Three polyamines(PAs)(spermidine(Spd),spermine(Spm),and putrescine(Put))were used as growth regulators to the marine macroalgae Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis and to female gametophyte and reproductive tissues(cystocarp...Three polyamines(PAs)(spermidine(Spd),spermine(Spm),and putrescine(Put))were used as growth regulators to the marine macroalgae Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis and to female gametophyte and reproductive tissues(cystocarps were constructed),which led to early maturation of cystocarps and spore release.Laboratory cultivation revealed that exogenous PA application accelerated the development of cystocarps,and the mean sporeling growth rate was 20%–50%/d during the initial week of cultivation.The spore count(SC),survival rate(SR),and germination rate(GR)of G.lemaneiformis showed different responses to PA(10-6 mol/L and 10-3 mol/L)treatments under different temperatures(18,26,and 34℃),light intensities(30,60,and 90μmol photons/(m^(2)·s)),salinities(25,30,and 35),and nutrient levels(25꞉2.5,50꞉5.0,and 75꞉7.5μmol/L NH4Cl꞉K2HPO4),and the optimal conditions were 26℃,light intensity of 60μmol/(m^(2)·s),salinity of 35,and nutrient level of 50꞉5.0μmol/L NH4Cl꞉K2HPO4.Under the optimum conditions,the SC per cystocarp increased by 82.38%,and the spore SR and GR increased by 33.07%and 46.44%,respectively.Each experiment lasted for 7 days,with the highest SC on Day 4 and plateauing on Day 7.The results indicate that PAs could promote the early maturation,spore release,survival,and germination of G.lemaneiformis under laboratory conditions.展开更多
[Objectives]This study was conducted to improve the germination rate of Zanthoxylum nitidum(Roxb.)seeds and shorten the germination period.[Methods]Different germination beds,seed soaking temperatures,seed soaking tim...[Objectives]This study was conducted to improve the germination rate of Zanthoxylum nitidum(Roxb.)seeds and shorten the germination period.[Methods]Different germination beds,seed soaking temperatures,seed soaking time and culture temperatures were set to study the effects on seed germination of Z.nitidum.[Results]The germination rate on the filter paper germination bed was stable and it was easy for the control of humidity.The germination rate of seeds soaked in warm water at 50℃for 24 h was about 53.33%.The germination rate of seeds cultured at 25℃was as high as 91.98%.[Conclusions]This study provides a theoretical basis for seedling breeding and large-scale production of Z.nitidum.展开更多
The current work aims to explore the suitable drying technique for peanut pods which can be used for seeds or edible peanuts.Four drying methods,namely naturally-open sun drying as the control check(CK),hot air drying...The current work aims to explore the suitable drying technique for peanut pods which can be used for seeds or edible peanuts.Four drying methods,namely naturally-open sun drying as the control check(CK),hot air drying(HAD),pulsed vacuum drying(PVD),and radio frequency combined hot air drying(RF-HAD),were employed to dry peanut pods,and their effects on the nutritional quality attributes in terms of protein,fat,fatty acid contents,etc.,germination characteristics,microstructure,color,texture,acid value and peroxide value of peanuts were explored.Mathematical models of peanuts drying with four drying methods were also established.According to the statistical parameters including the determination coefficient(R^(2))、root mean square error(RMSE)and chi-square value(v^(2)),theWeibull model was best for predicting the moisture ratio change kinetics of peanuts during its four drying processes.There were significant differences in physicochemical indexes of peanut by different drying methods(p<0.05).Fat and oleic acid contents under RF-HAD were significantly higher than those by the other three drying methods.Compared with the naturally-open sun drying,RF-HAD reduced drying time by 76.70%and the microstructure of RF-HAD peanuts produced larger and more cavities.The RF-HAD kept better comprehensive nutritional quality,but the germination rate was reduced by 27.80%.PVD could maintain good nutritional quality and germination rate among these mechanical drying technologies.However,PVD had a longer drying time of 9.5 h than RF-HAD and HAD,and the microstructure of pulsed vacuum dried peanuts showed dense structure and less cavity.Hot air-dried peanut kernel held the highest protein(28.75%),fatty acids contents(26.11%)and germination rate(88.00%).However,peanut kernel dried by HAD showed poor qualities,such as high acid value,peroxide value and large color changes.These findings indicated RF-HAD was a promising drying technique for edible peanuts regarding the higher drying rate and better-quality preservation,while HAD was suitable for peanut seeds drying as it could well protect the germination rate.展开更多
Autotoxicity is one of the major factors that impede continuous cropping.It is defined as the toxic influence of chemicals released from one plant species on the germination and growth of individuals of the same speci...Autotoxicity is one of the major factors that impede continuous cropping.It is defined as the toxic influence of chemicals released from one plant species on the germination and growth of individuals of the same species.Here, in order to exam the autotoxicity of tobacco root exudates, root exudates were collected from tobacco plants grown both in cultural solution and on natural soil.Using ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled with triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry, main autotoxic chemical substances in the root exudates were identified.The autotoxic effects of suspected autotoxins on seed germination(including germination rate,germination potential, germination index, and vigor index) and seedling growth were analyzed.Dibutyl phthalate(or diisobutyl phthalate), dioctyl phthalate, and diisooctyl phthalate were identified in tobacco root exudates.It was observed that high concentrations(greater than 0.5 mmol L^(-1)) of each identified phthalate ester caused significant(P < 0.05) inhibition of tobacco seed germination and seedling growth.It can be concluded that phthalate esters such as dibutyl phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate, and diisooctyl phthalate in tobacco root exudates may play an important role in tobacco autotoxicity.展开更多
Merremia boisiana(Gagnep)van Ooststr.is a noxious fast growing woody vine and is able to grow overtop other plants,causing the death of plants underneath and forming monospecies stands.To formulate management response...Merremia boisiana(Gagnep)van Ooststr.is a noxious fast growing woody vine and is able to grow overtop other plants,causing the death of plants underneath and forming monospecies stands.To formulate management responses,we assessed its seed and vegetative reproduction efficacy through indoor and field experiments.The number of flowers counted from bagged infructescences in Guangzhou ranged from 25 to 172,with an average of 80.80.Counting the seeds of bagged infructescences had shown that there were only 1.58 hard testa seeds in each infructescence.Seed vitality tests using red ink indicated that only 68.6%of hard testa and filled seeds were viable.The emergence rate of scarified hard testa seeds in the sand bed was 31.96%.Under imitated natural conditions,8%of hard testa seeds could germinate,and 9%still retained their germination potential in one year.Thus,seedlings should be monitored and removed in a timely fashion after any attempt of clearing.Moving soil or transplanting plant from infested patches should be strictly prohibited at least for several years.All considered,an infructescence contributed 0.3 seedlings.The investigation in the field found no seedlings either inside or at the perimeter of the patch,suggesting scant expansion by means of seed dispersal.Therefore,the elimination effort could be focused on a relatively restricted scale of patches.Of 630 cuttings of young shoots,old shoots and old lying shoots with or without growth regulators,there were only four(or 0.63%)established individuals.Air-layering shoots all died in two months.Poor cuttings and airlayering reproduction indicated that regeneration from fragments of removed stems or accidentally dropped ones was quite unlikely,and thus mechanical removal was safe.展开更多
Cytisus aeolicus is a narrow endemic species restricted to the Aeolian archipelago(SE Tyrrhenian Sea,Italy)and it is one of the most evolutionarily isolated plants in the Mediterranean flora.Historical and literature ...Cytisus aeolicus is a narrow endemic species restricted to the Aeolian archipelago(SE Tyrrhenian Sea,Italy)and it is one of the most evolutionarily isolated plants in the Mediterranean flora.Historical and literature data suggest that both metapopulations and isolated individuals of C.aeolicus are gradually shrinking.Field investigations and drone images demonstrate that the C.aeolicus metapopulation from Stromboli experienced a strikingly fast increase during the last decades.As of 2019,more than 7000±3000 mature individuals occur on Stromboli,i.e.14 to 20 times more than those counted during the last census,25 years ago.The diachronic analysis of aerial photos concerning last 80 years and the analysis of the growth rings of some selected plants pointed out that the surface occupied,the demographic structure and the distribution pattern of the subpopulations of Stromboli has been highly fluctuating during last decades.Moreover,data issuing from field observations in permanent plots placed in a transect between two isolated mature individuals showed that,under natural conditions,the germination rate of the seedlings of C.aeolicus can be very high and their establishment rate may exceed 40%.By contrast,seedlings mortality is subject to strong annual fluctuations.Additionally,the pollen morphology of the Strombolian metapopulation of this rare and isolated species is studied here for the first time.Contrary to what is stated in recent literature,the C.aeolicus metapopulation from Stromboli is healthy and very dynamic,albeit frequently damaged by the volcanic activity.Regular and repeated field surveys carried out during 3 years(2017-2019)allowed improving our knowledge on the life cycle of C.aeolicus and a new extinction risk assessment of the species,according to IUCN criteria,is presented.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2018YFD0901502)the Ningbo Key R&D Science and Technology Program(Nos.2019B10009,2021Z114)the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(Nos.LY19C190003,LQ20C190002)。
文摘Three polyamines(PAs)(spermidine(Spd),spermine(Spm),and putrescine(Put))were used as growth regulators to the marine macroalgae Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis and to female gametophyte and reproductive tissues(cystocarps were constructed),which led to early maturation of cystocarps and spore release.Laboratory cultivation revealed that exogenous PA application accelerated the development of cystocarps,and the mean sporeling growth rate was 20%–50%/d during the initial week of cultivation.The spore count(SC),survival rate(SR),and germination rate(GR)of G.lemaneiformis showed different responses to PA(10-6 mol/L and 10-3 mol/L)treatments under different temperatures(18,26,and 34℃),light intensities(30,60,and 90μmol photons/(m^(2)·s)),salinities(25,30,and 35),and nutrient levels(25꞉2.5,50꞉5.0,and 75꞉7.5μmol/L NH4Cl꞉K2HPO4),and the optimal conditions were 26℃,light intensity of 60μmol/(m^(2)·s),salinity of 35,and nutrient level of 50꞉5.0μmol/L NH4Cl꞉K2HPO4.Under the optimum conditions,the SC per cystocarp increased by 82.38%,and the spore SR and GR increased by 33.07%and 46.44%,respectively.Each experiment lasted for 7 days,with the highest SC on Day 4 and plateauing on Day 7.The results indicate that PAs could promote the early maturation,spore release,survival,and germination of G.lemaneiformis under laboratory conditions.
基金Supported by General Project of Guangxi Science and Technology Department(2020GXNSFAA259043)Guangxi First-class Discipline of Traditional Chinese Medicine(Guangxi Education Scientific Research No.12,2018)+1 种基金Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine Project(05018028F2)Guangxi Zhuang Yao Medicine Key Laboratory(GXZYZZ2020A-04).
文摘[Objectives]This study was conducted to improve the germination rate of Zanthoxylum nitidum(Roxb.)seeds and shorten the germination period.[Methods]Different germination beds,seed soaking temperatures,seed soaking time and culture temperatures were set to study the effects on seed germination of Z.nitidum.[Results]The germination rate on the filter paper germination bed was stable and it was easy for the control of humidity.The germination rate of seeds soaked in warm water at 50℃for 24 h was about 53.33%.The germination rate of seeds cultured at 25℃was as high as 91.98%.[Conclusions]This study provides a theoretical basis for seedling breeding and large-scale production of Z.nitidum.
基金supported by key research and development and promotion projects of Henan Province(212102110232)the innovation and creativity project of Henan academy of agricultural sciences(2020CX15)+1 种基金independent innovation fund of Henan academy of agricultural Sciences(2021ZC66)the open fund of institute of ocean research,Bohai University(BDHYYJY2020003).
文摘The current work aims to explore the suitable drying technique for peanut pods which can be used for seeds or edible peanuts.Four drying methods,namely naturally-open sun drying as the control check(CK),hot air drying(HAD),pulsed vacuum drying(PVD),and radio frequency combined hot air drying(RF-HAD),were employed to dry peanut pods,and their effects on the nutritional quality attributes in terms of protein,fat,fatty acid contents,etc.,germination characteristics,microstructure,color,texture,acid value and peroxide value of peanuts were explored.Mathematical models of peanuts drying with four drying methods were also established.According to the statistical parameters including the determination coefficient(R^(2))、root mean square error(RMSE)and chi-square value(v^(2)),theWeibull model was best for predicting the moisture ratio change kinetics of peanuts during its four drying processes.There were significant differences in physicochemical indexes of peanut by different drying methods(p<0.05).Fat and oleic acid contents under RF-HAD were significantly higher than those by the other three drying methods.Compared with the naturally-open sun drying,RF-HAD reduced drying time by 76.70%and the microstructure of RF-HAD peanuts produced larger and more cavities.The RF-HAD kept better comprehensive nutritional quality,but the germination rate was reduced by 27.80%.PVD could maintain good nutritional quality and germination rate among these mechanical drying technologies.However,PVD had a longer drying time of 9.5 h than RF-HAD and HAD,and the microstructure of pulsed vacuum dried peanuts showed dense structure and less cavity.Hot air-dried peanut kernel held the highest protein(28.75%),fatty acids contents(26.11%)and germination rate(88.00%).However,peanut kernel dried by HAD showed poor qualities,such as high acid value,peroxide value and large color changes.These findings indicated RF-HAD was a promising drying technique for edible peanuts regarding the higher drying rate and better-quality preservation,while HAD was suitable for peanut seeds drying as it could well protect the germination rate.
基金supported by the Key Laboratory Project of CNTC(No.110201603010)the Scientific and Technological Project of Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC(No.112011CZ0580)
文摘Autotoxicity is one of the major factors that impede continuous cropping.It is defined as the toxic influence of chemicals released from one plant species on the germination and growth of individuals of the same species.Here, in order to exam the autotoxicity of tobacco root exudates, root exudates were collected from tobacco plants grown both in cultural solution and on natural soil.Using ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled with triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry, main autotoxic chemical substances in the root exudates were identified.The autotoxic effects of suspected autotoxins on seed germination(including germination rate,germination potential, germination index, and vigor index) and seedling growth were analyzed.Dibutyl phthalate(or diisobutyl phthalate), dioctyl phthalate, and diisooctyl phthalate were identified in tobacco root exudates.It was observed that high concentrations(greater than 0.5 mmol L^(-1)) of each identified phthalate ester caused significant(P < 0.05) inhibition of tobacco seed germination and seedling growth.It can be concluded that phthalate esters such as dibutyl phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate, and diisooctyl phthalate in tobacco root exudates may play an important role in tobacco autotoxicity.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.30370243)The National Nonprofit Institute Research Grant of CATAS-EPPI(No.2007hzs1J005).
文摘Merremia boisiana(Gagnep)van Ooststr.is a noxious fast growing woody vine and is able to grow overtop other plants,causing the death of plants underneath and forming monospecies stands.To formulate management responses,we assessed its seed and vegetative reproduction efficacy through indoor and field experiments.The number of flowers counted from bagged infructescences in Guangzhou ranged from 25 to 172,with an average of 80.80.Counting the seeds of bagged infructescences had shown that there were only 1.58 hard testa seeds in each infructescence.Seed vitality tests using red ink indicated that only 68.6%of hard testa and filled seeds were viable.The emergence rate of scarified hard testa seeds in the sand bed was 31.96%.Under imitated natural conditions,8%of hard testa seeds could germinate,and 9%still retained their germination potential in one year.Thus,seedlings should be monitored and removed in a timely fashion after any attempt of clearing.Moving soil or transplanting plant from infested patches should be strictly prohibited at least for several years.All considered,an infructescence contributed 0.3 seedlings.The investigation in the field found no seedlings either inside or at the perimeter of the patch,suggesting scant expansion by means of seed dispersal.Therefore,the elimination effort could be focused on a relatively restricted scale of patches.Of 630 cuttings of young shoots,old shoots and old lying shoots with or without growth regulators,there were only four(or 0.63%)established individuals.Air-layering shoots all died in two months.Poor cuttings and airlayering reproduction indicated that regeneration from fragments of removed stems or accidentally dropped ones was quite unlikely,and thus mechanical removal was safe.
文摘Cytisus aeolicus is a narrow endemic species restricted to the Aeolian archipelago(SE Tyrrhenian Sea,Italy)and it is one of the most evolutionarily isolated plants in the Mediterranean flora.Historical and literature data suggest that both metapopulations and isolated individuals of C.aeolicus are gradually shrinking.Field investigations and drone images demonstrate that the C.aeolicus metapopulation from Stromboli experienced a strikingly fast increase during the last decades.As of 2019,more than 7000±3000 mature individuals occur on Stromboli,i.e.14 to 20 times more than those counted during the last census,25 years ago.The diachronic analysis of aerial photos concerning last 80 years and the analysis of the growth rings of some selected plants pointed out that the surface occupied,the demographic structure and the distribution pattern of the subpopulations of Stromboli has been highly fluctuating during last decades.Moreover,data issuing from field observations in permanent plots placed in a transect between two isolated mature individuals showed that,under natural conditions,the germination rate of the seedlings of C.aeolicus can be very high and their establishment rate may exceed 40%.By contrast,seedlings mortality is subject to strong annual fluctuations.Additionally,the pollen morphology of the Strombolian metapopulation of this rare and isolated species is studied here for the first time.Contrary to what is stated in recent literature,the C.aeolicus metapopulation from Stromboli is healthy and very dynamic,albeit frequently damaged by the volcanic activity.Regular and repeated field surveys carried out during 3 years(2017-2019)allowed improving our knowledge on the life cycle of C.aeolicus and a new extinction risk assessment of the species,according to IUCN criteria,is presented.
