Oxidative damage to plasmid DNA induced by airborne PM10 （particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 μm or less） is caused by the bioavailable （i.e., soluble） heavy metals on the particle surface. Howe...Oxidative damage to plasmid DNA induced by airborne PM10 （particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 μm or less） is caused by the bioavailable （i.e., soluble） heavy metals on the particle surface. However, quantitative analyses of the links between PM10 and oxidative damage are limited. In this study, plasmid DNA assay and ICP-MS were applied to study oxidative capacity and trace element compositions, respectively, of summer and winter PM10 samples collected at several sites （Sun Yat Sen Municipal Park （SYSP） and Av. de Horta e Costa （AHC） on the Macao peninsula and Macao University on Tai- pa Island （TI）） in Macao. At AHC and TI, the oxidative capacity of PM10 collected in winter was higher than that collected in summer, for both the whole sample and the water-soluble fraction. In contrast, no seasonal variation was noted at SYSP. PMI0 exhibited the highest oxidative capacity at SYSP and lowest oxidative capacity at TI in both seasons, demonstrating that the PMl0 collected on the Macao peninsula had a higher toxicity than that from Taipa Island. ICP-MS analyses revealed that the concentrations of total analyzed trace elements and their water-soluble components in PMI0 from TI and AHC were higher in winter than in summer, whereas SYSP displayed the opposite trend. The extents of oxidative damage induced by the wa- ter-soluble fractions and intact whole particles were generally similar, implying that the oxidative damage caused by particles in Macao resulted mainly from the water-soluble fraction. The oxidative capacities of PM10 were positively correlated with both whole and soluble Zn at the 95% confidence level, indicating that Zn was the major element responsible for the oxidative damage caused by particles in Macao. Other heavy metals, such as Cr, Cu, Cd, Ni, As, and Pb, also exhibited elevated concen- trations, and the potential health impacts of these metals should be considered.展开更多
Wind erosion is a geomorphic process in arid and semi-arid areas and has substantial implications for regional climate and desertification.In the Columbia Plateau of northwestern United States,the emissions from fine ...Wind erosion is a geomorphic process in arid and semi-arid areas and has substantial implications for regional climate and desertification.In the Columbia Plateau of northwestern United States,the emissions from fine particles of loessial soils often contribute to the exceedance of inhalable particulate matter(PM)with an aerodynamic diameter of 10μm or less(PM10)according to the air quality standards.However,little is known about the threshold friction velocity(TFV)for particles of different sizes that comprise these soils.In this study,soil samples of two representative soil types(Warden sandy loam and Ritzville silt loam)collected from the Columbia Plateau were sieved to seven particle size fractions,and an experiment was then conducted to determine the relationship between TFV and particle size fraction.The results revealed that soil particle size significantly affected the initiation of soil movement and TFV;TFV ranged 0.304-0.844 and 0.249-0.739 m/s for different particle size fractions of Ritzville silt loam and Warden sandy loam,respectively.PM10 and total suspended particulates(TSP)emissions from a bed of 63-90μm soil particles were markedly higher for Warden sandy loam than for Ritzville silt loam.Together with the lower TFV of Warden sandy loam,dust emissions from fine particles(<100μm in diameter)of Warden sandy loam thus may be a main contributor to dust in the region's atmosphere,since the PM10 emissions from the soil erosion surfaces and its ensuing suspension within the atmosphere constitute an essential process of soil erosion in the Columbia Plateau.Developing and implementing strategic land management practices on sandy loam soils is therefore necessary to control dust emissions in the Columbia Plateau.展开更多
This work mainly focuses on the mineralogical study of particulate matter（PM10） in Beijing. Samples were collected on polycarbonate filter from April, 2002 to March, 2003 in Beijing urban area. Scanning electronic m...This work mainly focuses on the mineralogical study of particulate matter（PM10） in Beijing. Samples were collected on polycarbonate filter from April, 2002 to March, 2003 in Beijing urban area. Scanning electronic microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray（SEM/EDX） was used to investigate individual mineral particles in Beijing PM10. 1454 individual mineral particulates from 48 samples were analysed by SEM/EDX. The results revealed that mineral particulates were complex and heterogeneous. 38 kinds of minerals in PM10 were identified. The clay minerals, of annual average percentage of 30.1%, were the main composition among the identified minerals, and illite/smectite was the main composition in clay minerals, reaching up to 35%. Annual average percentage of quartz, calcite, compound particulates, carbonates were 13.5%, 10.9%, 11.95%, 10.31%, respectively. Annual average percentage less than 10% were gypsum, feldspar, dolomite, and so on. Fluorite, apatite, halite, barite and chloridize zinc（ZnCl2） were firstly identified in Beijing PM10. Sulfurization was found on surface of mineral particles, suggested extensive atmospheric reaction in air during summer.展开更多
Inhalation and atmospheric pollution studies have focused on particulate matter due to correlations and associations with various morbidities and mortalities. This research analyzed ambient concentrations of inhalable...Inhalation and atmospheric pollution studies have focused on particulate matter due to correlations and associations with various morbidities and mortalities. This research analyzed ambient concentrations of inhalable particulate matter (PM10) on the island of Curaçao in order to evaluate through comparative literature analysis and recommended public health guidelines the potential health risks. Available hourly, daily and monthly PM10 measurements were accessed from June 2010 through December 2014 from a local air monitoring station in Willemstad. Mean annual concentrations of PM10 (31 - 122 μg/m3) in Curaçao are among the highest reported globally, demonstrating an increasing trend over time and exceed current public health guidelines recommended by local and international agencies. While the epidemiological evidence is inadequate to infer a causal association between health effects and long-term exposures of the measured PM10 concentrations, the results indicate that emissions controls are not adequate for compliance with international exposure standards.展开更多
As the primary component of haze,atmospheric inhalable particulate matters(PMio)are highly detri-mental to human health.Biomass combustion is one of China's most pivotal sources to aerosols pollution,inducing non-...As the primary component of haze,atmospheric inhalable particulate matters(PMio)are highly detri-mental to human health.Biomass combustion is one of China's most pivotal sources to aerosols pollution,inducing non-negligible emissions and uncertain risks.PMio samples directly from 10 representative biomass fuel combustion sources(2 groups covering the reality widely:straws of rice,wheat,corn,corncob,soybean,peanut,rape,sesame;and branches of pine,peach)were collected using the dilution channel sampler and analyzed for chemical compositions and in vitro cytotoxicity to human lung epithelial cell lines A549.The components of PMio are dominated by organic carbon(OC),followed by Water-soluble K+and Cl,and rich in metals Fe,Zn,Cr,and Ni.Generally,PMio emitted from biomass fuel combustions can weaken the antioxidant capacity of cells,and straws emissions,especially rape and peanut straws,show stronger ability to further induce oxidative stress and inflammatory damage than fuelwoods,owing to the key toxic roles of Cr,Ni,and Co.Therefore,reducing the specific source emis--sions of PMio from crop straw combustions rich in heavy metals could be an effective oriented strategy to improve environmental air quality and control aerosols pollution precisely for protecting public health.展开更多
A total of 168 PM_(10)samples were collected during the year of 2005 at eight sites in the city of Wuxi in China.Fifteen chemical elements,three water-soluble ions,total carbon and organic carbon were analyzed.Six sou...A total of 168 PM_(10)samples were collected during the year of 2005 at eight sites in the city of Wuxi in China.Fifteen chemical elements,three water-soluble ions,total carbon and organic carbon were analyzed.Six source categories were identified and their contributions to ambient PM_(10)in Wuxi were estimated using a nested chemical mass balance method that reduces the effects of colinearity on the chemical mass balance model.In addition,the concentrations of secondary aerosols,such as secondary organic carbon,sulfate and nitrate,were quantified.The spatially averaged PM_(10)was high in the spring and winter(123μg·m^(-3)and low in the summer-fall(90μg·m^(-3)).According to the result of source apportionment,resuspended dust was the largest contributor to ambient PM_(10),accounting for more than 50%of the PM_(10)mass.Coal combustion(14.6%)and vehicle exhaust(9.4%)were also significant source categories of ambient PM_(10).Construction and cement dust,sulfates,secondary organic carbon,and nitrates made contributions ranging between 4.1%and 4.9%.Other source categories such as steel manufacturing dust and soil dust made low contributions to ambient PM_(10).展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41030213)the Macao Foundation for Development of Science and Technology (Grant No. 023/2006/A)
文摘Oxidative damage to plasmid DNA induced by airborne PM10 （particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 μm or less） is caused by the bioavailable （i.e., soluble） heavy metals on the particle surface. However, quantitative analyses of the links between PM10 and oxidative damage are limited. In this study, plasmid DNA assay and ICP-MS were applied to study oxidative capacity and trace element compositions, respectively, of summer and winter PM10 samples collected at several sites （Sun Yat Sen Municipal Park （SYSP） and Av. de Horta e Costa （AHC） on the Macao peninsula and Macao University on Tai- pa Island （TI）） in Macao. At AHC and TI, the oxidative capacity of PM10 collected in winter was higher than that collected in summer, for both the whole sample and the water-soluble fraction. In contrast, no seasonal variation was noted at SYSP. PMI0 exhibited the highest oxidative capacity at SYSP and lowest oxidative capacity at TI in both seasons, demonstrating that the PMl0 collected on the Macao peninsula had a higher toxicity than that from Taipa Island. ICP-MS analyses revealed that the concentrations of total analyzed trace elements and their water-soluble components in PMI0 from TI and AHC were higher in winter than in summer, whereas SYSP displayed the opposite trend. The extents of oxidative damage induced by the wa- ter-soluble fractions and intact whole particles were generally similar, implying that the oxidative damage caused by particles in Macao resulted mainly from the water-soluble fraction. The oxidative capacities of PM10 were positively correlated with both whole and soluble Zn at the 95% confidence level, indicating that Zn was the major element responsible for the oxidative damage caused by particles in Macao. Other heavy metals, such as Cr, Cu, Cd, Ni, As, and Pb, also exhibited elevated concen- trations, and the potential health impacts of these metals should be considered.
基金Basic Research Funds for Colleges and Universities directly under the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region:Desert Ecosystem Protection and Restoration Innovation Team(BR 22-13-03).
文摘Wind erosion is a geomorphic process in arid and semi-arid areas and has substantial implications for regional climate and desertification.In the Columbia Plateau of northwestern United States,the emissions from fine particles of loessial soils often contribute to the exceedance of inhalable particulate matter(PM)with an aerodynamic diameter of 10μm or less(PM10)according to the air quality standards.However,little is known about the threshold friction velocity(TFV)for particles of different sizes that comprise these soils.In this study,soil samples of two representative soil types(Warden sandy loam and Ritzville silt loam)collected from the Columbia Plateau were sieved to seven particle size fractions,and an experiment was then conducted to determine the relationship between TFV and particle size fraction.The results revealed that soil particle size significantly affected the initiation of soil movement and TFV;TFV ranged 0.304-0.844 and 0.249-0.739 m/s for different particle size fractions of Ritzville silt loam and Warden sandy loam,respectively.PM10 and total suspended particulates(TSP)emissions from a bed of 63-90μm soil particles were markedly higher for Warden sandy loam than for Ritzville silt loam.Together with the lower TFV of Warden sandy loam,dust emissions from fine particles(<100μm in diameter)of Warden sandy loam thus may be a main contributor to dust in the region's atmosphere,since the PM10 emissions from the soil erosion surfaces and its ensuing suspension within the atmosphere constitute an essential process of soil erosion in the Columbia Plateau.Developing and implementing strategic land management practices on sandy loam soils is therefore necessary to control dust emissions in the Columbia Plateau.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China（No.40275040） and the Shanghai Leading Academic Disciplines（No. T0105）
文摘This work mainly focuses on the mineralogical study of particulate matter（PM10） in Beijing. Samples were collected on polycarbonate filter from April, 2002 to March, 2003 in Beijing urban area. Scanning electronic microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray（SEM/EDX） was used to investigate individual mineral particles in Beijing PM10. 1454 individual mineral particulates from 48 samples were analysed by SEM/EDX. The results revealed that mineral particulates were complex and heterogeneous. 38 kinds of minerals in PM10 were identified. The clay minerals, of annual average percentage of 30.1%, were the main composition among the identified minerals, and illite/smectite was the main composition in clay minerals, reaching up to 35%. Annual average percentage of quartz, calcite, compound particulates, carbonates were 13.5%, 10.9%, 11.95%, 10.31%, respectively. Annual average percentage less than 10% were gypsum, feldspar, dolomite, and so on. Fluorite, apatite, halite, barite and chloridize zinc（ZnCl2） were firstly identified in Beijing PM10. Sulfurization was found on surface of mineral particles, suggested extensive atmospheric reaction in air during summer.
文摘Inhalation and atmospheric pollution studies have focused on particulate matter due to correlations and associations with various morbidities and mortalities. This research analyzed ambient concentrations of inhalable particulate matter (PM10) on the island of Curaçao in order to evaluate through comparative literature analysis and recommended public health guidelines the potential health risks. Available hourly, daily and monthly PM10 measurements were accessed from June 2010 through December 2014 from a local air monitoring station in Willemstad. Mean annual concentrations of PM10 (31 - 122 μg/m3) in Curaçao are among the highest reported globally, demonstrating an increasing trend over time and exceed current public health guidelines recommended by local and international agencies. While the epidemiological evidence is inadequate to infer a causal association between health effects and long-term exposures of the measured PM10 concentrations, the results indicate that emissions controls are not adequate for compliance with international exposure standards.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant No.41977349).
文摘As the primary component of haze,atmospheric inhalable particulate matters(PMio)are highly detri-mental to human health.Biomass combustion is one of China's most pivotal sources to aerosols pollution,inducing non-negligible emissions and uncertain risks.PMio samples directly from 10 representative biomass fuel combustion sources(2 groups covering the reality widely:straws of rice,wheat,corn,corncob,soybean,peanut,rape,sesame;and branches of pine,peach)were collected using the dilution channel sampler and analyzed for chemical compositions and in vitro cytotoxicity to human lung epithelial cell lines A549.The components of PMio are dominated by organic carbon(OC),followed by Water-soluble K+and Cl,and rich in metals Fe,Zn,Cr,and Ni.Generally,PMio emitted from biomass fuel combustions can weaken the antioxidant capacity of cells,and straws emissions,especially rape and peanut straws,show stronger ability to further induce oxidative stress and inflammatory damage than fuelwoods,owing to the key toxic roles of Cr,Ni,and Co.Therefore,reducing the specific source emis--sions of PMio from crop straw combustions rich in heavy metals could be an effective oriented strategy to improve environmental air quality and control aerosols pollution precisely for protecting public health.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.20877042)National Science and Technology Supporting Program during the Eleventh Five-year Plan Period(No.2007BAC16B01).
文摘A total of 168 PM_(10)samples were collected during the year of 2005 at eight sites in the city of Wuxi in China.Fifteen chemical elements,three water-soluble ions,total carbon and organic carbon were analyzed.Six source categories were identified and their contributions to ambient PM_(10)in Wuxi were estimated using a nested chemical mass balance method that reduces the effects of colinearity on the chemical mass balance model.In addition,the concentrations of secondary aerosols,such as secondary organic carbon,sulfate and nitrate,were quantified.The spatially averaged PM_(10)was high in the spring and winter(123μg·m^(-3)and low in the summer-fall(90μg·m^(-3)).According to the result of source apportionment,resuspended dust was the largest contributor to ambient PM_(10),accounting for more than 50%of the PM_(10)mass.Coal combustion(14.6%)and vehicle exhaust(9.4%)were also significant source categories of ambient PM_(10).Construction and cement dust,sulfates,secondary organic carbon,and nitrates made contributions ranging between 4.1%and 4.9%.Other source categories such as steel manufacturing dust and soil dust made low contributions to ambient PM_(10).
