This study aimed to investigate the pollution characteristics, source apportionment, and health risks associated with trace metal(loid)s(TMs) in the major agricultural producing areas in Chongqing, China. We analyzed ...This study aimed to investigate the pollution characteristics, source apportionment, and health risks associated with trace metal(loid)s(TMs) in the major agricultural producing areas in Chongqing, China. We analyzed the source apportionment and assessed the health risk of TMs in agricultural soils by using positive matrix factorization(PMF) model and health risk assessment(HRA) model based on Monte Carlo simulation. Meanwhile, we combined PMF and HRA models to explore the health risks of TMs in agricultural soils by different pollution sources to determine the priority control factors. Results showed that the average contents of cadmium(Cd), arsenic (As), lead(Pb), chromium(Cr), copper(Cu), nickel(Ni), and zinc(Zn) in the soil were found to be 0.26, 5.93, 27.14, 61.32, 23.81, 32.45, and 78.65 mg/kg, respectively. Spatial analysis and source apportionment analysis revealed that urban and industrial sources, agricultural sources, and natural sources accounted for 33.0%, 27.7%, and 39.3% of TM accumulation in the soil, respectively. In the HRA model based on Monte Carlo simulation, noncarcinogenic risks were deemed negligible(hazard index <1), the carcinogenic risks were at acceptable level(10^(-6)<total carcinogenic risk ≤ 10^(-4)), with higher risks observed for children compared to adults. The relationship between TMs, their sources, and health risks indicated that urban and industrial sources were primarily associated with As, contributing to 75.1% of carcinogenic risks and 55.7% of non-carcinogenic risks, making them the primary control factors. Meanwhile, agricultural sources were primarily linked to Cd and Pb, contributing to 13.1% of carcinogenic risks and 21.8% of non-carcinogenic risks, designating them as secondary control factors.展开更多
Heavy metal distribution in mining areas has always been a hot research topic due to the special environment of these areas. This study aims to explore the impact of heavy metal pollution on soils and crops in the stu...Heavy metal distribution in mining areas has always been a hot research topic due to the special environment of these areas. This study aims to explore the impact of heavy metal pollution on soils and crops in the study area, ensure the safety of local crops and the health of local residents, and provide a basis for the subsequent environmental restoration and the prevention and control of environmental pollution. Based on the analysis of the heavy metal concentrations in local soils and crops, the study investigated the spatial distribution, pollution degrees, and potential ecological risks of heavy metals in the farmland of a mining area in the southeastern Nanyang Basin, Henan province, China explored the sources of heavy metals and assessed the health risks caused by crop intake. The results of this study are as follows. The root soils of crops in the study area suffered heavy metal pollution to varying degrees. The degree of heavy metal pollution in maize fields is higher than that in wheat fields, and both types of fields suffer the most severe Cd pollution. Moreover, the root soils of different crops suffer compound pollution.The root soils in the maize fields suffer severe compound pollution at some sampling positions, whose distribution is similar to that of the mining area. Cd poses the highest potential ecological risks among all heavy metals, and the study area mainly suffers low and moderate comprehensive potential ecological risks. The principal component analysis(PCA) shows that the distribution of Zn, Cd, Pb, and As in soils of the study area is mainly affected by anthropogenic factors such as local mining activities;the distribution of Cr and Ni is primarily controlled by the local geological background;the distribution of Hg is mainly affected by local vehicle exhaust emissions, and the distribution of Cu is influenced by both human activities and the geological background. Different cereal crops in the study area are polluted with heavy metals dominated by Cd and Ni to varying degrees, especially wheat. As indicated by the health risk assessment results, the intake of maize in the study area does not pose significant human health risks;however, Cu has high risks to human health, and the compound heavy metal pollution caused by the intake of wheat in the study area poses risks to the health of both adults and children. Overall, the soils and crops in the study area suffer a high degree of heavy metal pollution, for which mining activities may be the main reason.展开更多
The consumption of contaminated river water can have severe effects on human health.This study aims to investigate the trace elements(TEs)content and their health risk assessment in the Badigad River Basin in the less...The consumption of contaminated river water can have severe effects on human health.This study aims to investigate the trace elements(TEs)content and their health risk assessment in the Badigad River Basin in the lesser Himalayas of Nepal.In total,44 water samples were collected from 22 different sites during the pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons,and 25 TEs were analyzed.Correlation matrix and principal component analysis(PCA)were used to analyze the potential relationship between the measured TEs and their source tracking.Furthermore,the water quality index(WQI),metal index(MI),and cancer index(CI)were evaluated.The TEs content in all samples were found to be within the WHO recommended guideline for drinking and domestic purposes.The dominancy order of the TEs was observed as Sr>Ba>Li>Rb>Zn>Cr>Sc>Mn>Ti>Cu>As>Ni>Co>U>V>Pb>Cs>Ga>Y>Tl>Th>Zr>Bi>Cd>Nb.The PCA analysis suggested that TEs could have natural,anthropogenic,and mixed origins.The WQI indicated that the river water is safe from a human health perspective.The MI suggested that Badigad River can be considered safer for drinking purposes,and the cancer index(CI)showed that all the reported TEs are at low-risk levels.The findings of this study could be useful for government agencies in developing more sustainable water management policies in the region.However,it is suggested that further investigations should be conducted in terms of other hydrogeochemical variables,including major ions,at spatiotemporal levels for the sustainability of the river basin.展开更多
Objective This study was designed to conduct a retrospective and systematic occupational health risk assessment(OHRA)of enterprises that used benzene,toluene,and xylene(BTX)in Shanghai,China.Methods All data for the s...Objective This study was designed to conduct a retrospective and systematic occupational health risk assessment(OHRA)of enterprises that used benzene,toluene,and xylene(BTX)in Shanghai,China.Methods All data for the study were obtained from 1,705 occupational health examination and evaluation reports from 2013 to 2017,and a semiquantitative model following Chinese OHRA guidelines(GBZ/T 298-2017)was applied for the assessment.Results The selected enterprises using BTX were mainly involved in manufacturing of products.Using the exposure level method,health risk levels associated with exposure to BTX were classified as medium,negligible,or low.However,the risk levels associated with benzene and toluene were significantly different according to job types,with gluers and inkers exhibiting greater health risks.For the same job type,the health risk levels assessed using the comprehensive index method were higher than those using the exposure level method.Conclusion Our OHRA reveals that workers who are exposed to BTX still face excessive health risk.Additionally,the risk level varied depending on job categories and exposure to specific chemicals.Therefore,additional control measures recommended by OHRA guidelines are essential to reduce worker exposure levels.展开更多
In this study, the concentration and spatial distribution of potentially toxic metals(PTMs), including arsenic(As), cadmium(Cd), chromium(Cr), lead(Pb), copper(Cu), iron(Fe), manganese(Mn), and magnesium(Mg) in 23 wel...In this study, the concentration and spatial distribution of potentially toxic metals(PTMs), including arsenic(As), cadmium(Cd), chromium(Cr), lead(Pb), copper(Cu), iron(Fe), manganese(Mn), and magnesium(Mg) in 23 wells and drinking groundwater distribution networks of Rafsanjan, located in southeast Iran were evaluated. Moreover, the assessment of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks was estimated by Monte Carlo simulation(MCS). The results showed that the concentrations of As and Pb in more than 99% and 23.46% of the study area, respectively, were higher than the maximum concentration level(10 μg/L). The mean concentration of other metals, including Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, and Mn in all drinking water resources was within the WHO standard level. The mean hazard quotient(HQ) for As in the age group of children was 9.246 and adults 2.972, indicating high non-carcinogenic risk of As in the study area. The lifetime cancer risk(LTCR) of As was 1.36 E-3 for adults and 1.52 E-2 for children, indicating high non-carcinogenic risk of As. The level of HQ and LTCR for Pb in both age groups was in the acceptable range. The results of sensitivity analysis showed that the most effective variables were pollutant concentration and body weight(BW), respectively. Finally, it can be concluded that exposure to PTMs, especially As through drinking water in the study area can have significant effects on people’s health living in the area;therefore, it is necessary to treat and remove As from groundwater resources before drinking or using for domestic purpose.展开更多
In this study,the sources of potentially toxic elements(PTEs)from atmospheric deposition in the waters of Guizhou’s Caohai Lake were investigated in addition to the potential risks to human health.Moss bags were used...In this study,the sources of potentially toxic elements(PTEs)from atmospheric deposition in the waters of Guizhou’s Caohai Lake were investigated in addition to the potential risks to human health.Moss bags were used to enrich PTEs from atmospheric deposition,and eight monitoring sites that best represented geographic variation were established around Caohai Lake.Moss bags were collected and examined at every 3 months to identify spatiotemporal patterns of dry and wet atmospheric deposition of PTEs.Zn was the most abundant metal identified from deposition in Caohai(72.07%–95.94%),followed by Pb and Cd,while Hg was the least abundant(0.008%–0.354%).The contributions of wet deposition of PTEs were greater than those of dry deposition,and deposition during the heating season from December to April was greater than that between April to July.Hg was mainly derived from atmospheric dry deposition(65.38%–84.44%).Spatial distribution analysis indicated that atmospheric deposition was associated with the intensity of human activities and heating emissions.Exposure via hand-to-mouth contact accounted for over 99%of the total exposure risk although overall exposure was lower than threshold acceptable levels for carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic metals,indicating an overall lack of risk towards human health.Nevertheless,the health risk from atmospheric deposition of PTEs in Caohai Lake may be reduced by focusing on Zn,Pb,and Cd deposition in rainfall and minimizing the hazards associated with hand-to-mouth exposure to PTEs.展开更多
[Objectives]The research aimed to grasp environmental quality of groundwater in a landfill site,predict health risk of pollution factors to regional residents,provide scientific basis for landfill management,pollution...[Objectives]The research aimed to grasp environmental quality of groundwater in a landfill site,predict health risk of pollution factors to regional residents,provide scientific basis for landfill management,pollution prevention and control,and ensure safety of residents'drinking water supply.[Methods]Through on-site sampling of three groundwater monitoring wells at Shigatse landfill,and testing and analysis of conventional indexes and heavy metal elements,standard index method and comprehensive index method were used to evaluate environmental quality of groundwater in the landfill area.On this basis,a health risk evaluation model was applied to assess the health risk of residents in Shigatse landfill area.[Results]Comprehensive water quality was good in individual well of Shigatse landfill.Because NH_(3)-N and Fe in the monitoring well exceeded class Ⅲ standard of groundwater environmental quality in 2014,pollution of monitoring well was relatively heavy.The total carcinogenic risk of landfill groundwater for male and female was 1.855×10^(-6) and 2.238×10^(-6),respectively,exceeding the maximum acceptable level of carcinogenic risk for contaminants(1×10^(-6)).Cr^(6+)should be paid attention to.Moreover,risk value of health hazard for females was generally higher than that of males.The total non-carcinogenic risk values for males and females were 0.0577 and 0.0696,respectively,far lower than the non-carcinogenic risk threshold of"1".[Conclusions]The groundwater environmental quality of Shigatse landfill site was good,and it posed a little health risk to regional residents.展开更多
Fugitive emission from industrial sources may result in ozone formation and health risk,while the exact contribution of this source remains incompletely understood.In this study,emission characteristics,ozone formatio...Fugitive emission from industrial sources may result in ozone formation and health risk,while the exact contribution of this source remains incompletely understood.In this study,emission characteristics,ozone formation potential(OFP)and health risk of fugitive VOCs in7 representative industries were investigated.Chemical material industry was the dominant contributor to VOCs of fugitive emission in comparison with other industries.The OFP of VOCs from fugitive emission was in the range of 1.45×10^(3)-3.98×10^(5)μg/m^(3),with a higher value than that of organized emission in seven industries except for the coking industry and the chemical material industry,suggesting that fugitive VOCs should be taken into account while developing control strategies.Acetaldehyde,m,p-xylene,n-nonane,ethylene,vinyl chloridethe and other high OFP-contributing species were the major reactive species that should be targeted.Health risk assessment investigated non-cancer and cancer risks of fugitive VOCs in 7 industries were all above safe level(HR>1 and LCR>1×10^(-4)),posing remarkable health threats to human health.OVOCs were the main contributor to non-cancer risk,while halohydrocarbons and aromatics contributed most to cancer risks,posing remarkable health threat on human health.Our findings highlighted the contribution of fugitive VOCs on ozone formation and health risk was underestimated,indicating which should be considered in emission control strategies of industrial sources.展开更多
Secondary water supply systems(SWSSs)are important components of the water supply infrastructure that ensure residents’drinking water safety.SWSSs are characterized by long detention time,warm temperature,and unreaso...Secondary water supply systems(SWSSs)are important components of the water supply infrastructure that ensure residents’drinking water safety.SWSSs are characterized by long detention time,warm temperature,and unreasonable management,which may trigger the deterioration of water quality and increase risks.In this study,drinking water quality index(DWQI)and health risk assessment(HRA)were selected and modified to quantitatively assess the water quality and health risks of SWSSs in residential neighborhoods.In total,121 seasonal water samples were selected.It was observed that the water quality was excellent with the DWQI of 0.14±0.04,excluding one sample,which was extremely poor owing to its excessive total bacterial count.The HRA results revealed that the health risks were low:negligible non-carcinogenic risk for any population;negligible and acceptable carcinogenic risk for children aged 6–17 and adults.However,samples revealed higher carcinogenic risk(7.63×10−5±3.29×10−6)for children aged 0–5,and arsenic was the major substance.Summer samples had poor water quality and higher health risks,which called for attention.To further investigate the water quality and health risks of SWSSs,monthly sampling was conducted during summer.All 24 water samples were qualified in Chinese standard(GB 5749-2022)and characterized as excellent quality.Their HRA results were consistent with the seasonal samples’and the health risks were mainly concentrated in May.Overall,our study provides a suitable framework for water quality security,advice for managers,and references for administrators in other cities.展开更多
Fluoride and nitrate enriched groundwater are potential threats to the safety of the groundwater supply that may cause significant effects on human health and public safety,especially in aggregated population areas an...Fluoride and nitrate enriched groundwater are potential threats to the safety of the groundwater supply that may cause significant effects on human health and public safety,especially in aggregated population areas and economic hubs.This study focuses on the high F^(−)and NO_(3)^(−)concentration groundwater in Tongzhou District,Beijing,North China.A total of 36 groundwater samples were collected to analyze the hydrochemical characteristics,elucidate genetic mechanisms and evaluate the potential human health risks.The results of the analysis indicate:Firstly,most of the groundwater samples are characterized by Mg-HCO_(3) and Na-HCO_(3) with the pH ranging from 7.19 to 8.28 and TDS with a large variation across the range 471-2337 mg/L.The NO_(3)^(−)concentration in 38.89%groundwater samples and the F^(−)concentration in 66.67%groundwater samples exceed the permissible limited value.Secondly,F^(−)in groundwater originates predominantly from water-rock interactions and the fluorite dissolution,which is also regulated by cation exchange,competitive adsorption of HCO_(3)−and an alkaline environment.Thirdly,the effect of sewage disposal and agricultural activities have a significant effect on high NO3-concentration,while the high F^(−)concentration is less influenced by anthropogenic activity.The alkaline environment favors nitrification,thus being conducive to the production of NO_(3)^(−).Finally,the health risk assessment is evaluated for different population groups.The results indicate that high NO_(3)^(−)and F^(−)concentration in groundwater would have the largest threat to children’s health.The findings of this study could contribute to the provision of a scientific basis for groundwater supply policy formulation relating to public health in Tongzhou District.展开更多
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)and their nitrated derivatives(NPAHs)attract continuous attention due to their outstanding carcinogenicity and mutagenicity.In order to investigate the diurnal variations,sources,...Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)and their nitrated derivatives(NPAHs)attract continuous attention due to their outstanding carcinogenicity and mutagenicity.In order to investigate the diurnal variations,sources,formation mechanism,and health risk assessment of them in heating season,particulate matter(PM)were collected in Beijing urban area from December 26,2017 to January 17,2018.PAHs and NPAHs in PM were quantitatively analyzed via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS).Average daily concentrations of PAHs and NPAHs were(78±54)ng/m^(3)and(783±684)pg/m^(3),respectively.The concentrations of them were significantly higher at nighttime than at daytime,and NPAHs concentrations were 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than PAHs concentrations.In the heating season,the dominant species of PAHs include benzo[b]fluoranthene,fluoranthene,pyrene,and chrysene,while 9-nitroanthracene,2+3-nitrofluoranthene,and 2-nitropyrene were dominant species for NPAHs.NPAHs were found to have a single peak during heating and to be primarily distributed in the 0.4-0.7μm particle size.Primary emissions such as biomass burning,coal combustion,and traffic emissions were the major sources of PAHs.NPAHs were produced by the primary source of vehicle emissions and the secondary reaction triggered by OH radicals,as well as biomass burning during daytime.According to the health risk assessment,the total carcinogenic risk was higher in adults than in children.While upon oral ingestion,the carcinogenic risk in children was higher than that of adults,but the risk of adults was higher than children through skin contact and respiratory inhalation.展开更多
Quantification of regulated and emerging disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in swimming pool water,as well as the assessment of their lifetime health risk are limited in China.In this study,the occurrence of regulated DBP...Quantification of regulated and emerging disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in swimming pool water,as well as the assessment of their lifetime health risk are limited in China.In this study,the occurrence of regulated DBPs (e.g.,trihalomethanes,haloacetic acids) and emerging DBPs (e.g.,haloacetonitriles,haloacetaldehydes) in indoor swimming pool water and the corresponding source water at a city in Eastern China were determined.The concentrations of DBPs in swimming pool water were 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than that in source water.Lifetime cancer and non-cancer risks of DBPs stemming from swimming pool water were also estimated.Inhalation and dermal exposure were the most significant exposure routes related to swimming pool DBP cancer and non-cancer risks.For the first time,buccal and aural exposure were considered,and were proven to be important routes of DBP exposure (accounting for 17.9%-38.9%of total risk).The cancer risks of DBPs for all swimmers were higher than 10^(-6)of lifetime exposure risk recommended by United States Environmental Protection Agency,and the competitive adult swimmers experienced the highest cancer risk (7.82×10^(-5)).These findings provide important information and perspectives for future efforts to lower the health risks associated with exposure to DBPs in swimming pool water.展开更多
The overall cross-media risk evaluation of organic pollutants in retired industrial parks is insufficiently recognized.In this study,11 semi-volatile organic compounds(SVOCs)and 27 volatile organic compounds(VOCs)were...The overall cross-media risk evaluation of organic pollutants in retired industrial parks is insufficiently recognized.In this study,11 semi-volatile organic compounds(SVOCs)and 27 volatile organic compounds(VOCs)were measured in 531 soil and groundwater samples taken from a retired industrial park by coast in Zhejiang Province,China.Total petroleum hydrocarbons(TPHs),Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate(DEHP),benzene,and ethylbenzene were identified as the critical pollutants in the soil,while TPHs,1,2-dichloropropane(1,2-DCP),toluene,benzo[a]anthracene(BaA),and benzo[b]fluoranthene(BbF)were identified as critical pollutants in the groundwater for exceeding China national standards.The spatial correlation between the concentrations of organic pollutants in soil and groundwater was explored by employing the Geodetector model.Based on the results of spatial interpolation,high-risk hotspots regarding soil and groundwater pollution were identified.Moreover,the possible harm to human health of the critical pollutants were also under evaluation.Among various critical pollutants,benzene,ethylbenzene,and DEHP in soil,and 1,2-DCP in groundwater,were the main contributors to the overall health risk of multimedia pollution.This study developed a comprehensive approach to assess the risks posed by specific organic toxicants in various environmental media.The findings of this work can serve as a valuable reference for future management strategies in retired industrial parks.展开更多
Purpose The current study was aimed to evaluate the bioaccumulation of elements(As,Cd,Cu,Fe,Mn,Se and Zn)in the gills,liver and muscle of three distinct marine fish species,namely Nemipterus japonicas,Upeneus vittatus...Purpose The current study was aimed to evaluate the bioaccumulation of elements(As,Cd,Cu,Fe,Mn,Se and Zn)in the gills,liver and muscle of three distinct marine fish species,namely Nemipterus japonicas,Upeneus vittatus and Pampus argenteus species were collected from Visakhapatnam to Kakinada coastal waters.Methods The fish tissues were analyzed for trace metals using energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence(EDXRF).To ensure the quality control,reliability of the experimental validation,two certified reference materials(CRMs)procured from National Institute of Standards and Testing(NIST SRM 1577c-Bovine Liver)and European Commission-Joint Research Centre,Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements(ERMBB422-Fish muscle)were analyzed using EDXRF.Results The evaluated estimated daily intake(EDI)values for each metal are below the reference dose levels established by World Health Organisation(WHO).The target hazard quotient(THQ)values of both the locations of the present study are lower than one(<1)except for arsenic and the combined target hazard quotient(CTHQ)values are higher than one(>1)showing the presence of health risk.The cancer risk(CR)factor value for arsenic was below the acceptable lifetime carcinogenic risk(10^(–5)).The levels of heavy metals varied significantly among three fish species and organs.The mean concentrations of As,Cd,Cu,Fe,Mn,Se and Zn were slightly higher than the Ministry of Agriculture,Fisheries and Food(MAFF),Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO),Turkish food codex and Brazilian Legislation standard levels.The findings of this study revealed that muscles possessed the lowest concentrations mostly of all the metals when compared with liver and gills.Conclusion The study concluded that consumption of the muscle tissue may not pose severe health risk to human health but should be consumed moderately to prevent bioaccumulation of the metals especially As.展开更多
Nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(NPAHs)have toxic potentials that are higher than those of their corresponding parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)and thus have received increasing attention in recen...Nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(NPAHs)have toxic potentials that are higher than those of their corresponding parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)and thus have received increasing attention in recent years.In this study,the occurrence,distribution,source,and human health risk assessment of 15 NPAHs and 16 PAHs were investigated in the surface water from 20 sampling sites of Lake Taihu during the dry,normal,and flood seasons of 2018.The PAH concentrations ranged from 255 to 7298 ng/L and the NPAH concentrations ranged from not-detected(ND)to 212 ng/L.Among the target analytes,2-nitrofluorene(2-n Flu)was the predominant NPAH,with a detection frequency ranging from 85%to 90%and a maximum concentration of 56.2 ng/L.The three-ringed and four-ringed NPAHs and PAHs comprised the majority of the detected compounds.In terms of seasonal variation,the highest levels of the NPAHs and PAHs were in the dry season and flood season,respectively.Diagnostic ratio analysis indicated that the prime source of NPAHs was direct combustion,whereas in the case of PAHs the contribution was predominantly from a mixed pattern including pollution from unburned petroleum and petroleum combustion.The human health risk of NPAHs and PAHs was evaluated using a lifetime carcinogenic risk assessment model.The carcinogenic risk level of the targets ranged from 2.09×10^(-7)to 5.75×10^(-5)and some surface water samples posed a potential health risk.展开更多
The total concentrations of Cd,As,Pb,Cr,Ni,Co,Zn,Cu,Ag,Hg,and Mo were determined in the atmospheric dust of the city of Yerevan by atomic absorption spectrometry(AAnalyst PE 800).Heavy metal pollution levels were eval...The total concentrations of Cd,As,Pb,Cr,Ni,Co,Zn,Cu,Ag,Hg,and Mo were determined in the atmospheric dust of the city of Yerevan by atomic absorption spectrometry(AAnalyst PE 800).Heavy metal pollution levels were evaluated by calculating geo-accumulation(I_(geo)) and summary pollution(Z_c) indices.Potential human health risk was assessed using the United States Environmental Protection agency's human health risk assessment model.The results show that mean contents of all elements tested except Ni and Cr were substantially higher than local geochemical background values.According to the I_(geo),Yerevan territory is strongly-to-extremely polluted by As,Ag,Hg,Mo,and Cd.The Z_c assessment indicated that very high pollution was detected in 36%of samples,high in 32%,average in 12%,and low in 20%.The health risk assessment revealed a noncarcinogenic risk(HI >1) for children at 13 samplings sites and for adults at one sampling site.For children the risk was due to elevated levels of Mo,Cd,Co,and As,while for adults,only Mo.Carcinogenic risk(>1:1,000,000) of As and Cr via ingestion pathway was observed in 25 and 14 samples,respectively.This study,therefore,is the base for further detailed investigations to organize problematic site remediation and risk reduction measures.展开更多
In this study, concentrations of Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb were determined in road dusts collected from different locations in Dhaka to assess source, contamination status and health risk. Energy-dispersive X-ray ...In this study, concentrations of Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb were determined in road dusts collected from different locations in Dhaka to assess source, contamination status and health risk. Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were used to determine Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb and their mean concentrations were 162.27 ± 29.46, 721.18 ± 180.14, 35.65 ± 12.55, 104.56 ± 128.33, 515.32 ± 321.90,BDL, and 342.82 ± 591.20 mg/kg, respectively. Among the heavy metals, highest concentrations of Cu, Zn and Pb were found at urban sites-7(municipal waste dumping) and 8(medical waste incineration). Highest concentration of Cr followed by Cu and Zn was found at site-5(Tejgaon, urban). Principal component analysis revealed that anthropogenic activities are the potential sources for Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb while earth crust for Mn. Pollution index and pollution load index results suggested that all the sites were contaminated and/or degraded by Cr, Cu, Zn and Pb except sites-9(urban), 10(sub-urban), 11(rural) while sites-7 and 8(urban) were extremely degraded. For noncarcinogenic health risk, hazard quotient values for dermal were higher compared to that of inhalation/ingestion. Though hazard index values were less than 1 at all the sites, these were at least one order of magnitude higher for children group than that of adult group, thus the children group may face more noncarcinogenic health risk at sites -7 and 8. Values of incremental lifetime cancer risk were from 10to 10showed no carcinogenic health risk by road dusts contaminated with the heavy metals.展开更多
To date,little attention has been paid to the effects of organophosphate esters(OPEs)pollution on aquacultural environment and aquatic product safety.Huanghe(Yellow)River delta area is one of the largest aquaculture c...To date,little attention has been paid to the effects of organophosphate esters(OPEs)pollution on aquacultural environment and aquatic product safety.Huanghe(Yellow)River delta area is one of the largest aquaculture centers in China,where ecological security protection is crucial in the national strategy of China.To explore the pollution characteristics,bioaccumulation,and health risks of OPEs in aquaculture farms in the Huanghe River delta and natural water bodies in the adjacent seas,five species of organisms from different farm types nearby the Huanghe River delta,and the corresponding culture water and sediments were sampled in this study.The total concentrations of Σ_(13)OPEs in water,sediments,and organisms were 51.53-272.18 ng/L,52.63-63.17 ng/g dry weight(dw),and 46.82-108.90 ng/g dw,respectively.Among the five types of culture ponds,the water samples from the swimming crab and hairy crab culture ponds exhibited higher OPEs,the concentration of OPEs in the sediments from the few ponds was relatively balanced,and the OPEs in the organism from the holothurian ponds was higher.Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-isopropyl pho sphate)(TDCP)was the main contaminant in water samples and tripropyl phosphate(TPrP)in sediments and organisms.However,trisphenyl phosphate(TPhP)showed the strongest bioaccumulation ability,followed by 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate(EHDPP)and TPrP.The bioaccumulation capacities of the five species were as follows:prawn>holothurian>hairy crab>swimming crab>carp.These five types of organisms,as main seafood in human consumption,were at low risk of negative impacts of pollution.However,the risk from the mixture of organophosphate flame retardants(OPFRs)still requires more attention due to the increasing consumption and production in the world.展开更多
Heavy metals are widely concerning because of their toxicity,persistence,non-degradation and bioaccumulation ability.Iluman health ambient water quality criteria(AWQC)are specific levels of chemicals that can occur in...Heavy metals are widely concerning because of their toxicity,persistence,non-degradation and bioaccumulation ability.Iluman health ambient water quality criteria(AWQC)are specific levels of chemicals that can occur in water without harming human health.At present,most countries do not consider the effects of aquatic vegetables in deriving human health AWQC.Therefore,the intake of aquatic vegetables(Brasenia schreberi)was added to the derivation of human health AWQC and a health risk assessment for 13 heavy metals in Taihu Lake.The human health AWQC(consumption of water,fish and aquatic vegetables)values of 13 heavy metals ranged from 0.04(Cd)to 710.87μg/L(Sn),and the intake of B.schreberi had a very significant effect on the human health AWQC for Cu,with a more than 62-fold difference.The hazard quotients of As(2.8),Cd(1.6),Cr(1.4)and Cu(4.86)were higher than the safe level(HQ=1),indicating that As,Cd,Cr and Cu in Taihu Lake posed a significant health risk.Sensitivity analysis showed that the contribution rate of B.schreberi intake to the human health risk from Cu was 91.6%,and all results indicated that the risk of Cu in B.schreberi to human health should be of particular concern.This study adds the consideration of aquatic vegetable consumption to the traditional method of human health AWQC derivation and risk assessments for the first time,and this approach can promote the development of risk assessments and water quality criteria.展开更多
To assess groundwater nitrate contamination and its human health risks,489 unconfined groundwater samples were collected and analyzed from Zhangjiakou,northern China.The spatial distribution of principle hydrogeochemi...To assess groundwater nitrate contamination and its human health risks,489 unconfined groundwater samples were collected and analyzed from Zhangjiakou,northern China.The spatial distribution of principle hydrogeochemical results showed that the average concentrations of ions in descend order was HCO3-,SO42-,Na+,Ca2+,Cl-,NO3-,Mg2+and K+,among which the NO3-concentrations were between 0.25 and 536.73 mg/L with an average of 29.72 mg/L.In total,167 out of 489 samples(34%)exceeded the recommended concentration of 20 mg/L in Quality Standard for Groundwater of China.The high NO3-concentration groundwater mainly located in the northern part and near the boundary of the two geomorphic units.As revealed by statistical analysis,the groundwater chemistry was more significantly affected by anthropogenic sources than by the geogenic sources.Moreover,human health risks of groundwater nitrate through oral and dermal exposure pathways were assessed by model,the results showed that about 60%,50%,32%and 26%of the area exceeded the acceptable level(total health index>1)for infants,children,adult males and females,respectively.The health risks for different groups of people varied significantly,ranked:infants>children>adult males>adult females,suggesting that younger people are more susceptible to nitrate contamination,while females are more resistant to nitrate contamination than males.To ensure the drinking water safety in Zhangjiakou and its downstream areas,proper management and treatment of groundwater will be necessary to avoid the health risks associated with nitrate contamination.展开更多
基金supported by Project of Chongqing Science and Technology Bureau (cstc2022jxjl0005)。
文摘This study aimed to investigate the pollution characteristics, source apportionment, and health risks associated with trace metal(loid)s(TMs) in the major agricultural producing areas in Chongqing, China. We analyzed the source apportionment and assessed the health risk of TMs in agricultural soils by using positive matrix factorization(PMF) model and health risk assessment(HRA) model based on Monte Carlo simulation. Meanwhile, we combined PMF and HRA models to explore the health risks of TMs in agricultural soils by different pollution sources to determine the priority control factors. Results showed that the average contents of cadmium(Cd), arsenic (As), lead(Pb), chromium(Cr), copper(Cu), nickel(Ni), and zinc(Zn) in the soil were found to be 0.26, 5.93, 27.14, 61.32, 23.81, 32.45, and 78.65 mg/kg, respectively. Spatial analysis and source apportionment analysis revealed that urban and industrial sources, agricultural sources, and natural sources accounted for 33.0%, 27.7%, and 39.3% of TM accumulation in the soil, respectively. In the HRA model based on Monte Carlo simulation, noncarcinogenic risks were deemed negligible(hazard index <1), the carcinogenic risks were at acceptable level(10^(-6)<total carcinogenic risk ≤ 10^(-4)), with higher risks observed for children compared to adults. The relationship between TMs, their sources, and health risks indicated that urban and industrial sources were primarily associated with As, contributing to 75.1% of carcinogenic risks and 55.7% of non-carcinogenic risks, making them the primary control factors. Meanwhile, agricultural sources were primarily linked to Cd and Pb, contributing to 13.1% of carcinogenic risks and 21.8% of non-carcinogenic risks, designating them as secondary control factors.
基金jointly funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (41877398)project of the China Geological Survey (DD20221773)。
文摘Heavy metal distribution in mining areas has always been a hot research topic due to the special environment of these areas. This study aims to explore the impact of heavy metal pollution on soils and crops in the study area, ensure the safety of local crops and the health of local residents, and provide a basis for the subsequent environmental restoration and the prevention and control of environmental pollution. Based on the analysis of the heavy metal concentrations in local soils and crops, the study investigated the spatial distribution, pollution degrees, and potential ecological risks of heavy metals in the farmland of a mining area in the southeastern Nanyang Basin, Henan province, China explored the sources of heavy metals and assessed the health risks caused by crop intake. The results of this study are as follows. The root soils of crops in the study area suffered heavy metal pollution to varying degrees. The degree of heavy metal pollution in maize fields is higher than that in wheat fields, and both types of fields suffer the most severe Cd pollution. Moreover, the root soils of different crops suffer compound pollution.The root soils in the maize fields suffer severe compound pollution at some sampling positions, whose distribution is similar to that of the mining area. Cd poses the highest potential ecological risks among all heavy metals, and the study area mainly suffers low and moderate comprehensive potential ecological risks. The principal component analysis(PCA) shows that the distribution of Zn, Cd, Pb, and As in soils of the study area is mainly affected by anthropogenic factors such as local mining activities;the distribution of Cr and Ni is primarily controlled by the local geological background;the distribution of Hg is mainly affected by local vehicle exhaust emissions, and the distribution of Cu is influenced by both human activities and the geological background. Different cereal crops in the study area are polluted with heavy metals dominated by Cd and Ni to varying degrees, especially wheat. As indicated by the health risk assessment results, the intake of maize in the study area does not pose significant human health risks;however, Cu has high risks to human health, and the compound heavy metal pollution caused by the intake of wheat in the study area poses risks to the health of both adults and children. Overall, the soils and crops in the study area suffer a high degree of heavy metal pollution, for which mining activities may be the main reason.
文摘The consumption of contaminated river water can have severe effects on human health.This study aims to investigate the trace elements(TEs)content and their health risk assessment in the Badigad River Basin in the lesser Himalayas of Nepal.In total,44 water samples were collected from 22 different sites during the pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons,and 25 TEs were analyzed.Correlation matrix and principal component analysis(PCA)were used to analyze the potential relationship between the measured TEs and their source tracking.Furthermore,the water quality index(WQI),metal index(MI),and cancer index(CI)were evaluated.The TEs content in all samples were found to be within the WHO recommended guideline for drinking and domestic purposes.The dominancy order of the TEs was observed as Sr>Ba>Li>Rb>Zn>Cr>Sc>Mn>Ti>Cu>As>Ni>Co>U>V>Pb>Cs>Ga>Y>Tl>Th>Zr>Bi>Cd>Nb.The PCA analysis suggested that TEs could have natural,anthropogenic,and mixed origins.The WQI indicated that the river water is safe from a human health perspective.The MI suggested that Badigad River can be considered safer for drinking purposes,and the cancer index(CI)showed that all the reported TEs are at low-risk levels.The findings of this study could be useful for government agencies in developing more sustainable water management policies in the region.However,it is suggested that further investigations should be conducted in terms of other hydrogeochemical variables,including major ions,at spatiotemporal levels for the sustainability of the river basin.
基金supported by research grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China[No.81474929]。
文摘Objective This study was designed to conduct a retrospective and systematic occupational health risk assessment(OHRA)of enterprises that used benzene,toluene,and xylene(BTX)in Shanghai,China.Methods All data for the study were obtained from 1,705 occupational health examination and evaluation reports from 2013 to 2017,and a semiquantitative model following Chinese OHRA guidelines(GBZ/T 298-2017)was applied for the assessment.Results The selected enterprises using BTX were mainly involved in manufacturing of products.Using the exposure level method,health risk levels associated with exposure to BTX were classified as medium,negligible,or low.However,the risk levels associated with benzene and toluene were significantly different according to job types,with gluers and inkers exhibiting greater health risks.For the same job type,the health risk levels assessed using the comprehensive index method were higher than those using the exposure level method.Conclusion Our OHRA reveals that workers who are exposed to BTX still face excessive health risk.Additionally,the risk level varied depending on job categories and exposure to specific chemicals.Therefore,additional control measures recommended by OHRA guidelines are essential to reduce worker exposure levels.
基金the result of a research project with code 97361 approved by the Workplace Research Center of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences with the ethics code IR.RUMS.REC.1398.021 from the Vice Chancellor for Research of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciencesowed to Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences for its supports。
文摘In this study, the concentration and spatial distribution of potentially toxic metals(PTMs), including arsenic(As), cadmium(Cd), chromium(Cr), lead(Pb), copper(Cu), iron(Fe), manganese(Mn), and magnesium(Mg) in 23 wells and drinking groundwater distribution networks of Rafsanjan, located in southeast Iran were evaluated. Moreover, the assessment of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks was estimated by Monte Carlo simulation(MCS). The results showed that the concentrations of As and Pb in more than 99% and 23.46% of the study area, respectively, were higher than the maximum concentration level(10 μg/L). The mean concentration of other metals, including Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, and Mn in all drinking water resources was within the WHO standard level. The mean hazard quotient(HQ) for As in the age group of children was 9.246 and adults 2.972, indicating high non-carcinogenic risk of As in the study area. The lifetime cancer risk(LTCR) of As was 1.36 E-3 for adults and 1.52 E-2 for children, indicating high non-carcinogenic risk of As. The level of HQ and LTCR for Pb in both age groups was in the acceptable range. The results of sensitivity analysis showed that the most effective variables were pollutant concentration and body weight(BW), respectively. Finally, it can be concluded that exposure to PTMs, especially As through drinking water in the study area can have significant effects on people’s health living in the area;therefore, it is necessary to treat and remove As from groundwater resources before drinking or using for domestic purpose.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21767006)The Science and Technology of Guizhou Province,China([2018]2349)。
文摘In this study,the sources of potentially toxic elements(PTEs)from atmospheric deposition in the waters of Guizhou’s Caohai Lake were investigated in addition to the potential risks to human health.Moss bags were used to enrich PTEs from atmospheric deposition,and eight monitoring sites that best represented geographic variation were established around Caohai Lake.Moss bags were collected and examined at every 3 months to identify spatiotemporal patterns of dry and wet atmospheric deposition of PTEs.Zn was the most abundant metal identified from deposition in Caohai(72.07%–95.94%),followed by Pb and Cd,while Hg was the least abundant(0.008%–0.354%).The contributions of wet deposition of PTEs were greater than those of dry deposition,and deposition during the heating season from December to April was greater than that between April to July.Hg was mainly derived from atmospheric dry deposition(65.38%–84.44%).Spatial distribution analysis indicated that atmospheric deposition was associated with the intensity of human activities and heating emissions.Exposure via hand-to-mouth contact accounted for over 99%of the total exposure risk although overall exposure was lower than threshold acceptable levels for carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic metals,indicating an overall lack of risk towards human health.Nevertheless,the health risk from atmospheric deposition of PTEs in Caohai Lake may be reduced by focusing on Zn,Pb,and Cd deposition in rainfall and minimizing the hazards associated with hand-to-mouth exposure to PTEs.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51668056)National Key R&D Program Project(2019YFC1904101)+1 种基金Special Funds of the Central Government for Supporting the Reform and Development of Local Colleges and Universities(ZFYJY201902012)Youth Innovation Support Program Project of Tibet Autonomous Region(QCZ2016-01)。
文摘[Objectives]The research aimed to grasp environmental quality of groundwater in a landfill site,predict health risk of pollution factors to regional residents,provide scientific basis for landfill management,pollution prevention and control,and ensure safety of residents'drinking water supply.[Methods]Through on-site sampling of three groundwater monitoring wells at Shigatse landfill,and testing and analysis of conventional indexes and heavy metal elements,standard index method and comprehensive index method were used to evaluate environmental quality of groundwater in the landfill area.On this basis,a health risk evaluation model was applied to assess the health risk of residents in Shigatse landfill area.[Results]Comprehensive water quality was good in individual well of Shigatse landfill.Because NH_(3)-N and Fe in the monitoring well exceeded class Ⅲ standard of groundwater environmental quality in 2014,pollution of monitoring well was relatively heavy.The total carcinogenic risk of landfill groundwater for male and female was 1.855×10^(-6) and 2.238×10^(-6),respectively,exceeding the maximum acceptable level of carcinogenic risk for contaminants(1×10^(-6)).Cr^(6+)should be paid attention to.Moreover,risk value of health hazard for females was generally higher than that of males.The total non-carcinogenic risk values for males and females were 0.0577 and 0.0696,respectively,far lower than the non-carcinogenic risk threshold of"1".[Conclusions]The groundwater environmental quality of Shigatse landfill site was good,and it posed a little health risk to regional residents.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.42177420)。
文摘Fugitive emission from industrial sources may result in ozone formation and health risk,while the exact contribution of this source remains incompletely understood.In this study,emission characteristics,ozone formation potential(OFP)and health risk of fugitive VOCs in7 representative industries were investigated.Chemical material industry was the dominant contributor to VOCs of fugitive emission in comparison with other industries.The OFP of VOCs from fugitive emission was in the range of 1.45×10^(3)-3.98×10^(5)μg/m^(3),with a higher value than that of organized emission in seven industries except for the coking industry and the chemical material industry,suggesting that fugitive VOCs should be taken into account while developing control strategies.Acetaldehyde,m,p-xylene,n-nonane,ethylene,vinyl chloridethe and other high OFP-contributing species were the major reactive species that should be targeted.Health risk assessment investigated non-cancer and cancer risks of fugitive VOCs in 7 industries were all above safe level(HR>1 and LCR>1×10^(-4)),posing remarkable health threats to human health.OVOCs were the main contributor to non-cancer risk,while halohydrocarbons and aromatics contributed most to cancer risks,posing remarkable health threat on human health.Our findings highlighted the contribution of fugitive VOCs on ozone formation and health risk was underestimated,indicating which should be considered in emission control strategies of industrial sources.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U2005206)the Xiamen Municipal Bureau of Science and Technology(China)(No.YDZX20203502000003).
文摘Secondary water supply systems(SWSSs)are important components of the water supply infrastructure that ensure residents’drinking water safety.SWSSs are characterized by long detention time,warm temperature,and unreasonable management,which may trigger the deterioration of water quality and increase risks.In this study,drinking water quality index(DWQI)and health risk assessment(HRA)were selected and modified to quantitatively assess the water quality and health risks of SWSSs in residential neighborhoods.In total,121 seasonal water samples were selected.It was observed that the water quality was excellent with the DWQI of 0.14±0.04,excluding one sample,which was extremely poor owing to its excessive total bacterial count.The HRA results revealed that the health risks were low:negligible non-carcinogenic risk for any population;negligible and acceptable carcinogenic risk for children aged 6–17 and adults.However,samples revealed higher carcinogenic risk(7.63×10−5±3.29×10−6)for children aged 0–5,and arsenic was the major substance.Summer samples had poor water quality and higher health risks,which called for attention.To further investigate the water quality and health risks of SWSSs,monthly sampling was conducted during summer.All 24 water samples were qualified in Chinese standard(GB 5749-2022)and characterized as excellent quality.Their HRA results were consistent with the seasonal samples’and the health risks were mainly concentrated in May.Overall,our study provides a suitable framework for water quality security,advice for managers,and references for administrators in other cities.
基金supported by the project of China Geological Survey(Grant No.DD20221677-2)the fundamental research funds of Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences Basal Research Fund(Grant No.JKYQN202307).
文摘Fluoride and nitrate enriched groundwater are potential threats to the safety of the groundwater supply that may cause significant effects on human health and public safety,especially in aggregated population areas and economic hubs.This study focuses on the high F^(−)and NO_(3)^(−)concentration groundwater in Tongzhou District,Beijing,North China.A total of 36 groundwater samples were collected to analyze the hydrochemical characteristics,elucidate genetic mechanisms and evaluate the potential human health risks.The results of the analysis indicate:Firstly,most of the groundwater samples are characterized by Mg-HCO_(3) and Na-HCO_(3) with the pH ranging from 7.19 to 8.28 and TDS with a large variation across the range 471-2337 mg/L.The NO_(3)^(−)concentration in 38.89%groundwater samples and the F^(−)concentration in 66.67%groundwater samples exceed the permissible limited value.Secondly,F^(−)in groundwater originates predominantly from water-rock interactions and the fluorite dissolution,which is also regulated by cation exchange,competitive adsorption of HCO_(3)−and an alkaline environment.Thirdly,the effect of sewage disposal and agricultural activities have a significant effect on high NO3-concentration,while the high F^(−)concentration is less influenced by anthropogenic activity.The alkaline environment favors nitrification,thus being conducive to the production of NO_(3)^(−).Finally,the health risk assessment is evaluated for different population groups.The results indicate that high NO_(3)^(−)and F^(−)concentration in groundwater would have the largest threat to children’s health.The findings of this study could contribute to the provision of a scientific basis for groundwater supply policy formulation relating to public health in Tongzhou District.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41907197)the Fundamental Research Funds for Central Public Welfare Scientific Research Institutes of China,Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences(No.2019YSKY-018)+1 种基金the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2019YFC0214800)the Standard System and Key Standards Research of National Ecological Environment Protection and Risk Prevention(No.2020YFC18063)。
文摘Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)and their nitrated derivatives(NPAHs)attract continuous attention due to their outstanding carcinogenicity and mutagenicity.In order to investigate the diurnal variations,sources,formation mechanism,and health risk assessment of them in heating season,particulate matter(PM)were collected in Beijing urban area from December 26,2017 to January 17,2018.PAHs and NPAHs in PM were quantitatively analyzed via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS).Average daily concentrations of PAHs and NPAHs were(78±54)ng/m^(3)and(783±684)pg/m^(3),respectively.The concentrations of them were significantly higher at nighttime than at daytime,and NPAHs concentrations were 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than PAHs concentrations.In the heating season,the dominant species of PAHs include benzo[b]fluoranthene,fluoranthene,pyrene,and chrysene,while 9-nitroanthracene,2+3-nitrofluoranthene,and 2-nitropyrene were dominant species for NPAHs.NPAHs were found to have a single peak during heating and to be primarily distributed in the 0.4-0.7μm particle size.Primary emissions such as biomass burning,coal combustion,and traffic emissions were the major sources of PAHs.NPAHs were produced by the primary source of vehicle emissions and the secondary reaction triggered by OH radicals,as well as biomass burning during daytime.According to the health risk assessment,the total carcinogenic risk was higher in adults than in children.While upon oral ingestion,the carcinogenic risk in children was higher than that of adults,but the risk of adults was higher than children through skin contact and respiratory inhalation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.52170009,52091542)the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No.2021YFC_(3)200702)+3 种基金the Program of Shanghai Academic Research Leader,China (No.21XD1424000)the International Cooperation Project of Shanghai Science and Technology Commission (No.20230714100)the Key Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province (No.2020B1111350001)the Tongji University Youth 100 Program。
文摘Quantification of regulated and emerging disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in swimming pool water,as well as the assessment of their lifetime health risk are limited in China.In this study,the occurrence of regulated DBPs (e.g.,trihalomethanes,haloacetic acids) and emerging DBPs (e.g.,haloacetonitriles,haloacetaldehydes) in indoor swimming pool water and the corresponding source water at a city in Eastern China were determined.The concentrations of DBPs in swimming pool water were 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than that in source water.Lifetime cancer and non-cancer risks of DBPs stemming from swimming pool water were also estimated.Inhalation and dermal exposure were the most significant exposure routes related to swimming pool DBP cancer and non-cancer risks.For the first time,buccal and aural exposure were considered,and were proven to be important routes of DBP exposure (accounting for 17.9%-38.9%of total risk).The cancer risks of DBPs for all swimmers were higher than 10^(-6)of lifetime exposure risk recommended by United States Environmental Protection Agency,and the competitive adult swimmers experienced the highest cancer risk (7.82×10^(-5)).These findings provide important information and perspectives for future efforts to lower the health risks associated with exposure to DBPs in swimming pool water.
基金supported by the Consulting Research Project of the Chinese Academy of Engineering(No.2023-XZ-37)the Science and Technology Research Program of Zhejiang Province(China)(No.2020C03011).
文摘The overall cross-media risk evaluation of organic pollutants in retired industrial parks is insufficiently recognized.In this study,11 semi-volatile organic compounds(SVOCs)and 27 volatile organic compounds(VOCs)were measured in 531 soil and groundwater samples taken from a retired industrial park by coast in Zhejiang Province,China.Total petroleum hydrocarbons(TPHs),Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate(DEHP),benzene,and ethylbenzene were identified as the critical pollutants in the soil,while TPHs,1,2-dichloropropane(1,2-DCP),toluene,benzo[a]anthracene(BaA),and benzo[b]fluoranthene(BbF)were identified as critical pollutants in the groundwater for exceeding China national standards.The spatial correlation between the concentrations of organic pollutants in soil and groundwater was explored by employing the Geodetector model.Based on the results of spatial interpolation,high-risk hotspots regarding soil and groundwater pollution were identified.Moreover,the possible harm to human health of the critical pollutants were also under evaluation.Among various critical pollutants,benzene,ethylbenzene,and DEHP in soil,and 1,2-DCP in groundwater,were the main contributors to the overall health risk of multimedia pollution.This study developed a comprehensive approach to assess the risks posed by specific organic toxicants in various environmental media.The findings of this work can serve as a valuable reference for future management strategies in retired industrial parks.
文摘Purpose The current study was aimed to evaluate the bioaccumulation of elements(As,Cd,Cu,Fe,Mn,Se and Zn)in the gills,liver and muscle of three distinct marine fish species,namely Nemipterus japonicas,Upeneus vittatus and Pampus argenteus species were collected from Visakhapatnam to Kakinada coastal waters.Methods The fish tissues were analyzed for trace metals using energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence(EDXRF).To ensure the quality control,reliability of the experimental validation,two certified reference materials(CRMs)procured from National Institute of Standards and Testing(NIST SRM 1577c-Bovine Liver)and European Commission-Joint Research Centre,Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements(ERMBB422-Fish muscle)were analyzed using EDXRF.Results The evaluated estimated daily intake(EDI)values for each metal are below the reference dose levels established by World Health Organisation(WHO).The target hazard quotient(THQ)values of both the locations of the present study are lower than one(<1)except for arsenic and the combined target hazard quotient(CTHQ)values are higher than one(>1)showing the presence of health risk.The cancer risk(CR)factor value for arsenic was below the acceptable lifetime carcinogenic risk(10^(–5)).The levels of heavy metals varied significantly among three fish species and organs.The mean concentrations of As,Cd,Cu,Fe,Mn,Se and Zn were slightly higher than the Ministry of Agriculture,Fisheries and Food(MAFF),Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO),Turkish food codex and Brazilian Legislation standard levels.The findings of this study revealed that muscles possessed the lowest concentrations mostly of all the metals when compared with liver and gills.Conclusion The study concluded that consumption of the muscle tissue may not pose severe health risk to human health but should be consumed moderately to prevent bioaccumulation of the metals especially As.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41671493)the State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse Foundation(No.PCRRF17030)the National Major Project of the Science and Technology Ministry of China(No.2017ZX07202-004 and 2017X07301002-3)。
文摘Nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(NPAHs)have toxic potentials that are higher than those of their corresponding parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)and thus have received increasing attention in recent years.In this study,the occurrence,distribution,source,and human health risk assessment of 15 NPAHs and 16 PAHs were investigated in the surface water from 20 sampling sites of Lake Taihu during the dry,normal,and flood seasons of 2018.The PAH concentrations ranged from 255 to 7298 ng/L and the NPAH concentrations ranged from not-detected(ND)to 212 ng/L.Among the target analytes,2-nitrofluorene(2-n Flu)was the predominant NPAH,with a detection frequency ranging from 85%to 90%and a maximum concentration of 56.2 ng/L.The three-ringed and four-ringed NPAHs and PAHs comprised the majority of the detected compounds.In terms of seasonal variation,the highest levels of the NPAHs and PAHs were in the dry season and flood season,respectively.Diagnostic ratio analysis indicated that the prime source of NPAHs was direct combustion,whereas in the case of PAHs the contribution was predominantly from a mixed pattern including pollution from unburned petroleum and petroleum combustion.The human health risk of NPAHs and PAHs was evaluated using a lifetime carcinogenic risk assessment model.The carcinogenic risk level of the targets ranged from 2.09×10^(-7)to 5.75×10^(-5)and some surface water samples posed a potential health risk.
基金implemented in the frames of a theme "Studying geochemical stream of elements in atmospheric air of Yerevan"(No 13-1E220,2011) under agreement-based(thematic) financial support of the State Committee of Science to the Ministry of Education and Sciences RA
文摘The total concentrations of Cd,As,Pb,Cr,Ni,Co,Zn,Cu,Ag,Hg,and Mo were determined in the atmospheric dust of the city of Yerevan by atomic absorption spectrometry(AAnalyst PE 800).Heavy metal pollution levels were evaluated by calculating geo-accumulation(I_(geo)) and summary pollution(Z_c) indices.Potential human health risk was assessed using the United States Environmental Protection agency's human health risk assessment model.The results show that mean contents of all elements tested except Ni and Cr were substantially higher than local geochemical background values.According to the I_(geo),Yerevan territory is strongly-to-extremely polluted by As,Ag,Hg,Mo,and Cd.The Z_c assessment indicated that very high pollution was detected in 36%of samples,high in 32%,average in 12%,and low in 20%.The health risk assessment revealed a noncarcinogenic risk(HI >1) for children at 13 samplings sites and for adults at one sampling site.For children the risk was due to elevated levels of Mo,Cd,Co,and As,while for adults,only Mo.Carcinogenic risk(>1:1,000,000) of As and Cr via ingestion pathway was observed in 25 and 14 samples,respectively.This study,therefore,is the base for further detailed investigations to organize problematic site remediation and risk reduction measures.
基金the financial support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42042050, U2005207)Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province, China (2020J0141)。
文摘In this study, concentrations of Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb were determined in road dusts collected from different locations in Dhaka to assess source, contamination status and health risk. Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were used to determine Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb and their mean concentrations were 162.27 ± 29.46, 721.18 ± 180.14, 35.65 ± 12.55, 104.56 ± 128.33, 515.32 ± 321.90,BDL, and 342.82 ± 591.20 mg/kg, respectively. Among the heavy metals, highest concentrations of Cu, Zn and Pb were found at urban sites-7(municipal waste dumping) and 8(medical waste incineration). Highest concentration of Cr followed by Cu and Zn was found at site-5(Tejgaon, urban). Principal component analysis revealed that anthropogenic activities are the potential sources for Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb while earth crust for Mn. Pollution index and pollution load index results suggested that all the sites were contaminated and/or degraded by Cr, Cu, Zn and Pb except sites-9(urban), 10(sub-urban), 11(rural) while sites-7 and 8(urban) were extremely degraded. For noncarcinogenic health risk, hazard quotient values for dermal were higher compared to that of inhalation/ingestion. Though hazard index values were less than 1 at all the sites, these were at least one order of magnitude higher for children group than that of adult group, thus the children group may face more noncarcinogenic health risk at sites -7 and 8. Values of incremental lifetime cancer risk were from 10to 10showed no carcinogenic health risk by road dusts contaminated with the heavy metals.
基金Supported by the Fundamental Research Funds of Shandong University(No.2020GN106)the Project of State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology+3 种基金Research Center for Eco-Environmental SciencesChinese Academy of Sciences(No.KF2020-16)the Ministry of Education Chunhui Plan Project(No.191650)the Young Scholars Project of Xihua University in 2019。
文摘To date,little attention has been paid to the effects of organophosphate esters(OPEs)pollution on aquacultural environment and aquatic product safety.Huanghe(Yellow)River delta area is one of the largest aquaculture centers in China,where ecological security protection is crucial in the national strategy of China.To explore the pollution characteristics,bioaccumulation,and health risks of OPEs in aquaculture farms in the Huanghe River delta and natural water bodies in the adjacent seas,five species of organisms from different farm types nearby the Huanghe River delta,and the corresponding culture water and sediments were sampled in this study.The total concentrations of Σ_(13)OPEs in water,sediments,and organisms were 51.53-272.18 ng/L,52.63-63.17 ng/g dry weight(dw),and 46.82-108.90 ng/g dw,respectively.Among the five types of culture ponds,the water samples from the swimming crab and hairy crab culture ponds exhibited higher OPEs,the concentration of OPEs in the sediments from the few ponds was relatively balanced,and the OPEs in the organism from the holothurian ponds was higher.Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-isopropyl pho sphate)(TDCP)was the main contaminant in water samples and tripropyl phosphate(TPrP)in sediments and organisms.However,trisphenyl phosphate(TPhP)showed the strongest bioaccumulation ability,followed by 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate(EHDPP)and TPrP.The bioaccumulation capacities of the five species were as follows:prawn>holothurian>hairy crab>swimming crab>carp.These five types of organisms,as main seafood in human consumption,were at low risk of negative impacts of pollution.However,the risk from the mixture of organophosphate flame retardants(OPFRs)still requires more attention due to the increasing consumption and production in the world.
基金This work was supported by the National Science and Technology Project of Water Pollution Control and Abatement of China(Grant No.2017ZX07301002-02)the Project of Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences(Grant No.2020YSKY-007)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41521003).
文摘Heavy metals are widely concerning because of their toxicity,persistence,non-degradation and bioaccumulation ability.Iluman health ambient water quality criteria(AWQC)are specific levels of chemicals that can occur in water without harming human health.At present,most countries do not consider the effects of aquatic vegetables in deriving human health AWQC.Therefore,the intake of aquatic vegetables(Brasenia schreberi)was added to the derivation of human health AWQC and a health risk assessment for 13 heavy metals in Taihu Lake.The human health AWQC(consumption of water,fish and aquatic vegetables)values of 13 heavy metals ranged from 0.04(Cd)to 710.87μg/L(Sn),and the intake of B.schreberi had a very significant effect on the human health AWQC for Cu,with a more than 62-fold difference.The hazard quotients of As(2.8),Cd(1.6),Cr(1.4)and Cu(4.86)were higher than the safe level(HQ=1),indicating that As,Cd,Cr and Cu in Taihu Lake posed a significant health risk.Sensitivity analysis showed that the contribution rate of B.schreberi intake to the human health risk from Cu was 91.6%,and all results indicated that the risk of Cu in B.schreberi to human health should be of particular concern.This study adds the consideration of aquatic vegetable consumption to the traditional method of human health AWQC derivation and risk assessments for the first time,and this approach can promote the development of risk assessments and water quality criteria.
基金supported by the National Key R and D Program of China(No.2018YFE0204100)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2020M680698)+1 种基金the Survey of backup groundwater sources in Zhangjiakou region(No.2013995431)。
文摘To assess groundwater nitrate contamination and its human health risks,489 unconfined groundwater samples were collected and analyzed from Zhangjiakou,northern China.The spatial distribution of principle hydrogeochemical results showed that the average concentrations of ions in descend order was HCO3-,SO42-,Na+,Ca2+,Cl-,NO3-,Mg2+and K+,among which the NO3-concentrations were between 0.25 and 536.73 mg/L with an average of 29.72 mg/L.In total,167 out of 489 samples(34%)exceeded the recommended concentration of 20 mg/L in Quality Standard for Groundwater of China.The high NO3-concentration groundwater mainly located in the northern part and near the boundary of the two geomorphic units.As revealed by statistical analysis,the groundwater chemistry was more significantly affected by anthropogenic sources than by the geogenic sources.Moreover,human health risks of groundwater nitrate through oral and dermal exposure pathways were assessed by model,the results showed that about 60%,50%,32%and 26%of the area exceeded the acceptable level(total health index>1)for infants,children,adult males and females,respectively.The health risks for different groups of people varied significantly,ranked:infants>children>adult males>adult females,suggesting that younger people are more susceptible to nitrate contamination,while females are more resistant to nitrate contamination than males.To ensure the drinking water safety in Zhangjiakou and its downstream areas,proper management and treatment of groundwater will be necessary to avoid the health risks associated with nitrate contamination.
