Oil palm germplasm collected from Angola,Africa in 1991 were subjected to genetic variability potential studies.The collection was planted in the form of open-pollinated families as trials at the Malaysian Palm Oil Bo...Oil palm germplasm collected from Angola,Africa in 1991 were subjected to genetic variability potential studies.The collection was planted in the form of open-pollinated families as trials at the Malaysian Palm Oil Board(MPOB)Kluang Research Station,Johor,Malaysia,in 1994.Dura palms from 52 families and tenera palms from 44 families of MPOB-Angola were evaluated for their bunch yield and bunch quality components.The objectives of this study were to determine the genetic variability among the families and performance of MPOB-Angola germplasm for yield improvement.The analysis of variance(ANOVA)revealed highly significant differences between the dura and tenera families for most of the traits,suggesting the presence of high genetic variability,which is essential for breeding programmes.Among the duras,family AGO 02.02 displayed the best yield performance,with a high fresh fruit bunch,oil yield and total economic product at 240.40,29.46 and 37.93 kg palm^(-1)year^(-1),respectively.As for the teneras,family AGO 03.04 recorded the highest FFB yield and oil yield at 249.25 and 45.22 kg palm^(-1)year^(-1),respectively.Besides that,several families with big fruit sizes or producing a mean fruit weight of 14-17 g were also identified.Both dura and tenera from AGO 01.01 recorded the highest oil to bunch(O/B)of 17.76%and 28.65%,respectively.These findings will facilitate the selection of palms from the MPOB-Angola germplasm for future breeding programmes.展开更多
Solenostemon rotundifolius is a species belonging to the Lamiaceae family. It is currently one of the minor plants of high socio-economic interest. One of the limitations to promoting this species in Burkina Faso is t...Solenostemon rotundifolius is a species belonging to the Lamiaceae family. It is currently one of the minor plants of high socio-economic interest. One of the limitations to promoting this species in Burkina Faso is the lack of varieties that meet consumers’ demands. Implementing a breeding program is an important step toward achieving this goal. Such a program is based on the variability of agronomical traits of interest within evaluated germplasm. This study aimed to assess the level of two germplasms variability of S. rotundifolius from Ghana and Burkina Faso for traits related to vegetative development, cycle, and yield. Agromorphological characterization of 174 accessions, including 116 from Ghana and 58 from Burkina Faso was carried out in Randomised Complete Block Design with three replications. The characterization was made on the basis of fifteen (15) quantitative traits related to the canopy and leaf size, the cycle, and the yield. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences between accessions within each germplasm for all the evaluated traits. The analysis of the structuration of this agromorphological variability allowed organizing the accessions into different groups. These results could lead to the identification of accessions within each germplasm for breeding purposes or future research on genotype-environment interactions.展开更多
Sweetpotato is an important crop that exhibits hexaploidy and high heterozygosity,which limits gene mining for important agronomic traits.Here,314 sweetpotato germplasm resources were deeply resequenced,and 4599509 SN...Sweetpotato is an important crop that exhibits hexaploidy and high heterozygosity,which limits gene mining for important agronomic traits.Here,314 sweetpotato germplasm resources were deeply resequenced,and 4599509 SNPs and 846654 InDels were generated,among which 196124 SNPs were nonsynonymous and 9690 InDels were frameshifted.Based on the Indels,genome-wide marker primers were designed,and 3219 of 40366 primer pairs were selected to construct the core InDel marker set.The molecular ID of 104 sweetpotato samples verified the availability of these primers.The sweetpotato population structures were then assessed through multiple approaches using SNPs,and diverse approaches demonstrated that population stratification was not obvious for most Chinese germplasm resources.As many as 20 important agronomic traits were evaluated,and a genome-wide association study was conducted on these traits.A total of 19 high-confidence loci were detected in both models.These loci included several candidate genes,such as IbMYB1,IbZEP1,and IbYABBY1,which might be involved in anthocyanin metabolism,carotenoid metabolism,and leaf morphogenesis,respectively.Among them,IbZEP1 and IbYABBY1 were first reported in sweetpotato.The variants in the promoter and the expression levels of IbZEP1 were significantly correlated with f lesh color(orange or not orange)in sweetpotato.The expression levels of IbYABBY1 were also correlated with leaf shape.These results will assist in genetic and breeding studies in sweetpotato.展开更多
In sweet cherry(Prunus avium L.),large variability exists for various traits related to fruit quality.There is a need to discover the genetic architecture of these traits in order to enhance the efficiency of breeding...In sweet cherry(Prunus avium L.),large variability exists for various traits related to fruit quality.There is a need to discover the genetic architecture of these traits in order to enhance the efficiency of breeding strategies for consumer and producer demands.With this objective,a germplasm collection consisting of 116 sweet cherry accessions was evaluated for 23 agronomic fruit quality traits over 2-6 years,and characterized using a genotyping-by-sequencing approach.The SNP coverage collected was used to conduct a genome-wide association study using two multilocus models and three reference genomes.We identified numerous SNP-trait associations for global fruit size(weight,width,and thickness),fruit cracking,fruit firmness,and stone size,and we pinpointed several candidate genes involved in phytohormone,calcium,and cell wall metabolisms.Finally,we conducted a precise literature review focusing on the genetic architecture of fruit quality traits in sweet cherry to compare our results with potential colocalizations of marker-trait associations.This study brings new knowledge of the genetic control of important agronomic traits related to fruit quality,and to the development of marker-assisted selection strategies targeted towards the facilitation of breeding efforts.展开更多
Background Gossypium barbadense L.has specific fibre in terms of its length,strength,and fineness,and known as extra-long staple(ELS) cotton,Sea–Island cotton,or Egyptian cotton.Narrow genetic base with less genetic ...Background Gossypium barbadense L.has specific fibre in terms of its length,strength,and fineness,and known as extra-long staple(ELS) cotton,Sea–Island cotton,or Egyptian cotton.Narrow genetic base with less genetic variability is observed in G.barbadense germplasm.Hence,this study was aimed to evaluate the genetic variability present in 108 germplasm accessions of G.barbadense and to identify the superior genotypes based on the fibre traits.Results We evaluated 108 accessions for five fibre quality traits along with three checks in augmented block design.All fibre traits showed significant differences among genotypes,indicating that there is genetic potential for improvement.Fibre strength and micronaire(MIC) showed high phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation.High heritability combined with high genetic advance as percentage of mean(GAM) was recorded for fibre length,strength,and micronaire.Fibre strength and fibre length were significantly correlated with each other,while both showed negative correlation with micronaire.Principal component analysis and Biplot analysis showed that uniformity index discriminated all the genotypes in higher level,while fibre length and strength were medium in discrimination power.Biplot revealed genotypes DB 16,EC959191,GSB 39,ARBB 20,5746U,EA 203,and EA 201 were genetically diverse.Hierarchal cluster analysis based on unweighted paired group method using arithmetic average(UPGMA) grouped the genotypes into four clusters,with each cluster consisting of 4,18,48,and 38 genotypes,respectively.Conclusion Among the genotypes,34 for fibre length(> 35 mm),18 for fibre strength(> 40.4 g·tex^(-1)) and 66 for micronaire(3.7-4.2,A grade) were identified as potential accessions based on their superiority.The superior fibre genotypes identified in this study are potential lines for the ELS cotton breeding program.展开更多
Betalains are tyrosine-derived plant pigments exclusively found in the Caryophyllales order and some higher fungi and generally classified into two groups:red-violet betacyanins and yellow-orange betaxanthins.Betalain...Betalains are tyrosine-derived plant pigments exclusively found in the Caryophyllales order and some higher fungi and generally classified into two groups:red-violet betacyanins and yellow-orange betaxanthins.Betalains attract great scientific and economic interest because of their relatively simple biosynthesis pathway,attractive colors and health-promoting properties.Co-expressing two core genes BvCYP76AD1 and BvDODA1 with or without a glycosyltransferase gene MjcDOPA5GT allowed the engineering of carrot(an important taproot vegetable)to produce a palette of unique colors.The highest total betalains content,943.2μg·g^(−1) DW,was obtained in carrot taproot transformed with p35S:RUBY which produces all of the necessary enzymes for betalains synthesis.Root-specific production of betalains slightly relieved tyrosine consumption revealing the possible bottleneck in betalains production.Furthermore,a unique volcano-like phenotype in carrot taproot cross-section was created by vascular cambium-specific production of betalains.The betalains-fortified carrot in this study is thus anticipated to be used as functional vegetable and colorful carrot germplasm in breeding to promote health.展开更多
[Objectives]This study was conducted to screen out rice resources resistant to rice blast(Magnaporthe oryzae).[Methods]The qualitative and quantitative resistance of 1659 rice resources from 45 countries and regions t...[Objectives]This study was conducted to screen out rice resources resistant to rice blast(Magnaporthe oryzae).[Methods]The qualitative and quantitative resistance of 1659 rice resources from 45 countries and regions to rice blast were evaluated by disease nursery in upland condition and the test of the spectrum to rice blast isolates.[Results]There were 292 entries which accounted for 17.6%showed high blast resistance(0 and 1 disease scale),68 entries(counted for 4.1%)showed resistance to blast(3 disease scale);and the number of the entries showed intermediate resistance,intermediate susceptible and susceptible were 208(with the corresponding percentage of 12.5%),471(28.4%),620(37.4%)respectively.Among the tested entries,27 entries including BG1222,BL122,BTX,IR37704-131-2-3-2,and LEBONNET had showed broad-spectrum blast resistance with the resistance frequency of higher than 90%,Quantitative resistance evaluation was conducted on some key resources,and 14 entries,of which are BR27,DRAGO,IR100,QINLIUAI、SERIBU GANTANG,YUEXIANGZHAN and so on,showed good quantitative resistances,and 8 entries had higher quantitative resistances than IR36.[Conclusions]This study provides important blast resistance resources for the local rice breeding program and has a significant value for the discovery of new blast resistance genes and its application in the blast resistance breeding.展开更多
Chinese giant salamander(Andrias davidianus)is salamander germplasm resource that only distributed in China.It is the material basis of the evolution principle research,genetic research and artificial breeding.Since t...Chinese giant salamander(Andrias davidianus)is salamander germplasm resource that only distributed in China.It is the material basis of the evolution principle research,genetic research and artificial breeding.Since the 1990s,overharvesting,water pollution and habitat changes have seriously destroyed the germplasm resources of A.davidianus,their population density has decreased since then.Strengthening the protection and rational utilization of A.davidianus germplasm resources are key factors in impacting the healthy,stable and sustainable development of A.davidianus industry.Under the above background,we discussed the current problems with the protection for A.davidianus germplasm resources,put forward suggestions for the conservation of A.davidianus germplasm resources.It is expected to provide a reference to effective protection for A.davidianus germplasm resources,and provide a scientific foundation for further studies,so as to promote the high-quality development of related industry.展开更多
[Objectives]To protect the local rare citrus germplasm resources and further develop and cultivate new citrus varieties.[Methods]The germplasm resources of Shatangju(Citrus flamea Hort.Ex Tseng Shiyueju)in Sihui City ...[Objectives]To protect the local rare citrus germplasm resources and further develop and cultivate new citrus varieties.[Methods]The germplasm resources of Shatangju(Citrus flamea Hort.Ex Tseng Shiyueju)in Sihui City of Guangdong Province and other 8 citrus varieties from the same origin were evaluated.The appearance characteristics of tree shape,the length and thickness of shoot at each shoot stage,the appearance characteristics of leaves and the fruit quality of each variety were investigated.[Results]Through the comparison of various citrus varieties grafted with sour mandarin,the results showed that the overall advantages of the length and thickness of the shoots of Shatang tangerine in summer and autumn were more prominent,which was conducive to fruit setting.The sprouting time of the three shoots of each variety was different,and there were sporadic sprouting phenomena in different seasons,so the growth was different,and the length and thickness of the shoots were different in different seasons.There were significant differences in shoot length and diameter among different varieties in the same season.The coefficient of variation of Shatangju's leaves was low,and the traits were stable;leaf shape,leaf base shape,leaf margin and other indicators among the three shoots of the same variety and the differences among the same shoots of different varieties were compared.All varieties had strong flavor,separately sweet and sour,sweet and sweet taste.Shatangju has many segments,orange pericarp,rough texture,easy peeling,and high oblate fruit shape.The orange pericarp was favored by the participants,while the rough and thick peel was not favored by the participants.[Conclusions]Based on the improvement of local varieties,it is recommended to improve the smoothness of pericarp,reducing the thickness of pericarp and improving the flavor of fruit will be conducive to increasing sales.In the cultivation process of various quality resources,especially in the period of fruit growth and development,the plan of nutrition and fertilization should be formulated according to the rules of fruit growth and development,the rules of yield formation and the rules of quality composition,so as to establish the integrated nutrient management system of various varieties.展开更多
Plant germplasm underpins much of crop genetic improvement.Millions of germplasm accessions have been collected and conserved ex situ and/or in situ,and the major challenge is now how to exploit and utilize this abund...Plant germplasm underpins much of crop genetic improvement.Millions of germplasm accessions have been collected and conserved ex situ and/or in situ,and the major challenge is now how to exploit and utilize this abundant resource.Genomics-based plant germplasm research(GPGR) or "Genoplasmics" is a novel cross-disciplinary research field that seeks to apply the principles and techniques of genomics to germplasm research.We describe in this paper the concept,strategy,and approach behind GPGR,and summarize current progress in the areas of the definition and construction of core collections,enhancement of germplasm with core collections,and gene discovery from core collections.GPGR is opening a new era in germplasm research.The contribution,progress and achievements of GPGR in the future are predicted.展开更多
Genetic diversity plays an essential role in plant breeding and utilization.Pepper is an important vegetable and spice crop worldwide.The genetic diversity of 1 904 accessions of pepper conserved at the National Mid-t...Genetic diversity plays an essential role in plant breeding and utilization.Pepper is an important vegetable and spice crop worldwide.The genetic diversity of 1 904 accessions of pepper conserved at the National Mid-term Genebank for Vegetables,Beijing,China was analyzed based on 29 simple sequence repeat(SSR)markers,which were evenly distributed over 12 pepper chromosomes.The pepper accessions were divided into two groups in a genetic structure analysis,and the two groups showed obvious differences in fruit type and geographical distribution.We finally selected 248 accessions capturing 75.6%of the SSR alleles as the core collection for further research.Insights into the genetic structure of pepper provide the basis for population-level gene mining and genetic improvement.展开更多
Allelic variation in two domestic wheat landraces, Pingyaobaimai and Mazhamai, two cornerstone breeding materials and their derived cultivars with drought tolerance was detected by SSR (simple sequence repeat) markers...Allelic variation in two domestic wheat landraces, Pingyaobaimai and Mazhamai, two cornerstone breeding materials and their derived cultivars with drought tolerance was detected by SSR (simple sequence repeat) markers. The clustering of 25 accessions showed that the similarity between Pingyaobaimai and Yanda1817, the latter was developed from the former, was 0.71, the highest one of all accessions, but the similarities were very low between these two accessions and other accessions including their derived cultivars. A similar situation was revealed between Mazhamai and its derived cultivars. Pingyaobaimai and its three derived cultivars shared three alleles at loci Xgwm526, Xgwm538 and Xgwm126 on chromosome arms 2BL, 4BL and 5AL, respectively. There were six shared alleles in Mazhamai and its derived cultivars, in order of Xgwm157,Xgwm126, Xgwm212, Xgwm626, Xgwm471 and Xgwm44 on chromosome arms 2DL, 5AL, 5DL, 6BL, 7AS and 7DC, respectively. Only one shared allele was detected between the pedigrees of Pingyaobaimai and Mazhamai. The difference of shared alleles in two cornerstone breeding materials and their derived cultivars revealed the diversity in Chinese wheat germplasm with drought tolerance and the complication in genetic basis of drought tolerance in wheat.展开更多
Chickpea is the third most important pulse crop as a source of dietary protein. Ever-increasing demand in Asian countries calls for breeding superior desi-type varieties, in turn necessitating the availability of char...Chickpea is the third most important pulse crop as a source of dietary protein. Ever-increasing demand in Asian countries calls for breeding superior desi-type varieties, in turn necessitating the availability of characterized germplasm to breeders. The Indian National Genebank,located at the National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, conserves 14,651 accessions of chickpea. The entire set was characterized in a single large-scale experiment.High variation was observed for eight quantitative and 12 qualitative agro-morphological traits. Allelic richness procedure was employed to assemble a core set comprising 1103 accessions, 70.0% of which were of Indian origin. Comparable values of total variation explained by the first three principal components in the entire collection(51.1%) and the core(52.4%)together with conservation of nine pairwise r values among quantitative traits in the core collection and a coincidence rate around 99.7% indicated that the chickpea core was indeed an excellent representation of the entire chickpea collection in the National Genebank. The chickpea core exhibited greater diversity than the entire collection in agro-morphological traits, as assessed by higher variance and Shannon–Weaver diversity indices, indicating that the chickpea core maximized the phenotypic diversity available in the Indian chickpea germplasm. The chickpea core, comprising mainly indigenous desi genotypes, is expected to be an excellent resource for chickpea breeders. Information on the chickpea core can be accessed at http://www.nbpgr.ernet.in/pgrportal.展开更多
Clubroot disease,a major plant root disease caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae,has become one of the most destructive diseases among cultivated cruciferous vegetables.However,clubroot-resistant Brassica oleracea mater...Clubroot disease,a major plant root disease caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae,has become one of the most destructive diseases among cultivated cruciferous vegetables.However,clubroot-resistant Brassica oleracea materials are rare.A few clubroot-resistant cabbage varieties are available on the market,but all are Ogura cytoplasmic male sterile(CMS)types.Therefore,in this study,to reutilize the clubroot-resistant Ogura CMS germplasm of cabbage,a new fertility-restored Ogura CMS material,16Q2-11,was used as a bridge to transfer the clubroot resistance(CR)gene from the Ogura CMS cytoplasm to the normal cytoplasm by a two-step method(a fertility restoration and cytoplasm replacement method).In the first cross for fertility restoration of Ogura CMS clubroot-resistant cabbage(FRCRC),16Q2-11 was used as a restorer to cross with Ogura CMS materials containing the CR gene CRb2.Eleven Rfo-positive progenies were generated,of which four contained CRb2:F8-514,F8-620,F8-732 and F8-839.After inoculation with race 4 of P.brassicae,these four CRb2-positive individuals showed resistance.Furthermore,F8-514 and F8-839 were then used as male parents in the second cross of FRCRC to cross with cabbage inbred lines,resulting in the successful introgression of the CRb2 gene into the inbred lines.All offspring produced from this step of cross,which had a normal cytoplasm,showed a high resistance to race 4 of P.brassicae and could be utilized for the breeding of clubrootresistant cabbage varieties in the future.This is the first time that the Ogura CMS restorer has been used to restore the fertility of Ogura CMS clubroot-resistant cabbages,which could improve germplasm diversity in cabbage and provide a reference method for using CMS germplasm in Brassica crops.展开更多
Longan(Dimocarpus longan Lour.)is an important tropical fruit tree crop.Accurate varietal identification is essential for germplasm management and breeding.Using longan transcriptome sequences from public databases,we...Longan(Dimocarpus longan Lour.)is an important tropical fruit tree crop.Accurate varietal identification is essential for germplasm management and breeding.Using longan transcriptome sequences from public databases,we developed single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)markers;validated 60 SNPs in 50 longan germplasm accessions,including cultivated varieties and wild germplasm;and designated 25 SNP markers that unambiguously identified all tested longan varieties with high statistical rigor(P<0.0001).Multiple trees from the same clone were verified and off-type trees were identified.Diversity analysis revealed genetic relationships among analyzed accessions.Cultivated varieties differed significantly from wild populations(Fst=0.300;P<0.001),demonstrating untapped genetic diversity for germplasm conservation and utilization.Within cultivated varieties,apparent differences between varieties from China and those from Thailand and Hawaii indicated geographic patterns of genetic differentiation.These SNP markers provide a powerful tool to manage longan genetic resources and breeding,with accurate and efficient genotype identification.展开更多
Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) is an old tuber crop with a recently renewed interest in multipurpose improvement, but little effort has been made to characterize its genetic resources. A study was condu...Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) is an old tuber crop with a recently renewed interest in multipurpose improvement, but little effort has been made to characterize its genetic resources. A study was conducted to assess genetic structure and genetic relatedness of 47 diverse Jerusalem artichoke accessions using RAPD, ISSR and SRAP markers. A total of 296 (87.1%) polymorphic bands were detected from 13 RAPD markers;92 (80%) from six ISSR primers;and 194 (88.6%) for nine combinations of SRAP primers. Five optimal clusters were inferred by the STRUCTURE program from the RAPD or ISSR data, while six optimal clusters were found from the SRAP data or combined marker data. Significant linear relationships between the distance matrices for all pairs of individual accessions were detected for all marker pairs and the estimated correlation coefficient was 0.40 for RAPD-ISSR, 0.53 for RAPD-SRAP, and 0.43 for ISSR-SRAP. Based on the combined data, the neighbor-joining clustering of the 47 accessions matched closely with those inferred from the STRUCTURE program. Three ancestral groups were observed for the Canadian germplasm. Most diverse germplasm harbored in the USA collection. These findings not only reveal the compatible patterns of genetic structure and relatedness inferred with three marker types, but also are useful for managing Jerusalem artichoke germplasm and utilizing diverse germplasm for genetic improvement.展开更多
Lancaster Surecrop (LSC) germplasm in inbreds of the Lancaster heterotic group in China was mainly provided by the two inbreds Mo17 and Oh43. Furthermore, the source of LSC germplasm was severely restricted in two inb...Lancaster Surecrop (LSC) germplasm in inbreds of the Lancaster heterotic group in China was mainly provided by the two inbreds Mo17 and Oh43. Furthermore, the source of LSC germplasm was severely restricted in two inbreds, C103 and Oh40B. The contents of LSC germplasm are 50% or less in inbreds of the group, with the existence of more than 20 non-LSC germplasms that results in the abundant genetic diversity in the group. Most inbreds of Mo17 subgroup contain 25 % - 50 % LSC, 12.5 % - 25 % Reid Yellow Dent (RYD)and 12.5% - 25% Iowa Goldmine germplasms in the ratio of 2:1:1, and most inbreds of Zi330 subgroup contain 12.5%-25% LSC, 6.25%- 12.5% RYD, 6.25%- 12.5% Minnesota # 13 and 25%- 50% Creole germplasms in the ratio of 2:1:1: 4. All the facts indicated that the germplasm base of the Lancaster heterotic group has stupendously changed and evolved away from actual LSC germplasm.展开更多
Prunus domestica commonly known as European plum is a hexaploid fruit tree species cultivated around the world.Locally it is used for fresh consumption,in jams or jellies,and the production of spirits while commercial...Prunus domestica commonly known as European plum is a hexaploid fruit tree species cultivated around the world.Locally it is used for fresh consumption,in jams or jellies,and the production of spirits while commercially the fruit is primarily sold dried(prunes).Despite its agricultural importance and long history of cultivation,many questions remain about the origin of this species,the relationships among its many pomological types,and its underlying genetics.Here,we used a sequence-based genotyping approach to characterize worldwide plum germplasm including the potential progenitor Eurasian plum species.Analysis of 405 DNA samples established a set of four clades consistent with the pomological groups Greengages,Mirabelles,European plums,and d’Agen(French)prune plums.A number of cultivars from each clade were identified as likely clonal selections,particularly among the“French”type prune germplasm that is widely cultivated today.Overall,there was relatively low genetic diversity across all cultivated plums suggesting they have been largely inbred and/or derived from a limited number of founders.The results agree with P.domestica having originated as an interspecific hybrid of a diploid P.cerasifera and a tetraploid P.spinosa that itself may have been an interspecific hybrid of P.cerasifera and an unknown Eurasian plum species.The low genetic diversity and lack of true wild-types coupled with the known cultivation history of Eurasian plums imply that P.domestica may have been a product of inter-specific cross breeding and artificial selection by early agrarian Eurasian societies.展开更多
Crop genetic improvements catalysed population growth,which in turn has increased the pressure for food security.We need to produce 70%more food to meet the demands of 9.5 billion people by 2050.Climate changes have p...Crop genetic improvements catalysed population growth,which in turn has increased the pressure for food security.We need to produce 70%more food to meet the demands of 9.5 billion people by 2050.Climate changes have posed challenges for global food supply,while the narrow genetic base of elite crop cultivars has further limited our capacity to increase genetic gain through conventional breeding.The effective utilization of genetic resources in germplasm collections for crop improvement is crucial to increasing genetic gain to address challenges in the global food supply.Genomic selection(GS)uses genome-wide markers and phenotype information from observed populations to establish associations,followed by genome-wide markers to predict phenotypic values in test populations.Characterizing an extensive germplasm collection can serve a dual purpose in GS,as a reference population for predicting model,and mining desirable genetic variants for incorporation into elite cultivars.New technologies,such as high-throughput genotyping and phenotyping,machine learning,and gene editing,have great potential to contribute to genomeassisted breeding.Breeding programmes integrating germplasm characterization,GS and emerging technologies offer promise for accelerating the development of cultivars with improved yield and enhanced resistance and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses.Finally,scientifically informed regulations on new breeding technologies,and increased sharing of genetic resources,genomic data,and bioinformatics expertise between developed and developing economies will be the key to meeting the challenges of the rapidly changing climate and increased demand for food.展开更多
As a cool-season crop, pea(Pisum sativum L.) can tolerate frost at the vegetative stage but experiences yield loss when freezing stress occurs at the reproductive stage. Cold-tolerance improvement of pea varieties is ...As a cool-season crop, pea(Pisum sativum L.) can tolerate frost at the vegetative stage but experiences yield loss when freezing stress occurs at the reproductive stage. Cold-tolerance improvement of pea varieties is important for stable yield and expansion of the winter pea planting area. Under natural low-temperature conditions during winter in Qingdao,Shandong, China, we evaluated the cold tolerance of 3672 pea germplasm accessions in the field and categorized them as displaying high resistance(214), moderate resistance(835), or susceptibility(2623). The highly and moderately resistant genotypes were validated in the following year. We found that genotypes from the winter production region showed higher cold tolerance than genotypes from the spring production region. The accessions identified as having high levels of cold tolerance are recommended as potential genetic resources in cold-tolerance breeding of pea.展开更多
文摘Oil palm germplasm collected from Angola,Africa in 1991 were subjected to genetic variability potential studies.The collection was planted in the form of open-pollinated families as trials at the Malaysian Palm Oil Board(MPOB)Kluang Research Station,Johor,Malaysia,in 1994.Dura palms from 52 families and tenera palms from 44 families of MPOB-Angola were evaluated for their bunch yield and bunch quality components.The objectives of this study were to determine the genetic variability among the families and performance of MPOB-Angola germplasm for yield improvement.The analysis of variance(ANOVA)revealed highly significant differences between the dura and tenera families for most of the traits,suggesting the presence of high genetic variability,which is essential for breeding programmes.Among the duras,family AGO 02.02 displayed the best yield performance,with a high fresh fruit bunch,oil yield and total economic product at 240.40,29.46 and 37.93 kg palm^(-1)year^(-1),respectively.As for the teneras,family AGO 03.04 recorded the highest FFB yield and oil yield at 249.25 and 45.22 kg palm^(-1)year^(-1),respectively.Besides that,several families with big fruit sizes or producing a mean fruit weight of 14-17 g were also identified.Both dura and tenera from AGO 01.01 recorded the highest oil to bunch(O/B)of 17.76%and 28.65%,respectively.These findings will facilitate the selection of palms from the MPOB-Angola germplasm for future breeding programmes.
文摘Solenostemon rotundifolius is a species belonging to the Lamiaceae family. It is currently one of the minor plants of high socio-economic interest. One of the limitations to promoting this species in Burkina Faso is the lack of varieties that meet consumers’ demands. Implementing a breeding program is an important step toward achieving this goal. Such a program is based on the variability of agronomical traits of interest within evaluated germplasm. This study aimed to assess the level of two germplasms variability of S. rotundifolius from Ghana and Burkina Faso for traits related to vegetative development, cycle, and yield. Agromorphological characterization of 174 accessions, including 116 from Ghana and 58 from Burkina Faso was carried out in Randomised Complete Block Design with three replications. The characterization was made on the basis of fifteen (15) quantitative traits related to the canopy and leaf size, the cycle, and the yield. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences between accessions within each germplasm for all the evaluated traits. The analysis of the structuration of this agromorphological variability allowed organizing the accessions into different groups. These results could lead to the identification of accessions within each germplasm for breeding purposes or future research on genotype-environment interactions.
基金This work was supported by the National Key Research&Development Program of China(2018YFD1000705/2018YFD1000700)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China(BK20221213)the China Agriculture Research System(CARS-10-GW01).
文摘Sweetpotato is an important crop that exhibits hexaploidy and high heterozygosity,which limits gene mining for important agronomic traits.Here,314 sweetpotato germplasm resources were deeply resequenced,and 4599509 SNPs and 846654 InDels were generated,among which 196124 SNPs were nonsynonymous and 9690 InDels were frameshifted.Based on the Indels,genome-wide marker primers were designed,and 3219 of 40366 primer pairs were selected to construct the core InDel marker set.The molecular ID of 104 sweetpotato samples verified the availability of these primers.The sweetpotato population structures were then assessed through multiple approaches using SNPs,and diverse approaches demonstrated that population stratification was not obvious for most Chinese germplasm resources.As many as 20 important agronomic traits were evaluated,and a genome-wide association study was conducted on these traits.A total of 19 high-confidence loci were detected in both models.These loci included several candidate genes,such as IbMYB1,IbZEP1,and IbYABBY1,which might be involved in anthocyanin metabolism,carotenoid metabolism,and leaf morphogenesis,respectively.Among them,IbZEP1 and IbYABBY1 were first reported in sweetpotato.The variants in the promoter and the expression levels of IbZEP1 were significantly correlated with f lesh color(orange or not orange)in sweetpotato.The expression levels of IbYABBY1 were also correlated with leaf shape.These results will assist in genetic and breeding studies in sweetpotato.
基金We thank the Prunus/Juglans Biological Resources Center managed by the INRAE Fruit Tree Experimental Unit for performing part of the phenotyping and for maintenance of the collection.This work was supported by the Région Nouvelle-Aquitaine with the project CerGEn reference 2018-1R20203,which funded the postdoctoral fellowship for A.S.L.D.
文摘In sweet cherry(Prunus avium L.),large variability exists for various traits related to fruit quality.There is a need to discover the genetic architecture of these traits in order to enhance the efficiency of breeding strategies for consumer and producer demands.With this objective,a germplasm collection consisting of 116 sweet cherry accessions was evaluated for 23 agronomic fruit quality traits over 2-6 years,and characterized using a genotyping-by-sequencing approach.The SNP coverage collected was used to conduct a genome-wide association study using two multilocus models and three reference genomes.We identified numerous SNP-trait associations for global fruit size(weight,width,and thickness),fruit cracking,fruit firmness,and stone size,and we pinpointed several candidate genes involved in phytohormone,calcium,and cell wall metabolisms.Finally,we conducted a precise literature review focusing on the genetic architecture of fruit quality traits in sweet cherry to compare our results with potential colocalizations of marker-trait associations.This study brings new knowledge of the genetic control of important agronomic traits related to fruit quality,and to the development of marker-assisted selection strategies targeted towards the facilitation of breeding efforts.
基金supported by ICAR-Central Institute for Cotton Research, Regional Station, Coimbatore, India。
文摘Background Gossypium barbadense L.has specific fibre in terms of its length,strength,and fineness,and known as extra-long staple(ELS) cotton,Sea–Island cotton,or Egyptian cotton.Narrow genetic base with less genetic variability is observed in G.barbadense germplasm.Hence,this study was aimed to evaluate the genetic variability present in 108 germplasm accessions of G.barbadense and to identify the superior genotypes based on the fibre traits.Results We evaluated 108 accessions for five fibre quality traits along with three checks in augmented block design.All fibre traits showed significant differences among genotypes,indicating that there is genetic potential for improvement.Fibre strength and micronaire(MIC) showed high phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation.High heritability combined with high genetic advance as percentage of mean(GAM) was recorded for fibre length,strength,and micronaire.Fibre strength and fibre length were significantly correlated with each other,while both showed negative correlation with micronaire.Principal component analysis and Biplot analysis showed that uniformity index discriminated all the genotypes in higher level,while fibre length and strength were medium in discrimination power.Biplot revealed genotypes DB 16,EC959191,GSB 39,ARBB 20,5746U,EA 203,and EA 201 were genetically diverse.Hierarchal cluster analysis based on unweighted paired group method using arithmetic average(UPGMA) grouped the genotypes into four clusters,with each cluster consisting of 4,18,48,and 38 genotypes,respectively.Conclusion Among the genotypes,34 for fibre length(> 35 mm),18 for fibre strength(> 40.4 g·tex^(-1)) and 66 for micronaire(3.7-4.2,A grade) were identified as potential accessions based on their superiority.The superior fibre genotypes identified in this study are potential lines for the ELS cotton breeding program.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32072563)Key Research and Development Projects of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region(No.2022BBF02008)Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(Grant No.PAPD)。
文摘Betalains are tyrosine-derived plant pigments exclusively found in the Caryophyllales order and some higher fungi and generally classified into two groups:red-violet betacyanins and yellow-orange betaxanthins.Betalains attract great scientific and economic interest because of their relatively simple biosynthesis pathway,attractive colors and health-promoting properties.Co-expressing two core genes BvCYP76AD1 and BvDODA1 with or without a glycosyltransferase gene MjcDOPA5GT allowed the engineering of carrot(an important taproot vegetable)to produce a palette of unique colors.The highest total betalains content,943.2μg·g^(−1) DW,was obtained in carrot taproot transformed with p35S:RUBY which produces all of the necessary enzymes for betalains synthesis.Root-specific production of betalains slightly relieved tyrosine consumption revealing the possible bottleneck in betalains production.Furthermore,a unique volcano-like phenotype in carrot taproot cross-section was created by vascular cambium-specific production of betalains.The betalains-fortified carrot in this study is thus anticipated to be used as functional vegetable and colorful carrot germplasm in breeding to promote health.
基金Supported by Science and Technology Plan Project of Shaoguan(210804164531395)Special Fund for Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System(CARS-01-32,2022KJ105)"14thFive-Year Plan"New Discipline Team Building Project of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences(202116TD)。
文摘[Objectives]This study was conducted to screen out rice resources resistant to rice blast(Magnaporthe oryzae).[Methods]The qualitative and quantitative resistance of 1659 rice resources from 45 countries and regions to rice blast were evaluated by disease nursery in upland condition and the test of the spectrum to rice blast isolates.[Results]There were 292 entries which accounted for 17.6%showed high blast resistance(0 and 1 disease scale),68 entries(counted for 4.1%)showed resistance to blast(3 disease scale);and the number of the entries showed intermediate resistance,intermediate susceptible and susceptible were 208(with the corresponding percentage of 12.5%),471(28.4%),620(37.4%)respectively.Among the tested entries,27 entries including BG1222,BL122,BTX,IR37704-131-2-3-2,and LEBONNET had showed broad-spectrum blast resistance with the resistance frequency of higher than 90%,Quantitative resistance evaluation was conducted on some key resources,and 14 entries,of which are BR27,DRAGO,IR100,QINLIUAI、SERIBU GANTANG,YUEXIANGZHAN and so on,showed good quantitative resistances,and 8 entries had higher quantitative resistances than IR36.[Conclusions]This study provides important blast resistance resources for the local rice breeding program and has a significant value for the discovery of new blast resistance genes and its application in the blast resistance breeding.
基金Supported by the Project of Henan Province for Tackling Key Problems in Science and Technology(212102110386)the National Spark Program Project(2011ga750009).
文摘Chinese giant salamander(Andrias davidianus)is salamander germplasm resource that only distributed in China.It is the material basis of the evolution principle research,genetic research and artificial breeding.Since the 1990s,overharvesting,water pollution and habitat changes have seriously destroyed the germplasm resources of A.davidianus,their population density has decreased since then.Strengthening the protection and rational utilization of A.davidianus germplasm resources are key factors in impacting the healthy,stable and sustainable development of A.davidianus industry.Under the above background,we discussed the current problems with the protection for A.davidianus germplasm resources,put forward suggestions for the conservation of A.davidianus germplasm resources.It is expected to provide a reference to effective protection for A.davidianus germplasm resources,and provide a scientific foundation for further studies,so as to promote the high-quality development of related industry.
基金Supported by China Agricalture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-26)Citrus Germplasm Resources Nursery Construction Project in Sihui City of Guangdong Province(KJ-20230310-H010)。
文摘[Objectives]To protect the local rare citrus germplasm resources and further develop and cultivate new citrus varieties.[Methods]The germplasm resources of Shatangju(Citrus flamea Hort.Ex Tseng Shiyueju)in Sihui City of Guangdong Province and other 8 citrus varieties from the same origin were evaluated.The appearance characteristics of tree shape,the length and thickness of shoot at each shoot stage,the appearance characteristics of leaves and the fruit quality of each variety were investigated.[Results]Through the comparison of various citrus varieties grafted with sour mandarin,the results showed that the overall advantages of the length and thickness of the shoots of Shatang tangerine in summer and autumn were more prominent,which was conducive to fruit setting.The sprouting time of the three shoots of each variety was different,and there were sporadic sprouting phenomena in different seasons,so the growth was different,and the length and thickness of the shoots were different in different seasons.There were significant differences in shoot length and diameter among different varieties in the same season.The coefficient of variation of Shatangju's leaves was low,and the traits were stable;leaf shape,leaf base shape,leaf margin and other indicators among the three shoots of the same variety and the differences among the same shoots of different varieties were compared.All varieties had strong flavor,separately sweet and sour,sweet and sweet taste.Shatangju has many segments,orange pericarp,rough texture,easy peeling,and high oblate fruit shape.The orange pericarp was favored by the participants,while the rough and thick peel was not favored by the participants.[Conclusions]Based on the improvement of local varieties,it is recommended to improve the smoothness of pericarp,reducing the thickness of pericarp and improving the flavor of fruit will be conducive to increasing sales.In the cultivation process of various quality resources,especially in the period of fruit growth and development,the plan of nutrition and fertilization should be formulated according to the rules of fruit growth and development,the rules of yield formation and the rules of quality composition,so as to establish the integrated nutrient management system of various varieties.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(No.2004CB117200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31261140368)
文摘Plant germplasm underpins much of crop genetic improvement.Millions of germplasm accessions have been collected and conserved ex situ and/or in situ,and the major challenge is now how to exploit and utilize this abundant resource.Genomics-based plant germplasm research(GPGR) or "Genoplasmics" is a novel cross-disciplinary research field that seeks to apply the principles and techniques of genomics to germplasm research.We describe in this paper the concept,strategy,and approach behind GPGR,and summarize current progress in the areas of the definition and construction of core collections,enhancement of germplasm with core collections,and gene discovery from core collections.GPGR is opening a new era in germplasm research.The contribution,progress and achievements of GPGR in the future are predicted.
基金funded by the National Key Technology Research and Development Program of China (2016YFD0100200 and 2016YFD0101700)the earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System (CARS-25 and CARS-24-A-01)+1 种基金the Core Research Budget of the Non-profit Governmental Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (1610032011011)the Science and Technology Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS-ASTIPIVFCAAS)
文摘Genetic diversity plays an essential role in plant breeding and utilization.Pepper is an important vegetable and spice crop worldwide.The genetic diversity of 1 904 accessions of pepper conserved at the National Mid-term Genebank for Vegetables,Beijing,China was analyzed based on 29 simple sequence repeat(SSR)markers,which were evenly distributed over 12 pepper chromosomes.The pepper accessions were divided into two groups in a genetic structure analysis,and the two groups showed obvious differences in fruit type and geographical distribution.We finally selected 248 accessions capturing 75.6%of the SSR alleles as the core collection for further research.Insights into the genetic structure of pepper provide the basis for population-level gene mining and genetic improvement.
文摘Allelic variation in two domestic wheat landraces, Pingyaobaimai and Mazhamai, two cornerstone breeding materials and their derived cultivars with drought tolerance was detected by SSR (simple sequence repeat) markers. The clustering of 25 accessions showed that the similarity between Pingyaobaimai and Yanda1817, the latter was developed from the former, was 0.71, the highest one of all accessions, but the similarities were very low between these two accessions and other accessions including their derived cultivars. A similar situation was revealed between Mazhamai and its derived cultivars. Pingyaobaimai and its three derived cultivars shared three alleles at loci Xgwm526, Xgwm538 and Xgwm126 on chromosome arms 2BL, 4BL and 5AL, respectively. There were six shared alleles in Mazhamai and its derived cultivars, in order of Xgwm157,Xgwm126, Xgwm212, Xgwm626, Xgwm471 and Xgwm44 on chromosome arms 2DL, 5AL, 5DL, 6BL, 7AS and 7DC, respectively. Only one shared allele was detected between the pedigrees of Pingyaobaimai and Mazhamai. The difference of shared alleles in two cornerstone breeding materials and their derived cultivars revealed the diversity in Chinese wheat germplasm with drought tolerance and the complication in genetic basis of drought tolerance in wheat.
基金funded by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research
文摘Chickpea is the third most important pulse crop as a source of dietary protein. Ever-increasing demand in Asian countries calls for breeding superior desi-type varieties, in turn necessitating the availability of characterized germplasm to breeders. The Indian National Genebank,located at the National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, conserves 14,651 accessions of chickpea. The entire set was characterized in a single large-scale experiment.High variation was observed for eight quantitative and 12 qualitative agro-morphological traits. Allelic richness procedure was employed to assemble a core set comprising 1103 accessions, 70.0% of which were of Indian origin. Comparable values of total variation explained by the first three principal components in the entire collection(51.1%) and the core(52.4%)together with conservation of nine pairwise r values among quantitative traits in the core collection and a coincidence rate around 99.7% indicated that the chickpea core was indeed an excellent representation of the entire chickpea collection in the National Genebank. The chickpea core exhibited greater diversity than the entire collection in agro-morphological traits, as assessed by higher variance and Shannon–Weaver diversity indices, indicating that the chickpea core maximized the phenotypic diversity available in the Indian chickpea germplasm. The chickpea core, comprising mainly indigenous desi genotypes, is expected to be an excellent resource for chickpea breeders. Information on the chickpea core can be accessed at http://www.nbpgr.ernet.in/pgrportal.
基金supported by the Major State Research Development Program(2016YFD0101702)the Science and Technology Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CAASASTIP-IVFCAAS)the earmarked fund for the Modern Agro-Industry Technology Research System,China(nycytx-35-gw01).
文摘Clubroot disease,a major plant root disease caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae,has become one of the most destructive diseases among cultivated cruciferous vegetables.However,clubroot-resistant Brassica oleracea materials are rare.A few clubroot-resistant cabbage varieties are available on the market,but all are Ogura cytoplasmic male sterile(CMS)types.Therefore,in this study,to reutilize the clubroot-resistant Ogura CMS germplasm of cabbage,a new fertility-restored Ogura CMS material,16Q2-11,was used as a bridge to transfer the clubroot resistance(CR)gene from the Ogura CMS cytoplasm to the normal cytoplasm by a two-step method(a fertility restoration and cytoplasm replacement method).In the first cross for fertility restoration of Ogura CMS clubroot-resistant cabbage(FRCRC),16Q2-11 was used as a restorer to cross with Ogura CMS materials containing the CR gene CRb2.Eleven Rfo-positive progenies were generated,of which four contained CRb2:F8-514,F8-620,F8-732 and F8-839.After inoculation with race 4 of P.brassicae,these four CRb2-positive individuals showed resistance.Furthermore,F8-514 and F8-839 were then used as male parents in the second cross of FRCRC to cross with cabbage inbred lines,resulting in the successful introgression of the CRb2 gene into the inbred lines.All offspring produced from this step of cross,which had a normal cytoplasm,showed a high resistance to race 4 of P.brassicae and could be utilized for the breeding of clubrootresistant cabbage varieties in the future.This is the first time that the Ogura CMS restorer has been used to restore the fertility of Ogura CMS clubroot-resistant cabbages,which could improve germplasm diversity in cabbage and provide a reference method for using CMS germplasm in Brassica crops.
基金This work was partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31100248).
文摘Longan(Dimocarpus longan Lour.)is an important tropical fruit tree crop.Accurate varietal identification is essential for germplasm management and breeding.Using longan transcriptome sequences from public databases,we developed single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)markers;validated 60 SNPs in 50 longan germplasm accessions,including cultivated varieties and wild germplasm;and designated 25 SNP markers that unambiguously identified all tested longan varieties with high statistical rigor(P<0.0001).Multiple trees from the same clone were verified and off-type trees were identified.Diversity analysis revealed genetic relationships among analyzed accessions.Cultivated varieties differed significantly from wild populations(Fst=0.300;P<0.001),demonstrating untapped genetic diversity for germplasm conservation and utilization.Within cultivated varieties,apparent differences between varieties from China and those from Thailand and Hawaii indicated geographic patterns of genetic differentiation.These SNP markers provide a powerful tool to manage longan genetic resources and breeding,with accurate and efficient genotype identification.
文摘Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) is an old tuber crop with a recently renewed interest in multipurpose improvement, but little effort has been made to characterize its genetic resources. A study was conducted to assess genetic structure and genetic relatedness of 47 diverse Jerusalem artichoke accessions using RAPD, ISSR and SRAP markers. A total of 296 (87.1%) polymorphic bands were detected from 13 RAPD markers;92 (80%) from six ISSR primers;and 194 (88.6%) for nine combinations of SRAP primers. Five optimal clusters were inferred by the STRUCTURE program from the RAPD or ISSR data, while six optimal clusters were found from the SRAP data or combined marker data. Significant linear relationships between the distance matrices for all pairs of individual accessions were detected for all marker pairs and the estimated correlation coefficient was 0.40 for RAPD-ISSR, 0.53 for RAPD-SRAP, and 0.43 for ISSR-SRAP. Based on the combined data, the neighbor-joining clustering of the 47 accessions matched closely with those inferred from the STRUCTURE program. Three ancestral groups were observed for the Canadian germplasm. Most diverse germplasm harbored in the USA collection. These findings not only reveal the compatible patterns of genetic structure and relatedness inferred with three marker types, but also are useful for managing Jerusalem artichoke germplasm and utilizing diverse germplasm for genetic improvement.
文摘Lancaster Surecrop (LSC) germplasm in inbreds of the Lancaster heterotic group in China was mainly provided by the two inbreds Mo17 and Oh43. Furthermore, the source of LSC germplasm was severely restricted in two inbreds, C103 and Oh40B. The contents of LSC germplasm are 50% or less in inbreds of the group, with the existence of more than 20 non-LSC germplasms that results in the abundant genetic diversity in the group. Most inbreds of Mo17 subgroup contain 25 % - 50 % LSC, 12.5 % - 25 % Reid Yellow Dent (RYD)and 12.5% - 25% Iowa Goldmine germplasms in the ratio of 2:1:1, and most inbreds of Zi330 subgroup contain 12.5%-25% LSC, 6.25%- 12.5% RYD, 6.25%- 12.5% Minnesota # 13 and 25%- 50% Creole germplasms in the ratio of 2:1:1: 4. All the facts indicated that the germplasm base of the Lancaster heterotic group has stupendously changed and evolved away from actual LSC germplasm.
基金supported in part by a National Institute of General Medical Sciences Grant:P20GM109094 and funding from the California Dried Plum Board.
文摘Prunus domestica commonly known as European plum is a hexaploid fruit tree species cultivated around the world.Locally it is used for fresh consumption,in jams or jellies,and the production of spirits while commercially the fruit is primarily sold dried(prunes).Despite its agricultural importance and long history of cultivation,many questions remain about the origin of this species,the relationships among its many pomological types,and its underlying genetics.Here,we used a sequence-based genotyping approach to characterize worldwide plum germplasm including the potential progenitor Eurasian plum species.Analysis of 405 DNA samples established a set of four clades consistent with the pomological groups Greengages,Mirabelles,European plums,and d’Agen(French)prune plums.A number of cultivars from each clade were identified as likely clonal selections,particularly among the“French”type prune germplasm that is widely cultivated today.Overall,there was relatively low genetic diversity across all cultivated plums suggesting they have been largely inbred and/or derived from a limited number of founders.The results agree with P.domestica having originated as an interspecific hybrid of a diploid P.cerasifera and a tetraploid P.spinosa that itself may have been an interspecific hybrid of P.cerasifera and an unknown Eurasian plum species.The low genetic diversity and lack of true wild-types coupled with the known cultivation history of Eurasian plums imply that P.domestica may have been a product of inter-specific cross breeding and artificial selection by early agrarian Eurasian societies.
基金The research is supported by the Australian Grain Research and Development Corporation(UMU00049 and UMU00050).
文摘Crop genetic improvements catalysed population growth,which in turn has increased the pressure for food security.We need to produce 70%more food to meet the demands of 9.5 billion people by 2050.Climate changes have posed challenges for global food supply,while the narrow genetic base of elite crop cultivars has further limited our capacity to increase genetic gain through conventional breeding.The effective utilization of genetic resources in germplasm collections for crop improvement is crucial to increasing genetic gain to address challenges in the global food supply.Genomic selection(GS)uses genome-wide markers and phenotype information from observed populations to establish associations,followed by genome-wide markers to predict phenotypic values in test populations.Characterizing an extensive germplasm collection can serve a dual purpose in GS,as a reference population for predicting model,and mining desirable genetic variants for incorporation into elite cultivars.New technologies,such as high-throughput genotyping and phenotyping,machine learning,and gene editing,have great potential to contribute to genomeassisted breeding.Breeding programmes integrating germplasm characterization,GS and emerging technologies offer promise for accelerating the development of cultivars with improved yield and enhanced resistance and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses.Finally,scientifically informed regulations on new breeding technologies,and increased sharing of genetic resources,genomic data,and bioinformatics expertise between developed and developing economies will be the key to meeting the challenges of the rapidly changing climate and increased demand for food.
基金supported by the China Agriculture Research System(No.CARS-09)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31371695)+1 种基金the Qingdao Municipal Project for Science and Technology in Public Benefit(No.14-2-3-35-nsh)the Shandong Elite Variety Project(No.2016LZ01-01-02)
文摘As a cool-season crop, pea(Pisum sativum L.) can tolerate frost at the vegetative stage but experiences yield loss when freezing stress occurs at the reproductive stage. Cold-tolerance improvement of pea varieties is important for stable yield and expansion of the winter pea planting area. Under natural low-temperature conditions during winter in Qingdao,Shandong, China, we evaluated the cold tolerance of 3672 pea germplasm accessions in the field and categorized them as displaying high resistance(214), moderate resistance(835), or susceptibility(2623). The highly and moderately resistant genotypes were validated in the following year. We found that genotypes from the winter production region showed higher cold tolerance than genotypes from the spring production region. The accessions identified as having high levels of cold tolerance are recommended as potential genetic resources in cold-tolerance breeding of pea.
