS transcript was higher in leaves than in petals in “Dangui”. The transcripts of OfCHS in “Zi Yingui” petals were higher than those in “Dangui” at three stages especially at xianyan stage and there was no significant difference between the two cultivars in the full flowering stage. “Chenghong Dangui” has a relatively high anthocyanin content compared to “Zi Yingui”. The relative amount of anthocyanin of “Chenghong Dangui” initially increases, and then decreases during the bloom period. However, the expression of CHS is the highest at the initial flowering stage. These data suggest that the OfCHS does not play a key role in the accumulation of total flavonoid in this cultivar. These data could contribute to explain the different accumulation of flavonoids in petals of the two cultivars.展开更多
Brown planthopper(BPH) is an insect species that feeds on the vascular system of rice plants. To examine the defence mechanism of rice plants against BPH, the pathogenesis-related genes(PR1a, PR2, PR3, PR4, PR6, PR9, ...Brown planthopper(BPH) is an insect species that feeds on the vascular system of rice plants. To examine the defence mechanism of rice plants against BPH, the pathogenesis-related genes(PR1a, PR2, PR3, PR4, PR6, PR9, PR10a, PR13, PR15 and PRpha), signaling molecule synthesis genes(AOS, AXR, ACO and LOX), antioxidant-related genes(CAT, TRX, GST and SOD) and lignin biosynthesis-related genes(CHS, CHI and C4H) were investigated in a resistant rice variety. AOS, PR6,PR9 and PR15 genes showed significantly increased relative expression levels at 24.38-, 19.17-, 14.71-, and 12.74-fold compared to the control. Moderate increased relative expression levels of lignin biosynthesis-related gene(C4H), pathogenesis-related genes(PR4, PR10a and PRpha), and antioxidant-related gene(GST) were found, while CHI, LOX, SOD, TRX1 and AXR showed decreased relative expression levels. It was thus clearly shown that wound-induced response genes were activated in rice plants after BPH attacks through AOS activation. Jasmonic acid signaling molecule may activate PR6, PR15, GST and CAT subsequently increasing their expression for H_2O_2 detoxification. PR6 were expressed at the highest relative level among the PR genes. These genes therefore have also a considerable synergistic role with the other genes against BPH by interfered their digestion tract system.展开更多
Auxin signaling plays a significant role in the whole process of plant growth and development from embryogenesis to senescence.Auxin response factors(ARFs) are reported to regulate the expression of auxin response gen...Auxin signaling plays a significant role in the whole process of plant growth and development from embryogenesis to senescence.Auxin response factors(ARFs) are reported to regulate the expression of auxin response genes by binding to auxin response elements.ARF is the most critical transcription factor family which has been released in most species,but few reports in strawberry.In this study,the structure characterization of 12 FvARF genes in strawberry,their expression patterns at different development stages,different organizations,and different indole-3-acetic acid(IAA) treatments were analyzed.The expression of 12 FvARFs was found in all experiment tissues and showed almost the same trend during fruit development.All FvARFs respond to the treatment of IAA.Our study provides comprehensive information on ARF family in strawberry,including gene structures,chromosome locations,phylogenetic relationships and expression patterns.The information on FvARF genes paves the way for future research on strawberry ARF genes.展开更多
基金supported by the funds of the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(Grant No.BK20200278)the China Agriculture Research System(Grant No.CARS-30)+1 种基金the Species Conservation Project of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair(Grant No.19210137)the National Crop Germplasm Resources Infrastructure in China(Grant No.NHGRC2021-NH16).
文摘Shikimic acid/quinic acid hydroxy cinnamyl transferase(HCT)is one of the key enzymes in the phenylpropanoid pathway.However,the role of the HCT gene in chlorogenic acid(CGA)biosynthesis in peach fruit remains unclear.For this,we identified the accumulation pattern of CGA in four peach cultivars,cloned and characterized 11 PpHCT gene members,and further analyzed the expression patterns of these PpHCT genes during fruit development.The contents of CGAs in the four peach cultivars all exhibited a trend of increasing and then decreasing during the fruit growth and development.Moreover,the contents of CGAs in the peel and flesh were tissue-specific.Gene structure analysis indicated that the PpHCT genes were highly conserved,containing two exons and one intron.The protein structure analysis demonstrated that the PpHCT proteins contained two conserved motifs(HXXXD,DFGWG)and a transferase domain(PF02458),which belonged to the BAHD acyltransferase family.The cis-acting element analysis suggested that the promoters of PpHCT genes contained many light-related,hormone-related,stress-related,tissue-specific,and circadian-related elements,and they could participate in a variety of biological processes.Phylogenetic analysis showed that the HCT proteins of peach were closely related to the HCT proteins of plum and had a close evolutionary relationship.The qRT-PCR analysis indicated that the expression levels of PpHCT1 and PpHCT2 showed an opposite trend to the accumulation of CGA,whereas the expression levels of PpHCT4,PpHCT5,PpHCT7,PpHCT8,and PpHCT11 demonstrated the same trend as CGA accumulation.It was worth noting that only PpHCT4 and PpHCT5 were highly expressed in the two high-CGA cultivars but showed low levels of expression in the two low-CGA cultivars.Therefore,it was hypothesized that these two genes might be key genes to the synthesis of CGA in peach fruit.Those findings provide a theoretical basis for further study on the biological functions of the HCT gene and help to reveal the molecular mechanism of CGA.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31901864)the State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation (NCCIR2020ZZ-9)+3 种基金the Research Project of Science and Technology in Universities of Hebei Province, China (BJK2022006)the earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System (CARS-02)the Key Research and Development Projects of Hebei (19226503D)the Central Government Guides Local Science and Technology Development Projects, China (216Z6501G and 216Z6502G)。
文摘Sugar is an indispensable source of energy for plant growth and development, and it requires the participation of sugar transporter proteins(STPs) for crossing the hydrophobic barrier in plants. Here, we systematically identified the genes encoding sugar transporters in the genome of maize(Zea mays L.), analyzed their expression patterns under different conditions, and determined their functions in disease resistance. The results showed that the mazie sugar transporter family contained 24 members, all of which were predicted to be distributed on the cell membrane and had a highly conserved transmembrane transport domain. The tissue-specific expression of the maize sugar transporter genes was analyzed, and the expression level of these genes was found to be significantly different in different tissues. The analysis of biotic and abiotic stress data showed that the expression levels of the sugar transporter genes changed significantly under different stress factors. The expression levels of Zm STP2 and Zm STP20 continued to increase following Fusarium graminearum infection. By performing disease resistance analysis of zmstp2 and zmstp20 mutants, we found that after inoculation with Cochliobolus carbonum, Setosphaeria turcica, Cochliobolus heterostrophus, and F. graminearum, the lesion area of the mutants was significantly higher than that of the wild-type B73 plant. In this study, the genes encoding sugar transporters in maize were systematically identified and analyzed at the whole genome level. The expression patterns of the sugar transporter-encoding genes in different tissues of maize and under biotic and abiotic stresses were revealed, which laid an important theoretical foundation for further elucidation of their functions.
基金This study was supported by the Tobacco Science Research Institute of the Chongqing Tobacco Company(A20201NY01-1305).
文摘Phytocyanin(PC)is a class of plant-specific blue copper proteins involved in electron transport,plant growth,development,and stress resistance.However,PC proteins have not been systematically evaluated in tobacco plants.We determined the whole-genome sequences of the PC family in the tobacco cultivar‘K326.’The transcriptome data were used to analyze the expression of the NtPC family at different development stages and tissue-specific genes.Real-time fluorescence quantitative analysis was used to analyze the expression of the NtPC gene family under low temperature and methyl jasmonate stress.The tobacco NtPC family contained 110 members and was divided into four subfamilies:early nodulin-like protein(NtENODL),uclacyanin-like protein,stellacyanin1-like protein,and plantacyanin-like protein.According to phylogenetic and structural analyses,the NtPC family could be divided into eight structural types.Fifty-three NtPCs were randomly distributed on 22 of 24 tobacco chromosomes.Collinearity analysis revealed 33 pairs of genes belonging to the NtPC family.Gene ontology analysis showed that the PC genes are components of the plasma membrane and may participate in plasma membrane-related functions.The NtPC family contained numerous elements related to hormonal and abiotic stress responses and was specifically expressed in the tobacco prosperous,maturation,and budding periods.Tissue-specific expression analysis showed that some genes were tissue specific.The expression of NtENODL58 and other genes was significantly induced by low-temperature and methyl jasmonate stress.Thus,the NtPC gene family plays an important role in plant stress response.
基金funded by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Public Welfare Research Institutes(ZZ13-YQ049)the Scientific Research Project of Hainan Academician Innovation Platform(SQ2021PTZ0052)the National Key R&D Program of China from the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(No.2019YFC1711100).
文摘Abscisic acid(ABA)is involved in regulating diverse biological processes,but its signal transduction genes and roles in hemp seed germination are not well known.Here,the ABA signaling pathway members,PYL,PP2C and SnRK2 gene families,were identified from the hemp reference genome,including 7 CsPYL(pyrab-actin resistance1-like,ABA receptor),8 CsPP2CA(group A protein phosphatase 2c),and 7 CsSnRK2(sucrose nonfermenting1-related protein kinase 2).The content of ABA in hemp seeds in germination stage is lower than that in non-germination stage.Exogenous ABA(1 or 10μM)treatment had a significant regulatory effect on the selected PYL,PP2C,SnRK2 gene families.CsAHG3 and CsHAI1 were most significantly affected by exogenous ABA treatment.Yeast two-hybrid experiments were performed to reveal that CsPYL5,CsSnRK2.2,and CsSnRK2.3 could interact with CsPP2CA7 and demonstrate that this interaction was ABA-independent.Our results indicated that CsPYL5,CsSnRK2.2,CsSnRK2.3 and CsPP2CA7 might involve in the ABA signaling transduction pathway of hemp seeds during the hemp seed germination stages.This study suggested that novel genetic views can be brought into investigation of ABA signaling pathway in hemp seeds and lay the foundation for further exploration of the mechanism of hemp seed germination.
基金the National High-Tech R&D Program of China(2013AA102601)for the financial support provided to this project
文摘The WRKY proteins constitute a large family of transcription factors in plants containing highly conserved WRKYGQK sequences and zinc-finger-like motifs. To comprehensively study WRKY III genes in cotton, we analyzed the genome sequences of Gossypium hirsutum, G. raimondii and G. arboreum. According to the three genome sequences, 18 group III Gh WRKY genes were identified in G. hirsutum, 12 both in G. raimondii and G. arboreum. Phylogenetic and motif analysis showed that proteins with high similarities could be clustered together and had the same motif components. The ratios of non-synonymous(Ka) to synonymous(Ks) of the Gh WRKY to Gr WRKY or Ga WRKY were lower than 1, which indicated that group III WRKY genes in Gossypium species are under purifying selection. Expression analysis revealed that group III Gh WRKY genes expressed during fiber development and leaf senescence, and most of them could be induced by salicylic acid(SA), jasmonic acid(JA), ethylene, abscisic acid(ABA), mannitol, and Na Cl both in roots and cotyledons. Our study gives a briefly introduction on cotton group III WRKY genes and implicates their potential function in cotton fiber development, leaf senescence and abiotic stresses.
基金supported by grants from the National Key Research and Development Program (Grant No.2018YFD1000405)。
文摘For red-flowered cultivars of tree peony(Paeonia suffruticosa),anthocyanin content is a critical factor determining the different petal pigmentations.Glutathione S-transferases(GSTs)are ubiquitous and multifunctional conjugating proteins that may be responsible for the transport of anthocyanin pigments from the cytoplasm to vacuole.The underlying function of the GST family in tree peony,however,remains unclear.In this study,we systematically isolated and identified a total of 54 putative full-length Ps GST genes through a combination of bioinformatics approaches from transcriptome databases.Intraspecific phylogenetic analyses revealed extensive differentiation in their coding sequences and divided them into 10 of the 14 known classes of plant GSTs.The phylogenetic relationships,evolutionary characteristics,protein domain,and motif organization were clearly conserved among the different phylogenetic subclasses.The results of the RNA-seq and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction experiments exhibited extensive variation in gene expression profiles among different developmental stages and varieties.Furthermore,the phylogenetic relationships,expression profiles,protein interactions,weighted gene co-expression network analysis,and correlation analysis results suggested that PsGSTF3(Unigene 0064200)is a candidate participant in anthocyanin transport and the promotion of pigment accumulation,exhibiting a strong positive correlation with anthocyanin content among different tissues(r=0.908**)and an increasing rate of anthocyanin content during the flower developmental process(r=0.961*).These results furthered our understanding of the transport and accumulation functions of the GST family as well as the enhancement of tree peony breeding through molecular biology techniques.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No.31172397the New Century Excellent Talents of Fujian Province University under contract No.JA14167the Open Research Fund Program of Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources and Eco-environment under contract No.Z814041
文摘Catalase is an important antioxidant protein that can protect organisms against various forms of oxidative damage by eliminating hydrogen peroxide. In this study, the catalase c DNA of Paphia textile(Pt CAT) was cloned using RTPCR and rapid amplification of c DNA ends(RACE). Pt CAT is 1 921 bp long and consists of a 5′-UTR of 50 bp, a 3′-UTR of 349 bp, and an ORF of 1 542 bp that encodes 513 amino acids with a molecular weight of 58.4 k D and an estimated isoelectric point of 8.2. Sequence alignment indicated that Pt CAT contained a highly conserved catalytic signature motif(^(61)FNRERIPERVVHAKGAG^(77)), a proximal heme-ligand signature sequence(^(352)RLFSYSDP^(359)), and three catalytic amino acid residues(H^(72), N^(145), and Y^(356)). Pt CAT also contains two putative N-glycosylation sites(^(34)NKT^(36) and ^(437)NFT^(439)) and a peroxisome-targeting signal(^(511)AQL^(513)). Furthermore, Pt CAT shares 53%–88% identity and 29%–89% similarity with other catalase amino acid sequences. Pt CAT m RNA was present in all tested organs, including the heart, digestive gland, adductor muscle, gonad, gill, and mantle, but its expression was highest in the digestive gland. High-temperature-induced stress produced two expression patterns of Pt CAT m RNA: first, an initial up-regulation followed by a down-regulation in the heart, digestive gland, and gonad and, second, consistent down-regulation in all other organs. These results demonstrate that Pt CAT is a typical member of the catalase family and might be involved in the responses to harmful environmental factors.
基金supported by The General Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.C150202)The National Key Research and Development Programof China(Grant No.2019YFD1000300)The Hunan province Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2019NK2191)。
文摘Genes containing GTP_EFTU domain mainly express elongation factors(EF),Small GTPases,and GTP-binding proteins,which are closely related to protein synthesis,extension and ATP synthesis.In this study,we identified 39 genes containing GTP_EFTU domains from peppers.The evolutionary trees constructed from capsicum,Arabidopsis,rice,and tomato are mainly divided into 7 subfamilies.Using PacBio(Pacific Biosciences)sequencing and assembly data,we extracted these 39 gene sequences,fromwhich 25 genes had alternative splicing.Particularly,the Capana08g000545 had 16 alternative splicing processes.Accordingly,we performed promoter sequence analysis,subcellular location prediction,the expression analysis of different tissues and periods,and also the GO(Gene ontology)analysis of co-expressed genes.Lastly we did the qRTPCR analysis in 5 stages of pepper fruit development.These analyses revealed important structural and functional information for the identified 39 genes that contain GTP_EFTU domains,providing important references for further follow-up experiments to verify the genes function on plants or their unique roles in peppers.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31101545)the Planning Subject of Twelfth Five-year-plan in National Science and Technology for Rural Development in China(2012AA100105)
文摘The sucrose non-fermenting-1 related protein kinase(SnRK), whose expression is induced by kinds of hyperosmotic stresses, plays a key role in improving stress resistance of plants. In order to investigate the molecular mechanism of low nitrogen resistance in cucumber, the full-length cDNA of SnRK gene was cloned in this study. The result showed that SnRK gene was 1 548 bp in length, encoded 515 amino acids, and had more than 80% homology with other crops. The protein encoded by this gene was an unstable and hydrophilic protein with no transmembrane structure and no signal peptide. Under nitrogen-free conditions and low nitrogen conditions, the expression pattern analysis of SnRK gene showed that this gene was up-regulated and its expression increased and was significantly higher than the normal level as the nitrogen concentration decreased. In addition, the expression of SnRK gene was also inhibited in the high nitrogen level and was significantly lower than the normal level. The result of this study would help us understand the molecular mechanism of low nitrogen resistance in cucumber.
文摘Alternative ribonucleic acid(RNA)splicing can lead to the assembly of different protein isoforms with distinctive functions.The outcome of alternative splicing(AS)can result in a complete loss of function or the acquisition of new functions.There is a gap in knowledge of abnormal RNA splice variants promoting cancer stem cells(CSCs),and their prospective contribution in cancer progression.AS directly regulates the self-renewal features of stem cells(SCs)and stem-like cancer cells.Notably,octamer-binding transcription factor 4A spliced variant of octamerbinding transcription factor 4 contributes to maintaining stemness properties in both SCs and CSCs.The epithelial to mesenchymal transition pathway regulates the AS events in CSCs to maintain stemness.The alternative spliced variants of CSCs markers,including cluster of differentiation 44,aldehyde dehydrogenase,and doublecortin-like kinase,α6β1 integrin,have pivotal roles in increasing selfrenewal properties and maintaining the pluripotency of CSCs.Various splicing analysis tools are considered in this study.LeafCutter software can be considered as the best tool for differential splicing analysis and identification of the type of splicing events.Additionally,LeafCutter can be used for efficient mapping splicing quantitative trait loci.Altogether,the accumulating evidence re-enforces the fact that gene and protein expression need to be investigated in parallel with alternative splice variants.
基金This work was supported by the National Undergraduate Training Programs for Innovation and Entrepreneurship(No.201910346054)for L.Z.
文摘The F-box protein-encoding gene family plays an essential role in plant stress resistance.In present study,126 non-redundant F-box genes were identified in barley(Hordeum vulgare L.,Hv).The corresponding proteins contained 165–887 amino acid residues and all were amphiphilic,except 5 proteins.Phylogenetic analysis of F-box protein sequences in barley and stress-related F-box protein sequences in wheat and Arabidopsis thaliana(At)was used to classify barley F-box genes are divided into 9 subfamilies(A–I).A structure-based sequence alignment demonstrated that F-box proteins were highly conserved with a total of 10 conserved motifs.In total,124 F-box genes were unevenly distributed on 7 chromosomes;another 2 genes have not been anchored yet.The gene structure analysis revealed high variability in the number of exons and introns in F-box genes.Comprehensive analysis of expression profiles and phylogenetic tree analysis,a total of 12 F-box genes that may be related to stress tolerance in barley were screened.Of the 12 detected F-box genes,8 and 10 were upregulated after drought and salt stress treatments,respectively,using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR).This study is the first systematic analysis conducted on the F-box gene family in barley,which is of great importance for clarifying this family’s bioinformatic characteristics and elucidating its function in barley stress resistance.These results will serve as a theoretical reference for subsequent research on molecular regulation mechanisms,genetic breeding,and improvement.
基金supported by Doctor Foundation of Zhengzhou University of Light IndustryScientific and technological research projects in Zhengzhou City(141PPTGG399)Scientific and technological research projects in Henan province
文摘4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone(NNK) is a potent and prevalent nitrosamine procarcinogen found in cigarette smoke. The aim of this work is to study alterations in peroxiredoxin(Prx) expression induced by NNK during carcinogenesis. Characterization of Prx genes from hamster was performed using bioinformatics. V79 cells were induced with different concentrations of NNK(0.1-0.4 mg/mL), and the expression levels of six Prx genes(Prx1-Prx6) were measured by qRT-PCR 24 h following NNK treatment. Prx gene expression was induced by NNK stress, and the highest transcription levels were induced by over 20.42-fold relative to that of the control. NNK induced alterations in Prx expression over the course of lung cancer, which means Prxs may play important roles in ROS detoxification under NNK stress and their functions are complementary.
基金Supported by Postdoctoral Scientifi c Research Foundation of Heilongjiang Province(LBH-Q10144)the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province(C201112)Northeast Agricultural University Doctoral Research Fund(200830)
文摘The full-length Mlo gene was obtained by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)and RACE.The result of sequence analysis indicated that Mlo gene from Pericallis hybrida B.Nord.contained about 1 296 bp open reading frame and encoded 431 amino acids.According to the comparison of the exogenous gene sequences by BLAST analysis and phylogenetic analysis,Mlo gene shared over 85%nucleotide homology and 98%amino acid homology.Finally,through semi-quantitative-PCR and fluorescence quantitative analysis,we found that Mlo gene showed the highest expression levels in leaves and the lowest in roots after inoculated with powdery mildew pathogen for different days.
文摘The zinc finger proteins belong to the largest family of transcription factors.But there is little research of Cys2/His2 type zinc finger proteins in cotton,and there is no submission of correlating
基金the State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology Open Fund(grant numbers CB2019A03 and CB2018A07)comprehensive Scientific research fund project of Xianyang Normal University(XSYK20002)+2 种基金the Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program for College Students in Shaanxi Province(S202010722071)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant number 31872175)Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province(grant number 2019NY-103).
文摘Background:Calmodulin(CaM)is one of the most important Ca^(2+)signaling receptors because it regulates diverse physiological and biochemical reactions in plants.CaM functions by interacting with CaM-binding proteins(CaMBPs)to modulate Ca^(2+)signaling.IQ domain(IQD)proteins are plant-specific CaMBPs that bind to CaM by their specific CaM binding sites.Results:In this study,we identified 102 GhIQD genes in the Gossypium hirsutum L.genome.The GhIQD gene family was classified into four clusters(Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,andⅣ),and we then mapped the GhIQD genes to the G.hirsutum L.chromosomes.Moreover,we found that 100 of the 102 GhIQD genes resulted from segmental duplication events,indicating that segmental duplication is the main force driving GhIQD gene expansion.Gene expression pattern analysis showed that a total of 89 GhIQD genes expressed in the elongation stage and second cell wall biosynthesis stage of the fiber cells,suggesting that GhIQD genes may contribute to fiber cell development in cotton.In addition,we found that 20 selected GhIQD genes were highly expressed in various tissues.Exogenous application of MeJA significantly enhanced the expression levels of GhIQD genes.Conclusions:Our study shows that GhIQD genes are involved in fiber cell development in cotton and are also widely induced by MeJA.Thw results provide bases to systematically characterize the evolution and biological functions of GhIQD genes,as well as clues to breed better cotton varieties in the future.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31372038)the Natural Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China (2015JQ3082)
文摘Sucrose synthases(SUS) are a family of enzymes that play pivotal roles in carbon partitioning, sink strength and plant development. A total of 11 SUS genes have been identified in the genome of Malus domestica(Md SUSs), and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Md SUS genes were divided into three groups, named as SUS I, SUS II and SUS III, respectively. The SUS I and SUS III groups included four homologs each, whereas the SUS II group contained three homologs. SUS genes in the same group showed similar structural characteristics, such as exon number, size and length distribution. After assessing four different tissues, Md SUS1 s and Md SUS2.1 showed the highest expression in fruit, whereas Md SUS2.2/2.3 and Md SUS3 s exhibit the highest expression in shoot tips. Most Md SUSs showed decreased expression during fruit development, similar to SUS enzyme activity, but both Md SUS2.1 and Md SUS1.4 displayed opposite expression profiles. These results suggest that different Md SUS genes might play distinct roles in the sink-source sugar cycle and sugar utilization in apple sink tissues.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (No. 2018YFD0900105)
文摘The p21-activated kinase 1(PAK1)is a downstream serine/threonine kinase effector of Rac1/Cdc42 that regulates various biological processes including those associating with pathological inflammation.To investigate the function of PAK1 in echinoderms,we isolated a new PAK1 from sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus(AjPAK1)by transcriptome database mining and with rapid amplification of cDNA ends(RACE).The full-length cDNA AjPAK1 was 2303 bp in length,containing a 1587 bp ORF encoding 528 amino acid residues.The deduced AjPAK1 contained a p21-Rho-binding domain(PBD)and a serine/threonine protein kinase catalytic domain(S_TKc),which was similar to the PAK1 of crown-of-thorns starfish Acanthaster planci and other eukaryotes.AjPAK1 expressed in all tissues of adult A.japonicus analyzed with the highest transcript anumdance detected in coelomocytes.Significant change in AjPAK1 abundance was observed at 4,24,48 and 72 h after Vibrio splendidus infection.Silencing AjPAK1 induced a significant reduction of lysozyme content in coelomic fluid and relative transcript abundances of AjRac1 and AjMKK3/6 in A.japonicus coelomocytes.These results should aid to characterize PAK1 of sea cucumber and decipher its immune function.
文摘In the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway, Chalcone synthase (CHS) is involved in the formation of the pigment and has been shown to be a rate-limiting enzyme for the synthesis of flavonoids. In this study, a PCR approach was used to clone a Chalcone synthases cDNA from flower of sweet osmanthus “Chenghong Dangui” and it was designated as OfCHS (O. fragrans, CHS). The cDNA was 1383 bp long and a coding sequence (CDS) of 1173 bp encoding a polypeptide of 391 amino acids with an estimated molecular mass of 39.9 kDa. The theoretical isoelectric point was 6.23. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that OfCHS clustered with Olea europaea, Solenostemon scutellarioides, Perilla frutescens, Antirrhinum majus and Digitalis lanata. We also detected the expression of OfCHS in different tissues in “Dangui” and in two cultivars with varied coloration, “Zi Yingui” and “Chenghong Dangui” at different floral stages using quantitative real-time PCR. We observed that OfCHS transcript was higher in leaves than in petals in “Dangui”. The transcripts of OfCHS in “Zi Yingui” petals were higher than those in “Dangui” at three stages especially at xianyan stage and there was no significant difference between the two cultivars in the full flowering stage. “Chenghong Dangui” has a relatively high anthocyanin content compared to “Zi Yingui”. The relative amount of anthocyanin of “Chenghong Dangui” initially increases, and then decreases during the bloom period. However, the expression of CHS is the highest at the initial flowering stage. These data suggest that the OfCHS does not play a key role in the accumulation of total flavonoid in this cultivar. These data could contribute to explain the different accumulation of flavonoids in petals of the two cultivars.
基金supported by the National Research Council of Thailand and Naresuan University, Thailand (contact code R2558B020)
文摘Brown planthopper(BPH) is an insect species that feeds on the vascular system of rice plants. To examine the defence mechanism of rice plants against BPH, the pathogenesis-related genes(PR1a, PR2, PR3, PR4, PR6, PR9, PR10a, PR13, PR15 and PRpha), signaling molecule synthesis genes(AOS, AXR, ACO and LOX), antioxidant-related genes(CAT, TRX, GST and SOD) and lignin biosynthesis-related genes(CHS, CHI and C4H) were investigated in a resistant rice variety. AOS, PR6,PR9 and PR15 genes showed significantly increased relative expression levels at 24.38-, 19.17-, 14.71-, and 12.74-fold compared to the control. Moderate increased relative expression levels of lignin biosynthesis-related gene(C4H), pathogenesis-related genes(PR4, PR10a and PRpha), and antioxidant-related gene(GST) were found, while CHI, LOX, SOD, TRX1 and AXR showed decreased relative expression levels. It was thus clearly shown that wound-induced response genes were activated in rice plants after BPH attacks through AOS activation. Jasmonic acid signaling molecule may activate PR6, PR15, GST and CAT subsequently increasing their expression for H_2O_2 detoxification. PR6 were expressed at the highest relative level among the PR genes. These genes therefore have also a considerable synergistic role with the other genes against BPH by interfered their digestion tract system.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31872069)the Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province,China(201602659)+1 种基金the Liaoning BaiQianWan Talents Program,China(2016921067)the Program for Excellent Talents in University of Liaoning Province,China(LJQ2014069)
文摘Auxin signaling plays a significant role in the whole process of plant growth and development from embryogenesis to senescence.Auxin response factors(ARFs) are reported to regulate the expression of auxin response genes by binding to auxin response elements.ARF is the most critical transcription factor family which has been released in most species,but few reports in strawberry.In this study,the structure characterization of 12 FvARF genes in strawberry,their expression patterns at different development stages,different organizations,and different indole-3-acetic acid(IAA) treatments were analyzed.The expression of 12 FvARFs was found in all experiment tissues and showed almost the same trend during fruit development.All FvARFs respond to the treatment of IAA.Our study provides comprehensive information on ARF family in strawberry,including gene structures,chromosome locations,phylogenetic relationships and expression patterns.The information on FvARF genes paves the way for future research on strawberry ARF genes.
