Leaf functional traits are adaptations that enable plants to live under different environmental conditions. This study aims to evaluate the differences in leaf functional traits between red and green leaves of two eve...Leaf functional traits are adaptations that enable plants to live under different environmental conditions. This study aims to evaluate the differences in leaf functional traits between red and green leaves of two evergreen shrubs Photinia 9 fraseri and Osmanthus fragrans. Specific areas of red leaves are higher than that of green leaves in both species. Thus, the material investment per unit area and per lamina of red leaves is significantly lower than that of green leaves, implying an utmost effort of red leaves to increase light capture and use efficiency because of their low leafchlorophyll concentration. The higher petiole length of green leaves compared with that of red leaves indicates that adult green leaves may have large fractional biomass allocation to support the lamina structures in capturing light with maximum efficiency and obtaining a high growth rate. The high range of the phenotypic plasticity of leaf size, leaf thickness,single-leaf wet and dry weights, and leaf moisture of green leaves may be beneficial in achieving efficient control of water loss and nutrient deprivation. The high range of phenotypic plasticity of leaf chlorophyll concentration of red leaves may be advantageous in increasing resource(especially light) capture and use efficiency because this leaf type is juvenile in the growth stage and has low leaf-chlorophyll concentration.展开更多
Variations in leaf functional traits of Abies georgei var. smithii at 3700, 3900, 4100, 4300, and 4390 m altitude were investigated in 15 typical plots in the Southeastern Tibetan Plateau. In each plot, three seedling...Variations in leaf functional traits of Abies georgei var. smithii at 3700, 3900, 4100, 4300, and 4390 m altitude were investigated in 15 typical plots in the Southeastern Tibetan Plateau. In each plot, three seedlings were selected, of which functional leaves in current-year sunny branches were chosen for the measurement of morphological, photosynthetic, and physiological and biochemical characteristics, and their variations were analyzed. Results showed that significant variations existed among the leaf functional traits of A. georgei var. smithii along the altitudinal gradient, as well as their physiological adaption indicators. Leaf area decreased, while the mass per area and thickness of leaf increased at an altitude above 4,100 m. The maxima of pigment, total nitrogen concentration, net photosynthesis rate during light-saturated, and when water use efficiency appeared at 4100 m altitude. In addition, A. georgei var. smithii seedlings regulated the activities of superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase to resist abiotic stress under 4100 m altitude. Meanwhile, malondialdehyde concentration and the dark respiration rate rapidly increased, which indicates that A. georgei var. smithii seedlingssuffered from heavy abiotic stress from 4100 m to 4390 m altitude. Basing on variations in leaf functional traits along the altitude gradient, we inferred that 4100 m altitude was the suitable region for A. georgei var. smithii growth in the Sygera Mountain. Moreover, the harsh environment was the main limiting factor for A. georgei var. smithii population expansion to high altitude.展开更多
Understanding intra-specific variation in leaf functional traits is one of the key requirements for the evaluation of species adaptive capacity to ongoing climate change, as well as for designing long-term breeding an...Understanding intra-specific variation in leaf functional traits is one of the key requirements for the evaluation of species adaptive capacity to ongoing climate change, as well as for designing long-term breeding and conservation strategies. Hence, data of 19 functional traits describing plant physiology, antioxidant properties, anatomy and morphology were determined on 1-year-old seedlings of wild cherry (Prunus avium L.) half-sib lines. The variability within and among half-sib lines, as well as the estimation of multi-trait association, were examined using analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey's honestly significant difference test and multivariate analyses: principal component analysis (PCA), canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) and stepwise discriminant analysis (SDA). Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to evaluate linear correlation between the study parameters. The results of the ANOVA showed the presence of statistically significant differences (P < 0.01) among half-sib lines for all study traits. The differences within half-sib lines, observed through the contribution of the examined sources of variation to the total variance (%), had higher impact on total variation in the majority of the examined traits. Pearson’s correlation analysis and PCA showed strong relationships between gas exchange in plants and leaf size and stomatal density, as well as between leaf biomass accumulation, intercellular CO_(2) concentration and parameters related to antioxidant capacity of plants. Likewise, the results of SDA indicate that transpiration and stomatal conductance contributed to the largest extent, to the discrimination of the wild cherry half-sib lines. In addition, PCA and CDA showed separation of the wild cherry half-sib lines along the first principal component and first canonical variable with regards to humidity of their original sites. Multiple adaptive differences between the wild cherry half-sib lines indicate high potential of the species to adapt rapidly to climate change. The existence of substantial genetic variability among the wild cherry half-sib lines highlights their potential as genetic resources for reforestation purposes and breeding programmes.展开更多
Addition formulas exist in trigonometric functions.Double-angle and half-angle formulas can be derived from these formulas.Moreover,the relation equation between the trigonometric function and the hyperbolic function ...Addition formulas exist in trigonometric functions.Double-angle and half-angle formulas can be derived from these formulas.Moreover,the relation equation between the trigonometric function and the hyperbolic function can be derived using an imaginary number.The inverse hyperbolic function arsinher(r)■ro 1/√1+t^(2)dt p1tt2 dt is similar to the inverse trigonometric function arcsiner(r)■ro 1/√1+t^(2)dt p1t2 dt,such as the second degree of a polynomial and the constant term 1,except for the sign−and+.Such an analogy holds not only when the degree of the polynomial is 2,but also for higher degrees.As such,a function exists with respect to the leaf function through the imaginary number i,such that the hyperbolic function exists with respect to the trigonometric function through this imaginary number.In this study,we refer to this function as the hyperbolic leaf function.By making such a definition,the relation equation between the leaf function and the hyperbolic leaf function makes it possible to easily derive various formulas,such as addition formulas of hyperbolic leaf functions based on the addition formulas of leaf functions.Using the addition formulas,we can also derive the double-angle and half-angle formulas.We then verify the consistency of these formulas by constructing graphs and numerical data.展开更多
A lemniscate is a curve defined by two foci,F_(1) and F_(2).If the distance between the focal points of F_(1)−F_(2) is 2a(a:constant),then any point P on the lemniscate curve satisfy the equation PF_(1)·PF_(2)=a^...A lemniscate is a curve defined by two foci,F_(1) and F_(2).If the distance between the focal points of F_(1)−F_(2) is 2a(a:constant),then any point P on the lemniscate curve satisfy the equation PF_(1)·PF_(2)=a^(2).Jacob Bernoulli first described the lemniscate in 1694.The Fagnano discovered the double angle formula of the lemniscate(1718).The Euler extended the Fagnano’s formula to a more general addition theorem(1751).The lemniscate function was subsequently proposed by Gauss around the year 1800.These insights were summarized by Jacobi as the theory of elliptic functions.A leaf function is an extended lemniscate function.Some formulas of leaf functions have been presented in previous papers;these included the addition theorem of this function and its application to nonlinear equations.In this paper,the geometrical properties of leaf functions at n=2 and the geometric relation between the angle θ and lemniscate arc length l are presented using the lemniscate curve.The relationship between the leaf functions sleaf_(2)(l)and cleaf_(2)(l)is derived using the geometrical properties of the lemniscate,similarity of triangles,and the Pythagorean theorem.In the literature,the relation equation for sleaf_(2)(l)and cleaf_(2)(l)(or the lemniscate functions,sl(l)and cl(l))has been derived analytically;however,it is not derived geometrically.展开更多
The resorption of nutrients from senescent leaves allows plants to conserve and recycle nutrients. To explore the adaptation strategies of desert plants to nutrient-limited environments, we selected four typical deser...The resorption of nutrients from senescent leaves allows plants to conserve and recycle nutrients. To explore the adaptation strategies of desert plants to nutrient-limited environments, we selected four typical desert plants(Populus euphratica Oliv., Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb., Glycyrrhiza inflata Batal., and Alhagi camelorum Fisch.) growing in the desert area of the northern margin of the Tarim Basin,China. The contents of nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P), potassium(K), calcium(Ca), magnesium(Mg), and Ferrum(Fe) in the leaves of these four typical desert plants and their resorption characteristics were analyzed. The relationship of nutrient resorption efficiency with leaf functional traits and soil physical-chemical properties in two different habitats(saline-alkali land and sandy land) was discussed.The results showed that the four plants resorbed most of the elements. Ca was enriched in the leaves of P.euphratica, G. inflate, and A. camelorum;Mg was enriched in the leaves of G. inflata;and Fe was enriched in the leaves of the four plants. The results of the redundancy analysis showed that leaf thickness, soil electrical conductivity, and soil P content were the major factors affecting the nutrient resorption efficiency of the four plants. Leaf thickness was negatively correlated with N resorption efficiency(NRE),P resorption efficiency, and Fe resorption efficiency;soil electrical conductivity was positively correlated with the resorption efficiency of most elements;and soil P content was negatively correlated with the resorption efficiency of most elements in the plant leaves. The results showed that soil physical-chemical properties and soil nutrient contents had an important impact on the nutrient resorption of plant leaves.The same species growing in different habitats also differed in their resorption of different elements. The soil environment of plants and the biological characteristics of plant leaves affected the resorption of nutrient elements in different plants. The purpose of this study is to provide small-scale data support for the protection of ecosystems in nutrient-deficient areas by studying leaf functional strategies and nutrient conservation mechanisms of several typical desert plants.展开更多
Aims To explore the pattern of the leaf functional traits of shrub species along a latitudinal gradient in eastern China and determine the driv-ing factors of leaf trait variation at a large scale.Methods We investiga...Aims To explore the pattern of the leaf functional traits of shrub species along a latitudinal gradient in eastern China and determine the driv-ing factors of leaf trait variation at a large scale.Methods We investigated the leaf thickness(LT),leaf area(LA),specific leaf area(SLA)and leaf dry mass content(LDMC)of 185 shrub species from 13 sites across eastern China.The trends of these four-leaf traits were ana-lyzed with respect to latitude,and the differences between different life forms(e.g.,evergreen and deciduous)and habitats(e.g.,understory and typical)were compared.We quantified the effects of the plant life forms and environmental factors on the leaf traits via mixed-model analyses.Important Findings The LT and LA decreased,whilst and the LDMC increased,as the latitude increased,and significant differences in these traits were observed between the different plant life forms.The LT and LA were smaller,whereas the SLA and LDMC were larger in decidu-ous shrubs than in evergreen shrubs.Among the different habitats,the LA and SLA were larger,while the LDMC was smaller in under-story shrubs than in typical shrub species.These results indicate that typical shrub species are better adapted to drier environments,as indicated by a reduced LT and increased LDMC.Furthermore,general linear models showed that variations in the four-leaf traits with respect to latitude were mainly caused by a shift in plant life forms.展开更多
Phytochromes mainly function in photoautotrophic organisms to adjust growth in response to fluctuating light signals.The different isoforms of plant phytochromes often display both conserved and divergent roles,presum...Phytochromes mainly function in photoautotrophic organisms to adjust growth in response to fluctuating light signals.The different isoforms of plant phytochromes often display both conserved and divergent roles,presumably to fine-tune plant responses to environmental signals and optimize fitness.Here we describe the distinct,yet partially redundant,roles of phytochromes NaPHYA,NaPHYB1 and NaPHYBi in a wild tobacco species,Nicotiana attenuata using RNAi-silenced phytochrome lines.Consistent with results reported from other species,silencing the expression of NaPHYA or NaPHYBi in N.attenuata had mild or no influence on plant development as long as NaPHYBi was functional;whereas silencing the expression of NaPHYBi alone strongly altered flowering time and leaf morphology.The contribution of NaPHYB2 became significant only in the absence of NaPHYB1;plants silenced for both NaPHYBi and NaPHYB2 largely skipped the rosettestage of growth to rapidly produce long,slender stalks that bore flowers early:hallmarks of the shadeavoidance responses.The phenotyping of phytochrome-silenced lines,combined with sequence and transcript accumulation analysis,suggest the independent functional diversification of the phytochromes,and a dominant role of NaPHYBi and NaPHYB2 in N.attenuata's vegetative and reproductive development.展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31300343)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province,China(BK20130500)Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment
文摘Leaf functional traits are adaptations that enable plants to live under different environmental conditions. This study aims to evaluate the differences in leaf functional traits between red and green leaves of two evergreen shrubs Photinia 9 fraseri and Osmanthus fragrans. Specific areas of red leaves are higher than that of green leaves in both species. Thus, the material investment per unit area and per lamina of red leaves is significantly lower than that of green leaves, implying an utmost effort of red leaves to increase light capture and use efficiency because of their low leafchlorophyll concentration. The higher petiole length of green leaves compared with that of red leaves indicates that adult green leaves may have large fractional biomass allocation to support the lamina structures in capturing light with maximum efficiency and obtaining a high growth rate. The high range of the phenotypic plasticity of leaf size, leaf thickness,single-leaf wet and dry weights, and leaf moisture of green leaves may be beneficial in achieving efficient control of water loss and nutrient deprivation. The high range of phenotypic plasticity of leaf chlorophyll concentration of red leaves may be advantageous in increasing resource(especially light) capture and use efficiency because this leaf type is juvenile in the growth stage and has low leaf-chlorophyll concentration.
基金supported by the Tibetan Natural Scientific Foundation of China(2015ZR13-28)the Doctoral Scientific Research Foundation(STSD-2)+2 种基金Tibetan Linzhi National Forest Ecological Research Station(2012-LYPTDW-016)Promotion Plan of Plateau Basic Ecological Academic Team Abilitysupported by CFERN&GENE Award funds on ecological paper
文摘Variations in leaf functional traits of Abies georgei var. smithii at 3700, 3900, 4100, 4300, and 4390 m altitude were investigated in 15 typical plots in the Southeastern Tibetan Plateau. In each plot, three seedlings were selected, of which functional leaves in current-year sunny branches were chosen for the measurement of morphological, photosynthetic, and physiological and biochemical characteristics, and their variations were analyzed. Results showed that significant variations existed among the leaf functional traits of A. georgei var. smithii along the altitudinal gradient, as well as their physiological adaption indicators. Leaf area decreased, while the mass per area and thickness of leaf increased at an altitude above 4,100 m. The maxima of pigment, total nitrogen concentration, net photosynthesis rate during light-saturated, and when water use efficiency appeared at 4100 m altitude. In addition, A. georgei var. smithii seedlings regulated the activities of superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase to resist abiotic stress under 4100 m altitude. Meanwhile, malondialdehyde concentration and the dark respiration rate rapidly increased, which indicates that A. georgei var. smithii seedlingssuffered from heavy abiotic stress from 4100 m to 4390 m altitude. Basing on variations in leaf functional traits along the altitude gradient, we inferred that 4100 m altitude was the suitable region for A. georgei var. smithii growth in the Sygera Mountain. Moreover, the harsh environment was the main limiting factor for A. georgei var. smithii population expansion to high altitude.
基金The study was fi nanced by the Ministry of Education,Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia(contract number:451-03-9/2021-14/200197).
文摘Understanding intra-specific variation in leaf functional traits is one of the key requirements for the evaluation of species adaptive capacity to ongoing climate change, as well as for designing long-term breeding and conservation strategies. Hence, data of 19 functional traits describing plant physiology, antioxidant properties, anatomy and morphology were determined on 1-year-old seedlings of wild cherry (Prunus avium L.) half-sib lines. The variability within and among half-sib lines, as well as the estimation of multi-trait association, were examined using analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey's honestly significant difference test and multivariate analyses: principal component analysis (PCA), canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) and stepwise discriminant analysis (SDA). Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to evaluate linear correlation between the study parameters. The results of the ANOVA showed the presence of statistically significant differences (P < 0.01) among half-sib lines for all study traits. The differences within half-sib lines, observed through the contribution of the examined sources of variation to the total variance (%), had higher impact on total variation in the majority of the examined traits. Pearson’s correlation analysis and PCA showed strong relationships between gas exchange in plants and leaf size and stomatal density, as well as between leaf biomass accumulation, intercellular CO_(2) concentration and parameters related to antioxidant capacity of plants. Likewise, the results of SDA indicate that transpiration and stomatal conductance contributed to the largest extent, to the discrimination of the wild cherry half-sib lines. In addition, PCA and CDA showed separation of the wild cherry half-sib lines along the first principal component and first canonical variable with regards to humidity of their original sites. Multiple adaptive differences between the wild cherry half-sib lines indicate high potential of the species to adapt rapidly to climate change. The existence of substantial genetic variability among the wild cherry half-sib lines highlights their potential as genetic resources for reforestation purposes and breeding programmes.
文摘Addition formulas exist in trigonometric functions.Double-angle and half-angle formulas can be derived from these formulas.Moreover,the relation equation between the trigonometric function and the hyperbolic function can be derived using an imaginary number.The inverse hyperbolic function arsinher(r)■ro 1/√1+t^(2)dt p1tt2 dt is similar to the inverse trigonometric function arcsiner(r)■ro 1/√1+t^(2)dt p1t2 dt,such as the second degree of a polynomial and the constant term 1,except for the sign−and+.Such an analogy holds not only when the degree of the polynomial is 2,but also for higher degrees.As such,a function exists with respect to the leaf function through the imaginary number i,such that the hyperbolic function exists with respect to the trigonometric function through this imaginary number.In this study,we refer to this function as the hyperbolic leaf function.By making such a definition,the relation equation between the leaf function and the hyperbolic leaf function makes it possible to easily derive various formulas,such as addition formulas of hyperbolic leaf functions based on the addition formulas of leaf functions.Using the addition formulas,we can also derive the double-angle and half-angle formulas.We then verify the consistency of these formulas by constructing graphs and numerical data.
基金supported by Daido University research Grants(2020).
文摘A lemniscate is a curve defined by two foci,F_(1) and F_(2).If the distance between the focal points of F_(1)−F_(2) is 2a(a:constant),then any point P on the lemniscate curve satisfy the equation PF_(1)·PF_(2)=a^(2).Jacob Bernoulli first described the lemniscate in 1694.The Fagnano discovered the double angle formula of the lemniscate(1718).The Euler extended the Fagnano’s formula to a more general addition theorem(1751).The lemniscate function was subsequently proposed by Gauss around the year 1800.These insights were summarized by Jacobi as the theory of elliptic functions.A leaf function is an extended lemniscate function.Some formulas of leaf functions have been presented in previous papers;these included the addition theorem of this function and its application to nonlinear equations.In this paper,the geometrical properties of leaf functions at n=2 and the geometric relation between the angle θ and lemniscate arc length l are presented using the lemniscate curve.The relationship between the leaf functions sleaf_(2)(l)and cleaf_(2)(l)is derived using the geometrical properties of the lemniscate,similarity of triangles,and the Pythagorean theorem.In the literature,the relation equation for sleaf_(2)(l)and cleaf_(2)(l)(or the lemniscate functions,sl(l)and cl(l))has been derived analytically;however,it is not derived geometrically.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32001145)。
文摘The resorption of nutrients from senescent leaves allows plants to conserve and recycle nutrients. To explore the adaptation strategies of desert plants to nutrient-limited environments, we selected four typical desert plants(Populus euphratica Oliv., Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb., Glycyrrhiza inflata Batal., and Alhagi camelorum Fisch.) growing in the desert area of the northern margin of the Tarim Basin,China. The contents of nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P), potassium(K), calcium(Ca), magnesium(Mg), and Ferrum(Fe) in the leaves of these four typical desert plants and their resorption characteristics were analyzed. The relationship of nutrient resorption efficiency with leaf functional traits and soil physical-chemical properties in two different habitats(saline-alkali land and sandy land) was discussed.The results showed that the four plants resorbed most of the elements. Ca was enriched in the leaves of P.euphratica, G. inflate, and A. camelorum;Mg was enriched in the leaves of G. inflata;and Fe was enriched in the leaves of the four plants. The results of the redundancy analysis showed that leaf thickness, soil electrical conductivity, and soil P content were the major factors affecting the nutrient resorption efficiency of the four plants. Leaf thickness was negatively correlated with N resorption efficiency(NRE),P resorption efficiency, and Fe resorption efficiency;soil electrical conductivity was positively correlated with the resorption efficiency of most elements;and soil P content was negatively correlated with the resorption efficiency of most elements in the plant leaves. The results showed that soil physical-chemical properties and soil nutrient contents had an important impact on the nutrient resorption of plant leaves.The same species growing in different habitats also differed in their resorption of different elements. The soil environment of plants and the biological characteristics of plant leaves affected the resorption of nutrient elements in different plants. The purpose of this study is to provide small-scale data support for the protection of ecosystems in nutrient-deficient areas by studying leaf functional strategies and nutrient conservation mechanisms of several typical desert plants.
基金Grants were received from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31470498 and 31330012)the Chinese National Basic Research Program(2015CB954201 and 2014CB954303)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA05050701).
文摘Aims To explore the pattern of the leaf functional traits of shrub species along a latitudinal gradient in eastern China and determine the driv-ing factors of leaf trait variation at a large scale.Methods We investigated the leaf thickness(LT),leaf area(LA),specific leaf area(SLA)and leaf dry mass content(LDMC)of 185 shrub species from 13 sites across eastern China.The trends of these four-leaf traits were ana-lyzed with respect to latitude,and the differences between different life forms(e.g.,evergreen and deciduous)and habitats(e.g.,understory and typical)were compared.We quantified the effects of the plant life forms and environmental factors on the leaf traits via mixed-model analyses.Important Findings The LT and LA decreased,whilst and the LDMC increased,as the latitude increased,and significant differences in these traits were observed between the different plant life forms.The LT and LA were smaller,whereas the SLA and LDMC were larger in decidu-ous shrubs than in evergreen shrubs.Among the different habitats,the LA and SLA were larger,while the LDMC was smaller in under-story shrubs than in typical shrub species.These results indicate that typical shrub species are better adapted to drier environments,as indicated by a reduced LT and increased LDMC.Furthermore,general linear models showed that variations in the four-leaf traits with respect to latitude were mainly caused by a shift in plant life forms.
基金supported by European Research Council advanced grant Clockwork Green (293926) to ITBthe Global Research Lab program (2012055546) from the National Research Foundation of Korea+2 种基金Institute for Basic Science (IBS-R021-D1)Human Frontier Science Program (RGP0002/2012)the Max Planck Society
文摘Phytochromes mainly function in photoautotrophic organisms to adjust growth in response to fluctuating light signals.The different isoforms of plant phytochromes often display both conserved and divergent roles,presumably to fine-tune plant responses to environmental signals and optimize fitness.Here we describe the distinct,yet partially redundant,roles of phytochromes NaPHYA,NaPHYB1 and NaPHYBi in a wild tobacco species,Nicotiana attenuata using RNAi-silenced phytochrome lines.Consistent with results reported from other species,silencing the expression of NaPHYA or NaPHYBi in N.attenuata had mild or no influence on plant development as long as NaPHYBi was functional;whereas silencing the expression of NaPHYBi alone strongly altered flowering time and leaf morphology.The contribution of NaPHYB2 became significant only in the absence of NaPHYB1;plants silenced for both NaPHYBi and NaPHYB2 largely skipped the rosettestage of growth to rapidly produce long,slender stalks that bore flowers early:hallmarks of the shadeavoidance responses.The phenotyping of phytochrome-silenced lines,combined with sequence and transcript accumulation analysis,suggest the independent functional diversification of the phytochromes,and a dominant role of NaPHYBi and NaPHYB2 in N.attenuata's vegetative and reproductive development.
