Background and objective:Immediate breast reconstruction not only reduces the number of surgeries for patients after mastectomy but also decreases psychological and physical trauma,making it increasingly popular.Howev...Background and objective:Immediate breast reconstruction not only reduces the number of surgeries for patients after mastectomy but also decreases psychological and physical trauma,making it increasingly popular.However,there is currently no consensus on the integration of post-mastectomy radiotherapy(PMRT)with reconstruction techniques.This review evaluates the impact of PMRT on complications following immediate breast reconstruction,providing guidance for clinical treatment decisions.Methods:PubMed,Web of Science,Embase,and other databases were searched for studies published in the past 15 years on outcomes of implant-based breast reconstruction in the context of radiotherapy to identify articles for analysis.RevMan 5.4 software was used to analyze the risks of seroma,infection,wound dehiscence,flap necrosis,implant exposure,capsule contracture,and reconstruction failure.Results:A total of 1l relevant studies were included,comprising 6323 cases of immediate breast reconstruction.It was found that breasts receiving postoperative irradiation had a significantly increased risk of complications,with statistically significant differences in seroma(P=0.004),infection(P<0.00001),wound dehiscence(P=0.04),implant exposure(P<0.00001),capsule contracture(P<0.00001),and reconstruction failure(P<0.00001).There was no statistically significant difference in flap necrosis(P=0.88).Conclusion:The results indicate that postoperative radiotherapy significantly increases the risk of complications for patients undergoing immediate implant-based reconstruction.Preventive measures may be taken in advance with the assistance of healthcare providers if necessary.展开更多
Objective:The number of immediate breast reconstruction(IBR)procedures has been increasing in China.This study aimed to investigate the oncological safety of IBR,and to compare the survival and surgical outcomes betwe...Objective:The number of immediate breast reconstruction(IBR)procedures has been increasing in China.This study aimed to investigate the oncological safety of IBR,and to compare the survival and surgical outcomes between implant-based and autologous reconstruction.Methods:Data from patients diagnosed with invasive breast cancer who underwent immediate total breast reconstruction between 2001 and 2016 were retrospectively reviewed.Long-term breast cancer-specific survival(BCSS),disease-free survival(DFS),and locoregional recurrence-free survival(LRFS)were evaluated.Patient satisfaction with the breast was compared between the implantbased and autologous groups.BCSS,DFS,and LRFS were compared between groups after propensity score matching(PSM).Results:A total of 784 IBR procedures were identified,of which 584 were performed on patients with invasive breast cancer(implantbased,n=288;autologous,n=296).With a median follow-up of 71.3 months,the 10-year estimates of BCSS,DFS,and LRFS were 88.9%[95%confidence interval(CI)(85.1%–93.0%)],79.6%[95%CI(74.7%–84.8%)],and 94.0%[95%CI(90.3%–97.8%)],respectively.A total of 124 patients completed the Breast-Q questionnaire,and no statistically significant differences were noted between groups(P=0.823).After PSM with 27 variables,no statistically significant differences in BCSS,DFS,and LRFS were found between the implant-based(n=177)and autologous(n=177)groups.Further stratification according to staging,histological grade,lymph node status,and lymph-venous invasion status revealed no significant survival differences between groups.Conclusions:Both immediate implant-based and autologous reconstruction were reasonable choices with similar long-term oncological outcomes and patient-reported satisfaction among patients with invasive breast cancer in China.展开更多
The aim of the study was to show significant differences regarding postoperative complications and outcomes using three different Acellular Dermal Matrices (ADM), namely Epiflex<span style="white-space:nowrap;...The aim of the study was to show significant differences regarding postoperative complications and outcomes using three different Acellular Dermal Matrices (ADM), namely Epiflex<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><sup>®</sup></span></span>, Strattice<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><sup>®</sup></span></span> and Braxon<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><sup>®</sup></span></span>, in immediate implant-based subpectoral breast reconstruction cases. <strong>Background:</strong> The use of Acellular Dermal Matrices for implant-based breast reconstruction cases continues to evolve. There is a wide variety of products which differ significantly in their biological features. It remains unclear if and how these differences manifest in clinical practice. <strong>Methods:</strong> 82 cases of primary breast reconstruction in the Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery of HELIOS Clinics Schwerin, Germany between 2010 and 2018 were analyzed. 25 patients received Strattice<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><sup>®</sup></span></span> acellular dermal matrix (SADM), 22 cases Epiflex<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><sup>®</sup></span></span> acellular dermal matrix (EADM) and the remaining 35 cases Braxon<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><sup>®</sup></span></span> acellular dermal matrix (BADM). The mean follow-up was 1.8 years. Cases were analyzed regarding minor or major complications and rate of capsular contracture grade III or IV (Baker Classification). <strong>Results:</strong> The overall complication rate was 34.1% for all groups (SADM = 40%, EADM = 50%, BADM = 20%, p-value = 0.051). Of all cases, 6 patients underwent implant exchange or secondary autologous reconstruction due to capsular contracture (7.3%). The mean time between revision due to capsular contracture and reconstruction was 35.8 ± 14.4 months. 50% of patients, who developed capsular contracture, received postoperative radiation. Mean hospitalization time was 8.2 ± 3 days (SADM = 8 ± 3.2 days, EADM = 10 ± 2.8 days, BADM = 6 ± 1.3 days). There were no significant differences between all three groups for demographics, overall complication rate or capsular contracture. However, patients receiving Braxon<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><sup>®</sup></span></span> matrix showed significantly fewer minor complications (p-value = 0.01). Moreover, patients receiving Braxon<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><sup>®</sup></span></span> ADM showed a significantly lower time of hospitalization (p < 0.001). <strong>Conclusion:</strong> No significant differences regarding the overall complication rate were found between the three groups. Different biological features of ADM showed a weak influence on overall results. However, patients receiving Braxon<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><sup>®</sup></span></span> ADM showed significantly lower minor complication rates and hospitalization time. In addition, these matrices showed a trend towards lower capsular contracture rates. The low rate of capsular contracture hints at possible advantages of ADM-use in direct-to-implant cases.展开更多
Immediate lymphatic reconstruction(ILR)has become increasingly utilized for the prevention of breast cancerrelated lymphedema(BCRL).A growing body of evidence has demonstrated the long-term efficacy of ILR in reducing...Immediate lymphatic reconstruction(ILR)has become increasingly utilized for the prevention of breast cancerrelated lymphedema(BCRL).A growing body of evidence has demonstrated the long-term efficacy of ILR in reducing the rate of BCRL.While certain risk factors for BCRL are well-recognized,such as axillary lymph node dissection,regional lymph node radiation,and elevated body mass index,other potential risk factors such as age and taxane-based chemotherapeutics remain under discussion.Our experience with ILR has highlighted an additional potential risk factor for BCRL.Lymphatic anatomy,specifically compensatory lymphatic channels that bypass the axilla,may play a largely underrecognized role in determining which patients will develop BCRL after ILR.Foundational anatomic knowledge has primarily been based on cadaveric studies that predate the twentieth century.Modern approaches to lymphatic anatomical mapping using indocyanine green lymphography have helped to elucidate baseline lymphatic anatomy and compensatory channels,and certain variations within these channels may act as anatomic risk factors.Therefore,the purpose of this review was to highlight ways in which variations in lymphatic anatomy can inform the application and improve the accessibility of this procedure.As ILR continues to advance and evolve,anatomical mapping of the lymphatic system is valuable to both the patient and lymphatic microsurgeon and is a critical area of future study.展开更多
The treatment of a 40-year-old woman with a giant fibroadenoma in her left breast is presented. The fibroadenoma measured 14 × 5 × 3 cm and weighed 170 g. We demonstrate that the surgical strategy and the re...The treatment of a 40-year-old woman with a giant fibroadenoma in her left breast is presented. The fibroadenoma measured 14 × 5 × 3 cm and weighed 170 g. We demonstrate that the surgical strategy and the reconstructive techniques in oncoplastic breast cancer surgery successfully can be applied to the treatment of these rare benign tumours improving the cosmetic and functional outcome.展开更多
Breast reconstruction is rapidly evolving,thanks to the growing acceptance of synthetic meshes as innovative biomaterials.276 patients undergoing mastectomy(total of 328 mastectomies)were analyzed in a retrospective o...Breast reconstruction is rapidly evolving,thanks to the growing acceptance of synthetic meshes as innovative biomaterials.276 patients undergoing mastectomy(total of 328 mastectomies)were analyzed in a retrospective observational study to evaluate the pre-pectoral immediate breast reconstruction(IBR)using an implant wrapped with Titanium-Coated Polypropylene Mesh(TCPM)vs.patients treated with tissue expander(TE),equally placed pre-pectorally(and wrapped with the same TCPM in 74.3%of the control group’breasts).163 patients,of the study group(SG),underwent mastectomy and pre-pectoral IBR with implant wrapped with TCPM,in a one-step surgery,called direct-to-implant technique(DTI),while 113 patients control group(CG)underwent mastectomy and TE.DTI technique has been performed in 192 breasts of the SG while TE procedure in 136 breasts of the CG.The BREAST-Q questionnaire has been provided before the treatment and 2 years later.Baker scale has been used to evaluate capsular contracture.Oncologic,surgical,and aesthetic outcomes along with BREAST-Q scores were analyzed.Additionally,a histologic evaluation was conducted in 11 capsules’samples randomly chosen(6 derived from SG patients and 5 derived from CG).Complications were recorded in 43 cases(29SG-14CG):8 skin-nipple necrosis(5SG-3CG),8 wound dehiscence(6SG-2CG),3 hematomas(1SG-2CG),and 24 infections(8SG-16CG).Grade IV capsular contracture was detected in 9 breasts(1SG-8CG),whereas 254 breasts were grade I(110SG-144CG),33(10SG-23CG)grade II,and 32(4SG-28CG)grade III.Implant wrinkling was detected in 18 cases(10SG-8CG)after 30 months.The local tumor recurrence rate was 5.8%.Three recurrences were on the nipple-areola complex(1.9%).SG patients showed significantly higher rates in the BREAST-Q overall Satisfaction with Outcome(74.1),overall Satisfaction with Breasts(69.1),Psychosocial Well-being(81.9),and Sexual Well-being(63.1),versus CG’s patients(p<0.05).Histological analysis showed a process of normal tissue repair with a complete mesh integration and normal healing.Conservative mastectomies with pre-pectoral IBR assisted by TCPM proved themselves oncologically safe,biologically integrated into native tissues,and highly accepted in terms of quality of life guaranteeing a more natural and aesthetic breast appearance.Core tip:This retrospective observational study provided clinical and histological outcomes of the pre-pectoral IBR using an implant wrapped with TCPM vs.patients treated with TE,equally placed pre-pectorally.The efficacy of IBR using an implant wrapped with TCPM was confirmed by the cosmetic results obtained and by a rate of side effects comparable to TE.All the histological analyses performed confirmed the TCPM mesh complete integration with the physiological aspects of healing:The Collagen 1 and 3 expressions did not differ,between TCPM and NO TCPM samples to confirm a process of healing overlapping to perfect device incorporation and normal healing.展开更多
Aim:While skin-sparing mastectomy(SSM)can be performed in patients with stage II-III breast cancer,the impact of neoadjuvant chemotherapy(NAC)on SSM rates and reconstructive modalities in these patients is not known.M...Aim:While skin-sparing mastectomy(SSM)can be performed in patients with stage II-III breast cancer,the impact of neoadjuvant chemotherapy(NAC)on SSM rates and reconstructive modalities in these patients is not known.Methods:Between January 2007 and December 2009,409 immediate breast reconstructions(IBRs)were performed in patients with Stage II-III breast cancer.Data were collected on preoperative,operative,and postoperative factors.Results:There was a statistically significant relationship between clinical stage of disease and the utilization of SSM or non-SSM(P<0.0001).Seventy-five percent of all patients with stage II disease and 50%of patients with stage III disease underwent SSM;similarly,75.5%of patients with stage II and 49.1%of patients with stage III disease who received NAC underwent SSM with immediate reconstruction,in spite of having a greater proportion of stage III patients(P<0.01).In addition,patients who received NAC followed by SSM with IBR had larger tumors(mean,3.5 cm vs.3.1 cm,P<0.001).The type of IBR,and size of skin defect was significantly affected by whether the patient underwent SSM or non-SSM(P=0.001,P<0.01,respectively).Conclusion:We are increasingly considering NAC to be an important tool to potentially reduce the morbidity of mastectomy,including the need to resect breast skin,which can subsequently enhance reconstructive outcomes in patients with clinical stage II and III breast cancer.Specifically,our data suggest that NAC patients with stage II and III breast cancer and larger tumors can reliably and safely undergo SSM in nearly half of cases,thus improving reconstructive outcomes and patient well-being.展开更多
文摘Background and objective:Immediate breast reconstruction not only reduces the number of surgeries for patients after mastectomy but also decreases psychological and physical trauma,making it increasingly popular.However,there is currently no consensus on the integration of post-mastectomy radiotherapy(PMRT)with reconstruction techniques.This review evaluates the impact of PMRT on complications following immediate breast reconstruction,providing guidance for clinical treatment decisions.Methods:PubMed,Web of Science,Embase,and other databases were searched for studies published in the past 15 years on outcomes of implant-based breast reconstruction in the context of radiotherapy to identify articles for analysis.RevMan 5.4 software was used to analyze the risks of seroma,infection,wound dehiscence,flap necrosis,implant exposure,capsule contracture,and reconstruction failure.Results:A total of 1l relevant studies were included,comprising 6323 cases of immediate breast reconstruction.It was found that breasts receiving postoperative irradiation had a significantly increased risk of complications,with statistically significant differences in seroma(P=0.004),infection(P<0.00001),wound dehiscence(P=0.04),implant exposure(P<0.00001),capsule contracture(P<0.00001),and reconstruction failure(P<0.00001).There was no statistically significant difference in flap necrosis(P=0.88).Conclusion:The results indicate that postoperative radiotherapy significantly increases the risk of complications for patients undergoing immediate implant-based reconstruction.Preventive measures may be taken in advance with the assistance of healthcare providers if necessary.
基金supported by the Tianjin“Belt and Road”Technological Innovation and Cooperation Grant(Grant No.18PTZWHZ00050)the Special Foundation for Project and Team Development Grant(Grant No.XB202008).
文摘Objective:The number of immediate breast reconstruction(IBR)procedures has been increasing in China.This study aimed to investigate the oncological safety of IBR,and to compare the survival and surgical outcomes between implant-based and autologous reconstruction.Methods:Data from patients diagnosed with invasive breast cancer who underwent immediate total breast reconstruction between 2001 and 2016 were retrospectively reviewed.Long-term breast cancer-specific survival(BCSS),disease-free survival(DFS),and locoregional recurrence-free survival(LRFS)were evaluated.Patient satisfaction with the breast was compared between the implantbased and autologous groups.BCSS,DFS,and LRFS were compared between groups after propensity score matching(PSM).Results:A total of 784 IBR procedures were identified,of which 584 were performed on patients with invasive breast cancer(implantbased,n=288;autologous,n=296).With a median follow-up of 71.3 months,the 10-year estimates of BCSS,DFS,and LRFS were 88.9%[95%confidence interval(CI)(85.1%–93.0%)],79.6%[95%CI(74.7%–84.8%)],and 94.0%[95%CI(90.3%–97.8%)],respectively.A total of 124 patients completed the Breast-Q questionnaire,and no statistically significant differences were noted between groups(P=0.823).After PSM with 27 variables,no statistically significant differences in BCSS,DFS,and LRFS were found between the implant-based(n=177)and autologous(n=177)groups.Further stratification according to staging,histological grade,lymph node status,and lymph-venous invasion status revealed no significant survival differences between groups.Conclusions:Both immediate implant-based and autologous reconstruction were reasonable choices with similar long-term oncological outcomes and patient-reported satisfaction among patients with invasive breast cancer in China.
文摘The aim of the study was to show significant differences regarding postoperative complications and outcomes using three different Acellular Dermal Matrices (ADM), namely Epiflex<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><sup>®</sup></span></span>, Strattice<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><sup>®</sup></span></span> and Braxon<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><sup>®</sup></span></span>, in immediate implant-based subpectoral breast reconstruction cases. <strong>Background:</strong> The use of Acellular Dermal Matrices for implant-based breast reconstruction cases continues to evolve. There is a wide variety of products which differ significantly in their biological features. It remains unclear if and how these differences manifest in clinical practice. <strong>Methods:</strong> 82 cases of primary breast reconstruction in the Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery of HELIOS Clinics Schwerin, Germany between 2010 and 2018 were analyzed. 25 patients received Strattice<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><sup>®</sup></span></span> acellular dermal matrix (SADM), 22 cases Epiflex<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><sup>®</sup></span></span> acellular dermal matrix (EADM) and the remaining 35 cases Braxon<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><sup>®</sup></span></span> acellular dermal matrix (BADM). The mean follow-up was 1.8 years. Cases were analyzed regarding minor or major complications and rate of capsular contracture grade III or IV (Baker Classification). <strong>Results:</strong> The overall complication rate was 34.1% for all groups (SADM = 40%, EADM = 50%, BADM = 20%, p-value = 0.051). Of all cases, 6 patients underwent implant exchange or secondary autologous reconstruction due to capsular contracture (7.3%). The mean time between revision due to capsular contracture and reconstruction was 35.8 ± 14.4 months. 50% of patients, who developed capsular contracture, received postoperative radiation. Mean hospitalization time was 8.2 ± 3 days (SADM = 8 ± 3.2 days, EADM = 10 ± 2.8 days, BADM = 6 ± 1.3 days). There were no significant differences between all three groups for demographics, overall complication rate or capsular contracture. However, patients receiving Braxon<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><sup>®</sup></span></span> matrix showed significantly fewer minor complications (p-value = 0.01). Moreover, patients receiving Braxon<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><sup>®</sup></span></span> ADM showed a significantly lower time of hospitalization (p < 0.001). <strong>Conclusion:</strong> No significant differences regarding the overall complication rate were found between the three groups. Different biological features of ADM showed a weak influence on overall results. However, patients receiving Braxon<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><sup>®</sup></span></span> ADM showed significantly lower minor complication rates and hospitalization time. In addition, these matrices showed a trend towards lower capsular contracture rates. The low rate of capsular contracture hints at possible advantages of ADM-use in direct-to-implant cases.
基金partially supported by the National Heart,Lung,and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health(https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/)under Award Number R01HL157991sponsored by the 2022 JOBST Lymphatic Research Grant awarded by the Boston Lymphatic Symposium,Inc.
文摘Immediate lymphatic reconstruction(ILR)has become increasingly utilized for the prevention of breast cancerrelated lymphedema(BCRL).A growing body of evidence has demonstrated the long-term efficacy of ILR in reducing the rate of BCRL.While certain risk factors for BCRL are well-recognized,such as axillary lymph node dissection,regional lymph node radiation,and elevated body mass index,other potential risk factors such as age and taxane-based chemotherapeutics remain under discussion.Our experience with ILR has highlighted an additional potential risk factor for BCRL.Lymphatic anatomy,specifically compensatory lymphatic channels that bypass the axilla,may play a largely underrecognized role in determining which patients will develop BCRL after ILR.Foundational anatomic knowledge has primarily been based on cadaveric studies that predate the twentieth century.Modern approaches to lymphatic anatomical mapping using indocyanine green lymphography have helped to elucidate baseline lymphatic anatomy and compensatory channels,and certain variations within these channels may act as anatomic risk factors.Therefore,the purpose of this review was to highlight ways in which variations in lymphatic anatomy can inform the application and improve the accessibility of this procedure.As ILR continues to advance and evolve,anatomical mapping of the lymphatic system is valuable to both the patient and lymphatic microsurgeon and is a critical area of future study.
文摘The treatment of a 40-year-old woman with a giant fibroadenoma in her left breast is presented. The fibroadenoma measured 14 × 5 × 3 cm and weighed 170 g. We demonstrate that the surgical strategy and the reconstructive techniques in oncoplastic breast cancer surgery successfully can be applied to the treatment of these rare benign tumours improving the cosmetic and functional outcome.
文摘Breast reconstruction is rapidly evolving,thanks to the growing acceptance of synthetic meshes as innovative biomaterials.276 patients undergoing mastectomy(total of 328 mastectomies)were analyzed in a retrospective observational study to evaluate the pre-pectoral immediate breast reconstruction(IBR)using an implant wrapped with Titanium-Coated Polypropylene Mesh(TCPM)vs.patients treated with tissue expander(TE),equally placed pre-pectorally(and wrapped with the same TCPM in 74.3%of the control group’breasts).163 patients,of the study group(SG),underwent mastectomy and pre-pectoral IBR with implant wrapped with TCPM,in a one-step surgery,called direct-to-implant technique(DTI),while 113 patients control group(CG)underwent mastectomy and TE.DTI technique has been performed in 192 breasts of the SG while TE procedure in 136 breasts of the CG.The BREAST-Q questionnaire has been provided before the treatment and 2 years later.Baker scale has been used to evaluate capsular contracture.Oncologic,surgical,and aesthetic outcomes along with BREAST-Q scores were analyzed.Additionally,a histologic evaluation was conducted in 11 capsules’samples randomly chosen(6 derived from SG patients and 5 derived from CG).Complications were recorded in 43 cases(29SG-14CG):8 skin-nipple necrosis(5SG-3CG),8 wound dehiscence(6SG-2CG),3 hematomas(1SG-2CG),and 24 infections(8SG-16CG).Grade IV capsular contracture was detected in 9 breasts(1SG-8CG),whereas 254 breasts were grade I(110SG-144CG),33(10SG-23CG)grade II,and 32(4SG-28CG)grade III.Implant wrinkling was detected in 18 cases(10SG-8CG)after 30 months.The local tumor recurrence rate was 5.8%.Three recurrences were on the nipple-areola complex(1.9%).SG patients showed significantly higher rates in the BREAST-Q overall Satisfaction with Outcome(74.1),overall Satisfaction with Breasts(69.1),Psychosocial Well-being(81.9),and Sexual Well-being(63.1),versus CG’s patients(p<0.05).Histological analysis showed a process of normal tissue repair with a complete mesh integration and normal healing.Conservative mastectomies with pre-pectoral IBR assisted by TCPM proved themselves oncologically safe,biologically integrated into native tissues,and highly accepted in terms of quality of life guaranteeing a more natural and aesthetic breast appearance.Core tip:This retrospective observational study provided clinical and histological outcomes of the pre-pectoral IBR using an implant wrapped with TCPM vs.patients treated with TE,equally placed pre-pectorally.The efficacy of IBR using an implant wrapped with TCPM was confirmed by the cosmetic results obtained and by a rate of side effects comparable to TE.All the histological analyses performed confirmed the TCPM mesh complete integration with the physiological aspects of healing:The Collagen 1 and 3 expressions did not differ,between TCPM and NO TCPM samples to confirm a process of healing overlapping to perfect device incorporation and normal healing.
文摘Aim:While skin-sparing mastectomy(SSM)can be performed in patients with stage II-III breast cancer,the impact of neoadjuvant chemotherapy(NAC)on SSM rates and reconstructive modalities in these patients is not known.Methods:Between January 2007 and December 2009,409 immediate breast reconstructions(IBRs)were performed in patients with Stage II-III breast cancer.Data were collected on preoperative,operative,and postoperative factors.Results:There was a statistically significant relationship between clinical stage of disease and the utilization of SSM or non-SSM(P<0.0001).Seventy-five percent of all patients with stage II disease and 50%of patients with stage III disease underwent SSM;similarly,75.5%of patients with stage II and 49.1%of patients with stage III disease who received NAC underwent SSM with immediate reconstruction,in spite of having a greater proportion of stage III patients(P<0.01).In addition,patients who received NAC followed by SSM with IBR had larger tumors(mean,3.5 cm vs.3.1 cm,P<0.001).The type of IBR,and size of skin defect was significantly affected by whether the patient underwent SSM or non-SSM(P=0.001,P<0.01,respectively).Conclusion:We are increasingly considering NAC to be an important tool to potentially reduce the morbidity of mastectomy,including the need to resect breast skin,which can subsequently enhance reconstructive outcomes in patients with clinical stage II and III breast cancer.Specifically,our data suggest that NAC patients with stage II and III breast cancer and larger tumors can reliably and safely undergo SSM in nearly half of cases,thus improving reconstructive outcomes and patient well-being.
