As an innovative economic model,the sharing economy has seen rapid growth globally in recent years.It has not only brought a profound impact on traditional economies but also injected new vitality and momentum into th...As an innovative economic model,the sharing economy has seen rapid growth globally in recent years.It has not only brought a profound impact on traditional economies but also injected new vitality and momentum into the sustainable development of the social economy.However,for the sharing economy,the process of collecting personal income tax is facing several issues,such as the ambiguity of tax policies regarding personal income,challenges in identifying taxpayers,and difficulties in defining income.To achieve the fairness and efficiency of personal income tax collection in the sharing economy,this study proposes optimized regulatory mechanisms and conducts in-depth discussions on the adjustment of personal income tax policies,innovation in tax management technology,and improvement in the quality of personal income tax services.展开更多
Presentation of the reports on the reformation of personal income taxation that have been prepared with a development plan for the Greek economy,that discuss the issue of taxation and point out its important features....Presentation of the reports on the reformation of personal income taxation that have been prepared with a development plan for the Greek economy,that discuss the issue of taxation and point out its important features.The goal is the complete modernization of the tax system,so that it responds more fully to the principles of social justice,contributes to the economic development of the country and is governed by simple and modern procedures,which apply to all tax objects.The purpose of the study is to deepen the proposals for tax reform based on the peculiarities of the Greek economy,the international trends in this field and the weaknesses of the tax system.The effects of a tax reformation are analyzed and how it should take the form of the reform,which,however,requires a new legislation,which will bring about radical and deep cuts,which respond to the new conditions and the internationalization of the economy.Proposals for a set of structural measures,which are necessary for the country’s adaptation to the wider European environment and the elimination of the weaknesses that increase its distance from the other member countries.Citation of the common points of the reports on the reformation of personal income taxation and their adoption by the tax leadership.展开更多
For individuals who are contemplating relocating, how their income will be taxed might be an important factor when deciding whether or not to take up residence in another country. Two income approaches are commonly us...For individuals who are contemplating relocating, how their income will be taxed might be an important factor when deciding whether or not to take up residence in another country. Two income approaches are commonly used around the globe. Worldwide income approach （also known as a global tax system） taxes income from whatever source derived. Territorial income approach taxes only income earned within the country＇s borders. Using information collected from PricewaterhouseCoopers＇ website1 that provides information on tax systems used in countries around the world, this paper examines which countries apply worldwide or global income approach and which employ territorial approach to determine the legitimate source of taxable income. The research focuses on countries within： （1） Americas; （2） Asia/Pacific Basin; （3） Europe; and （4） Africa/Middle and Near East. Based on the information collected and presented in this paper, the worldwide approach is much more prevalent （104 countries） than the territorial approach （30 countries）. This paper also investigates any specific rules that a particular country has in relation to income to be taxed and residency versus non-residency status of the taxpayers. There appears to be an abundant spectrum of rules relating to residency and domicile for tax purposes among the countries.展开更多
In China, the income tax of enterprise is very different between foreign funded enterprises and other domestic enterprises. It is believed that this discrimination is harmful to the entire economy. So there is a refor...In China, the income tax of enterprise is very different between foreign funded enterprises and other domestic enterprises. It is believed that this discrimination is harmful to the entire economy. So there is a reform in the tax system to build a uniform enterprise income tax. This is a significant reform in China＇s tax system, so every decision about this have to count the cost and the benefit carefully. The author has introduced the Computable General Equilibrium （CGE） to simulate this new tax system and value its benefit and cost. There are two different models in the paper; they are of different assumptions and for different purposes. Model I is a static CGE model and model II is a Ramsey Dynamic model. The static model is mainly used for comparative static approach to examine how the tax reform will change the endogenous variables. According to the results of the model, more goods will be produced by both of the DFEs and FIEs after the tax reform in the medium and low tax effective tax rate situations. If the nominal tax rates decrease 24.24% （from 33% to 25%）, the enterprise income tax will only reduce 19.36% and the total tax revenue will only reduce 1.911%. The dynamic model will concentrate on the costs and benefits during the transition. From the results of the model, a lower tax rate will increase the level of investment, capital stock, capital prices, wage rate and also the growth rates through transition. If the capital tax rates are changed gradually, the fluctuating of transition will be smoothed a little.展开更多
Capital structure denotes enterprises＇ form and proportion relation of various long-term funds source. The capital structure is the combination problem of the long-term funds about enterprise development and it is th...Capital structure denotes enterprises＇ form and proportion relation of various long-term funds source. The capital structure is the combination problem of the long-term funds about enterprise development and it is the quantity and proportion between every fund form. This paper analyzes the various factors which affect capital structural decision-making, and introduces capital structural optimization theory of the shelter benefit of tax revenue and bankruptcy cost balance. It studies the method and the evaluation criterion of capital structural optimization. And it constructs capital structural optimization model of coexistence condition of company＇s income tax and individual income tax. This will be very helpful for the rationality of enterprise capital structure.展开更多
Many merger and reorganization is enterprises merger, because merger perplexing, the treatment of income tax accounting exists a variety of complex problems, the merging party obtains the net wealth of the combined pa...Many merger and reorganization is enterprises merger, because merger perplexing, the treatment of income tax accounting exists a variety of complex problems, the merging party obtains the net wealth of the combined party, some include the deferred income tax liabilities and deferred tax assets, there are not included. The merging party merger resulting combined balance in the merging process may affect the current income tax and deferred income tax, but also may not have any effect. This paper goes through the application case on enterprises merger＇ merging party or purchase party tax treatment to carry on analysis, which provides the major reference for accounting theory and accounting practice circles.展开更多
*Newly-built joint ventures engaged in new and high technological enterprises shall enjoy a 15 percent reduction of income tax for two years, or a 24 percent reduction for two years and a 50 percent reduction in the f...*Newly-built joint ventures engaged in new and high technological enterprises shall enjoy a 15 percent reduction of income tax for two years, or a 24 percent reduction for two years and a 50 percent reduction in the following three years. A choice between the two may be decided by the said enterprises. **Service industry, those enterprises with a foreign capital of more than US$5 million shall be exempt from the tax展开更多
BEIJING’S revenue from personal income tax in 2001 was 8 billion yuan, an increase of 42 percent, and the amount of tax received from high-income earners increased 2.6 fold. From September to November 2001, high-inco...BEIJING’S revenue from personal income tax in 2001 was 8 billion yuan, an increase of 42 percent, and the amount of tax received from high-income earners increased 2.6 fold. From September to November 2001, high-income earners paid taxes of 60 million yuan they had previously evaded. In the first half of 2002, Beijing defined its key taxpayers, that is, those with an annual income exceeding 100,000 yuan. According to this definition, the tax-paying situation of at least 30,000 people is under control. Revisions to the Individual Income展开更多
China’s top legislature has received more than 230,000 public submissions in just over a month on a draft amendment to increase the minimum threshold for personal income tax from 2,000 yuan($308) per month to 3,000 y...China’s top legislature has received more than 230,000 public submissions in just over a month on a draft amendment to increase the minimum threshold for personal income tax from 2,000 yuan($308) per month to 3,000 yuan($462). The draft also proposes a reduction in the number of income tax brackets from the current nine to seven.Thrown open for public opinion on April 25,2011,the provision seeks to amend China’s Personal Income Tax Law that was first introduced in 1980.展开更多
Doing business in China,while lucrative,can be a mine-field to the uninitiated.This regular column by Deloitte will provide specific information to give businesspeople the tools they need to facilitate this process.Th...Doing business in China,while lucrative,can be a mine-field to the uninitiated.This regular column by Deloitte will provide specific information to give businesspeople the tools they need to facilitate this process.This article looks at how foreign investors are taxed in the People’s Republic of Chin(PRC)under the enterprise income tax(EIT),regardless of whether the investor is operating as a wholly foreign-owned展开更多
China has a late start in personal income tax, and for many years through six times of revision, it still fails to really achieve the purpose of narrowing the gap between the rich and the poor and adjusting income dis...China has a late start in personal income tax, and for many years through six times of revision, it still fails to really achieve the purpose of narrowing the gap between the rich and the poor and adjusting income distribution. What follows is an analysis of personal adjustment tax income from the proportion of Gini coefficient, Engels coefficient and salaried class of personal income tax, and an explanation of problems and countermeasures of salaried class expense deduction standard, tax rate design, high-income crowd tax regulation.展开更多
Doing business in China, while lucrative, can be a mine-field to the uninitiated. This regular column by Deloitte will provide specific information to give businesspeople the tools they need to facilitate this process.
Next year marks 100 years since the introduction of the first law on income tax in Russia.Over this period a number of reforms on income tax has been conducted,and various results have been achieved.It has become of i...Next year marks 100 years since the introduction of the first law on income tax in Russia.Over this period a number of reforms on income tax has been conducted,and various results have been achieved.It has become of importance to analyze the experience of income tax reforms.This paper aims to study the formation and reformation of income tax in Russia.This work singles out and analyzes five stages of formation of income tax in Russia-the main focus being on the analysis of the two last stages of income tax functioning:during the transition to a market economy and in a market economy.The paper identifies the main prerequisites of the personal income tax reform in 2001 and analyzes the results of the reform.The paper validates the conclusion that the reform had mixed results.The transition to the proportional model of personal income tax failed to significantly affect the fiscal significance of this tax,and did not lead to the desired legalization of salaries or a drastic decrease in the share of wages paid off the books.Moreover,the income tax reform did not result in a significant decrease in the number of tax concessions that reduce the neutrality and fiscal significance of the tax.At the same time,the income tax reform made it possible to drastically increase the neutrality and economic effectiveness of this tax,reduced the cost of administration for taxpayers,withholding agents,and tax services.In light of a possible new reform of the tax system,this article makes the assumption that the return to progressive tax rates will fall short of expectations of the poor,as the wealth gap in Russian society will not be reduced.This paper draws the conclusion that as the achievement of the expected results is not guaranteed,preserving the existing model of personal income tax may be the most pragmatic option.At the same time,it might be advisable to take an inventory of tax deductions,and possibly cancel some of them that are exclusively enjoyed by the rich in the first place.展开更多
In terms of policies to Chinese enterprises income tax system, especially nowadays two income tax systems within domestic and foreign enterprises, their weakness is becoming more and more apparent. In order to perfect...In terms of policies to Chinese enterprises income tax system, especially nowadays two income tax systems within domestic and foreign enterprises, their weakness is becoming more and more apparent. In order to perfect China＇s future tax system, it is supposed to combine the two income tax systems within domestic and foreign enterprises.展开更多
This paper examines the asymptotic marginal rate of individual income tax which maximizes China's social welfare through numerical simulation based on the elasticity of China's labor supply, income distributio...This paper examines the asymptotic marginal rate of individual income tax which maximizes China's social welfare through numerical simulation based on the elasticity of China's labor supply, income distribution and the social objectives of redistribution in accordance with the optimal direct taxation theory. Taking advantage of the optimal direct taxation model with consideration of the income effect, it comes to the conclusion that combined with China's reality, the asymptotic marginal rate of individual labor income tax in China should be between 35% and 40%.展开更多
Personal income tax is an important redistribution tool,its redistribution effect has been concerned by all walks of life.Using CHIP2018,this paper calculates and analyzes the income redistribution effect of the perso...Personal income tax is an important redistribution tool,its redistribution effect has been concerned by all walks of life.Using CHIP2018,this paper calculates and analyzes the income redistribution effect of the personal income tax reform plan in 2018,and fi nds that:The comprehensive taxation can raise the average tax rate,progressivity and redistribution effect of personal income tax;The rise of the standard of basic deduction,six special additional deductions,and the change of tax rate structure raise the progressiveness of personal income tax,but reduce the average tax rate and thus weaken the income redistribution effect of personal income tax;The comprehensive income tax will enhance the impact of basic deduction of expenses,six special additional deductions and the change of tax rate structure on the redistribution effect of individual income tax income;Under the joint action of the reform measures,the progressivity of individual income tax has risen as a whole,but the average tax rate of individual income tax and redistribution index have shown a sharp decline,both of which decreased by more than 50%.Using the household survey data of the year of reform,this paper comprehensively investigates the income redistribution effect of the personal income tax reform,which enriches the research on the redistribution effect of the new round of personal income tax reform.展开更多
China increases its income tax exemption threshold to reduce tax burdens on low-wage earners As a company clerk, 32-year-old Ren Jun doesn’t make a lot of money.Of his meager paycheck, he needs to pay about 250 yuan ...China increases its income tax exemption threshold to reduce tax burdens on low-wage earners As a company clerk, 32-year-old Ren Jun doesn’t make a lot of money.Of his meager paycheck, he needs to pay about 250 yuan ($39) in taxes each month. From September,展开更多
In this paper,we construct an“as-if”DID model on the basis of the 2002“Income Tax Sharing System”reform and evaluate the changes in local fiscal pressure based on an exogenous shock that redefines the tax sharing ...In this paper,we construct an“as-if”DID model on the basis of the 2002“Income Tax Sharing System”reform and evaluate the changes in local fiscal pressure based on an exogenous shock that redefines the tax sharing rules between the central government and local governments.By using the DMSP/OLS satellite data at the city-level,we empirically examine the impact of fiscal pressure on the economic growth.We find that fiscal pressure significantly increase the satellite lighting.Furthermore,we obtain the findings as follows.Firstly,the incentive effects of fiscal pressure effects are less profound in cities that receive considerable intergovernmental transfers from high levels of governments.Secondly,the local governments are more likely to help the growth of real estate industry,which can reciprocally bring them considerable sales taxation.However,this homogenized growth pattern might be detrimental for economic diversification and finally enhance the risk of economical fluctuation.Finally,the fiscal pressure created by the reform restricts the extent to which jurisdictions compete with each other.However,the tax competition still exists because local governments are able to lower the tax rate once they gain enough revenues from land-sales.This paper provides a new explanation for China’s high-speed growth in addition to expenditure decentralization or administration decentralization.It also offers extra evidence for exploring the growth incentives of local government within the framework of China’s decentralization.展开更多
In order to successfully compete in the global market,many multinationalcompanies use control and evaluation systems for monitoring the performanceof their subsidiaries abroad,which are faced with complexities of poli...In order to successfully compete in the global market,many multinationalcompanies use control and evaluation systems for monitoring the performanceof their subsidiaries abroad,which are faced with complexities of political,social,cultural,and legal differences,tax regulations,import and export re-strictions,foreign exchange regulations,control on the transfer of f unds,and various other restrictions imposed by host countries to protect their nation-al interests.The challenge for multinationals is to design a transfer strategywhich appropriately rewards the management of the subsidiaries overseas andalso copes with the various poli tical,legal,cultural,and economic restric-tions of the host countries.展开更多
The Chinese Government’s recent economic stimulus measures are attracting much attention because of its plan to increase people’s incomes and alleviate enterprises and residents’ economic burden.
文摘As an innovative economic model,the sharing economy has seen rapid growth globally in recent years.It has not only brought a profound impact on traditional economies but also injected new vitality and momentum into the sustainable development of the social economy.However,for the sharing economy,the process of collecting personal income tax is facing several issues,such as the ambiguity of tax policies regarding personal income,challenges in identifying taxpayers,and difficulties in defining income.To achieve the fairness and efficiency of personal income tax collection in the sharing economy,this study proposes optimized regulatory mechanisms and conducts in-depth discussions on the adjustment of personal income tax policies,innovation in tax management technology,and improvement in the quality of personal income tax services.
文摘Presentation of the reports on the reformation of personal income taxation that have been prepared with a development plan for the Greek economy,that discuss the issue of taxation and point out its important features.The goal is the complete modernization of the tax system,so that it responds more fully to the principles of social justice,contributes to the economic development of the country and is governed by simple and modern procedures,which apply to all tax objects.The purpose of the study is to deepen the proposals for tax reform based on the peculiarities of the Greek economy,the international trends in this field and the weaknesses of the tax system.The effects of a tax reformation are analyzed and how it should take the form of the reform,which,however,requires a new legislation,which will bring about radical and deep cuts,which respond to the new conditions and the internationalization of the economy.Proposals for a set of structural measures,which are necessary for the country’s adaptation to the wider European environment and the elimination of the weaknesses that increase its distance from the other member countries.Citation of the common points of the reports on the reformation of personal income taxation and their adoption by the tax leadership.
文摘For individuals who are contemplating relocating, how their income will be taxed might be an important factor when deciding whether or not to take up residence in another country. Two income approaches are commonly used around the globe. Worldwide income approach （also known as a global tax system） taxes income from whatever source derived. Territorial income approach taxes only income earned within the country＇s borders. Using information collected from PricewaterhouseCoopers＇ website1 that provides information on tax systems used in countries around the world, this paper examines which countries apply worldwide or global income approach and which employ territorial approach to determine the legitimate source of taxable income. The research focuses on countries within： （1） Americas; （2） Asia/Pacific Basin; （3） Europe; and （4） Africa/Middle and Near East. Based on the information collected and presented in this paper, the worldwide approach is much more prevalent （104 countries） than the territorial approach （30 countries）. This paper also investigates any specific rules that a particular country has in relation to income to be taxed and residency versus non-residency status of the taxpayers. There appears to be an abundant spectrum of rules relating to residency and domicile for tax purposes among the countries.
文摘In China, the income tax of enterprise is very different between foreign funded enterprises and other domestic enterprises. It is believed that this discrimination is harmful to the entire economy. So there is a reform in the tax system to build a uniform enterprise income tax. This is a significant reform in China＇s tax system, so every decision about this have to count the cost and the benefit carefully. The author has introduced the Computable General Equilibrium （CGE） to simulate this new tax system and value its benefit and cost. There are two different models in the paper; they are of different assumptions and for different purposes. Model I is a static CGE model and model II is a Ramsey Dynamic model. The static model is mainly used for comparative static approach to examine how the tax reform will change the endogenous variables. According to the results of the model, more goods will be produced by both of the DFEs and FIEs after the tax reform in the medium and low tax effective tax rate situations. If the nominal tax rates decrease 24.24% （from 33% to 25%）, the enterprise income tax will only reduce 19.36% and the total tax revenue will only reduce 1.911%. The dynamic model will concentrate on the costs and benefits during the transition. From the results of the model, a lower tax rate will increase the level of investment, capital stock, capital prices, wage rate and also the growth rates through transition. If the capital tax rates are changed gradually, the fluctuating of transition will be smoothed a little.
文摘Capital structure denotes enterprises＇ form and proportion relation of various long-term funds source. The capital structure is the combination problem of the long-term funds about enterprise development and it is the quantity and proportion between every fund form. This paper analyzes the various factors which affect capital structural decision-making, and introduces capital structural optimization theory of the shelter benefit of tax revenue and bankruptcy cost balance. It studies the method and the evaluation criterion of capital structural optimization. And it constructs capital structural optimization model of coexistence condition of company＇s income tax and individual income tax. This will be very helpful for the rationality of enterprise capital structure.
文摘Many merger and reorganization is enterprises merger, because merger perplexing, the treatment of income tax accounting exists a variety of complex problems, the merging party obtains the net wealth of the combined party, some include the deferred income tax liabilities and deferred tax assets, there are not included. The merging party merger resulting combined balance in the merging process may affect the current income tax and deferred income tax, but also may not have any effect. This paper goes through the application case on enterprises merger＇ merging party or purchase party tax treatment to carry on analysis, which provides the major reference for accounting theory and accounting practice circles.
文摘*Newly-built joint ventures engaged in new and high technological enterprises shall enjoy a 15 percent reduction of income tax for two years, or a 24 percent reduction for two years and a 50 percent reduction in the following three years. A choice between the two may be decided by the said enterprises. **Service industry, those enterprises with a foreign capital of more than US$5 million shall be exempt from the tax
文摘BEIJING’S revenue from personal income tax in 2001 was 8 billion yuan, an increase of 42 percent, and the amount of tax received from high-income earners increased 2.6 fold. From September to November 2001, high-income earners paid taxes of 60 million yuan they had previously evaded. In the first half of 2002, Beijing defined its key taxpayers, that is, those with an annual income exceeding 100,000 yuan. According to this definition, the tax-paying situation of at least 30,000 people is under control. Revisions to the Individual Income
文摘China’s top legislature has received more than 230,000 public submissions in just over a month on a draft amendment to increase the minimum threshold for personal income tax from 2,000 yuan($308) per month to 3,000 yuan($462). The draft also proposes a reduction in the number of income tax brackets from the current nine to seven.Thrown open for public opinion on April 25,2011,the provision seeks to amend China’s Personal Income Tax Law that was first introduced in 1980.
文摘Doing business in China,while lucrative,can be a mine-field to the uninitiated.This regular column by Deloitte will provide specific information to give businesspeople the tools they need to facilitate this process.This article looks at how foreign investors are taxed in the People’s Republic of Chin(PRC)under the enterprise income tax(EIT),regardless of whether the investor is operating as a wholly foreign-owned
文摘China has a late start in personal income tax, and for many years through six times of revision, it still fails to really achieve the purpose of narrowing the gap between the rich and the poor and adjusting income distribution. What follows is an analysis of personal adjustment tax income from the proportion of Gini coefficient, Engels coefficient and salaried class of personal income tax, and an explanation of problems and countermeasures of salaried class expense deduction standard, tax rate design, high-income crowd tax regulation.
文摘Doing business in China, while lucrative, can be a mine-field to the uninitiated. This regular column by Deloitte will provide specific information to give businesspeople the tools they need to facilitate this process.
文摘Next year marks 100 years since the introduction of the first law on income tax in Russia.Over this period a number of reforms on income tax has been conducted,and various results have been achieved.It has become of importance to analyze the experience of income tax reforms.This paper aims to study the formation and reformation of income tax in Russia.This work singles out and analyzes five stages of formation of income tax in Russia-the main focus being on the analysis of the two last stages of income tax functioning:during the transition to a market economy and in a market economy.The paper identifies the main prerequisites of the personal income tax reform in 2001 and analyzes the results of the reform.The paper validates the conclusion that the reform had mixed results.The transition to the proportional model of personal income tax failed to significantly affect the fiscal significance of this tax,and did not lead to the desired legalization of salaries or a drastic decrease in the share of wages paid off the books.Moreover,the income tax reform did not result in a significant decrease in the number of tax concessions that reduce the neutrality and fiscal significance of the tax.At the same time,the income tax reform made it possible to drastically increase the neutrality and economic effectiveness of this tax,reduced the cost of administration for taxpayers,withholding agents,and tax services.In light of a possible new reform of the tax system,this article makes the assumption that the return to progressive tax rates will fall short of expectations of the poor,as the wealth gap in Russian society will not be reduced.This paper draws the conclusion that as the achievement of the expected results is not guaranteed,preserving the existing model of personal income tax may be the most pragmatic option.At the same time,it might be advisable to take an inventory of tax deductions,and possibly cancel some of them that are exclusively enjoyed by the rich in the first place.
文摘In terms of policies to Chinese enterprises income tax system, especially nowadays two income tax systems within domestic and foreign enterprises, their weakness is becoming more and more apparent. In order to perfect China＇s future tax system, it is supposed to combine the two income tax systems within domestic and foreign enterprises.
基金sponsored by the research project #2009JJD790050 and #11YJC790237 of Ministry of Education, China211 Program of Central University of Finance and Economics of China
文摘This paper examines the asymptotic marginal rate of individual income tax which maximizes China's social welfare through numerical simulation based on the elasticity of China's labor supply, income distribution and the social objectives of redistribution in accordance with the optimal direct taxation theory. Taking advantage of the optimal direct taxation model with consideration of the income effect, it comes to the conclusion that combined with China's reality, the asymptotic marginal rate of individual labor income tax in China should be between 35% and 40%.
基金Funded by the“Research on Improving Redistribution Adjustment Mechanism”(20ZDA048)under the Major Program of the National Social Science Fund of China.
文摘Personal income tax is an important redistribution tool,its redistribution effect has been concerned by all walks of life.Using CHIP2018,this paper calculates and analyzes the income redistribution effect of the personal income tax reform plan in 2018,and fi nds that:The comprehensive taxation can raise the average tax rate,progressivity and redistribution effect of personal income tax;The rise of the standard of basic deduction,six special additional deductions,and the change of tax rate structure raise the progressiveness of personal income tax,but reduce the average tax rate and thus weaken the income redistribution effect of personal income tax;The comprehensive income tax will enhance the impact of basic deduction of expenses,six special additional deductions and the change of tax rate structure on the redistribution effect of individual income tax income;Under the joint action of the reform measures,the progressivity of individual income tax has risen as a whole,but the average tax rate of individual income tax and redistribution index have shown a sharp decline,both of which decreased by more than 50%.Using the household survey data of the year of reform,this paper comprehensively investigates the income redistribution effect of the personal income tax reform,which enriches the research on the redistribution effect of the new round of personal income tax reform.
文摘China increases its income tax exemption threshold to reduce tax burdens on low-wage earners As a company clerk, 32-year-old Ren Jun doesn’t make a lot of money.Of his meager paycheck, he needs to pay about 250 yuan ($39) in taxes each month. From September,
文摘In this paper,we construct an“as-if”DID model on the basis of the 2002“Income Tax Sharing System”reform and evaluate the changes in local fiscal pressure based on an exogenous shock that redefines the tax sharing rules between the central government and local governments.By using the DMSP/OLS satellite data at the city-level,we empirically examine the impact of fiscal pressure on the economic growth.We find that fiscal pressure significantly increase the satellite lighting.Furthermore,we obtain the findings as follows.Firstly,the incentive effects of fiscal pressure effects are less profound in cities that receive considerable intergovernmental transfers from high levels of governments.Secondly,the local governments are more likely to help the growth of real estate industry,which can reciprocally bring them considerable sales taxation.However,this homogenized growth pattern might be detrimental for economic diversification and finally enhance the risk of economical fluctuation.Finally,the fiscal pressure created by the reform restricts the extent to which jurisdictions compete with each other.However,the tax competition still exists because local governments are able to lower the tax rate once they gain enough revenues from land-sales.This paper provides a new explanation for China’s high-speed growth in addition to expenditure decentralization or administration decentralization.It also offers extra evidence for exploring the growth incentives of local government within the framework of China’s decentralization.
文摘In order to successfully compete in the global market,many multinationalcompanies use control and evaluation systems for monitoring the performanceof their subsidiaries abroad,which are faced with complexities of political,social,cultural,and legal differences,tax regulations,import and export re-strictions,foreign exchange regulations,control on the transfer of f unds,and various other restrictions imposed by host countries to protect their nation-al interests.The challenge for multinationals is to design a transfer strategywhich appropriately rewards the management of the subsidiaries overseas andalso copes with the various poli tical,legal,cultural,and economic restric-tions of the host countries.
文摘The Chinese Government’s recent economic stimulus measures are attracting much attention because of its plan to increase people’s incomes and alleviate enterprises and residents’ economic burden.
