The selection of policy instruments involves policy efficiency and policy effect.Effective settlement of eco-environment problems in the process of industrialization and implementation of active eco-environment protec...The selection of policy instruments involves policy efficiency and policy effect.Effective settlement of eco-environment problems in the process of industrialization and implementation of active eco-environment protection depend on the innovation of policy instruments.In this paper,based on a descriptive analysis of the policy instruments for ecoenvironmental protection of our country,combined with the theoretical analysis and the empirical research on current marketization of eco-environmental protection,the authors indicate that eco-environmental problems originate fi'om the damage of eco-environment and the extemalities of eco-service,and that the market-based policy instruments which are helpful to balance the relationship between fight,responsibility and interest in the eco-service are effective measures to eliminate externalities and protect eco-environment.展开更多
It was the first time that the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC),which was founded in 1988,regarded climate change as a significant international political problem(O'Brien and Williams 2007).Over the...It was the first time that the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC),which was founded in 1988,regarded climate change as a significant international political problem(O'Brien and Williams 2007).Over the next decades,environmentalist and policy makers have been applying many efficient ways to solve various environmental problems and have gained achievements.With the support of successful cases,this paper will focus on the market-based solutions and discuss its advantages compared with the conventional approach.展开更多
The international community has blamed developing countries for the lack of intellectual property rights(IPR)protection-not least the“forced technology transfers”-in attracting foreign direct investment(FDI).This pa...The international community has blamed developing countries for the lack of intellectual property rights(IPR)protection-not least the“forced technology transfers”-in attracting foreign direct investment(FDI).This paper employs the largesample contract data of multinational companies’(MNCs)IT R&D transactions in China to discuss this controversy from a unique perspective of MNCs in the role of contractors.Our findings suggest that MNCs initially guarded their know-how before the 2000s under closed innovation,but have started to take the initiative to transfer technology to local partners as open innovation held sway.China’s structured market entities and huge demand for technology transactions have served as key drivers for MNCs to transfer technology,which has been further boosted by the new business model of open innovation.This paper’s empirical analysis not only helps unravel the“black box”of technology transfers by MNCs,but reveals how late-moving developing countries may make better use of FDI referencing China’s experience on the three dimensions of market opportunities,structured entities,and economies of scale.展开更多
This study employed a difference-in-differences design to assess the effect of marketbased environmental regulation on green total factor energy efficiency(GTFEE)in a quasi-natural experiment that investigated China&#...This study employed a difference-in-differences design to assess the effect of marketbased environmental regulation on green total factor energy efficiency(GTFEE)in a quasi-natural experiment that investigated China's carbon emissions trading scheme(ETS).The empirical results show that ETS had a positive effect on GTFEE.A series of robustness tests revealed that the results were robust.Potential mechanisms through which ETS can improve GTFEE include the promotion of technological innovation and the upgrading of industrial structure.The positive effects varied in different cities and diferent regions-the result was pronounced in eastern China and developed cities,but it was insignificant in central and western areas and developing cities.This study confirms the satisfactory performance of China's ETS in improving GTFEE,and this is relevant for other emerging countries.展开更多
This paper studies the coordination of heterogeneous thermostatically controlled loads(TCLs)to provide the real-time ancillary services.A market-based control framework is adopted for its advantages.The first advantag...This paper studies the coordination of heterogeneous thermostatically controlled loads(TCLs)to provide the real-time ancillary services.A market-based control framework is adopted for its advantages.The first advantage is that the demand curve-oriented approach makes it possible to form a unified control scheme for heterogeneous loads without identifying their different characteristics.The second one is that the broadcast price signal helps simplify the downlink control and reduce the implementation cost.Then,the separate demand curve construction strategies based on a virtual price for different types of TCLs are presented.The flexibility of each TCL is reflected through the curve,and its practical constraints,i.e.,comfort requirements of users and operation constraints of devices,are satisfied explicitly.To ensure the control fairness and full utilization for the regulation ability of TCL cluster,a comfort-levelequality principle is applied in demand curve construction.Simulations are carried out to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method in providing frequency regulation services,for which a regulation capacity estimation method is developed.Finally,a series of case studies are conducted considering the practical situations,e.g.,model errors,imperfect communication and sudden load change after the end of services.展开更多
Introduction:Effective provision of ecosystem services(ES)and improvements in well-being of residents can be realized through policy interventions of stakeholder behavior.Of the several policies,market-based instrumen...Introduction:Effective provision of ecosystem services(ES)and improvements in well-being of residents can be realized through policy interventions of stakeholder behavior.Of the several policies,market-based instruments(MBIs)have become the focus of global attention.Outcomes/others:To couple the theory with practice and solve the key problem of unclear definition of property rights,the framework of MBIs is designed.First,property rights of market creation must be clearly defined,verifiable,transferable,enforceable,and have policy continuity.Then,four key characteristics of MBIs need to be considered in the case design,namely those involving ES,stakeholders,trading mechanisms,and guarantee mechanisms.The Pledge Financing of the Right of the Ecological Public Welfare Forest(PFREPWF)in Lishui City is a typical case of China’s current marketization,which is a supplement and improvement to the ecological compensation policy.Based on clearly defined contract rights,Lishui City has realized the integration of ecological compensation and credit creation.Discussion:The case design still has the problems of lack of quantification and lack of correlations with ES.Conclusion:The theoretical and practical analysis around the market mechanism has reference value for solving market failures and providing environmental services.展开更多
Innovation scholars highlight the economic benefits to firms,while research findings on the relationship between innovation output and economic returns remain mixed.In this study,we develop the profiting from innovati...Innovation scholars highlight the economic benefits to firms,while research findings on the relationship between innovation output and economic returns remain mixed.In this study,we develop the profiting from innovation(PFI)framework and address the crucial role of financial constraints in the relationship between innovation output and financial performance.We argue that the liability of newness differentiates firms’financial performance during the commercialization of innovation,leading to a U-shaped relationship between firms’innovation output and financial performance.We further document the moderating impact of individual financial constraints(IFC)and market-based financial constraints(MFC)on this curvilinear relationship.Empirical tests based on the 142,972 firm-year observations of the multi-source dataset of Chinese manufacturing firms from 1999–2009 support our hypotheses.The additional analysis shows that non-state-owned enterprises and small and medium enterprises benefit more from the synergistic effect of reductions of IFC and MFC than state-owned enterprises and large firms.Our study enriches the literature of the PFI framework by uncovering the mechanism between innovation output and economic returns where financial constraints play an essential role.To the best of our knowledge,we are among the first to investigate the processes and mechanisms between innovation output and financial performance,generating novel insights for business practitioners and policymakers.展开更多
China’s service sector has developed a lot in the 13th Five-Year Plan period,and is positioned to upgrade on all fronts in the new era. In the 14th Five-Year Plan period,China’s service sector boasts huge potentials...China’s service sector has developed a lot in the 13th Five-Year Plan period,and is positioned to upgrade on all fronts in the new era. In the 14th Five-Year Plan period,China’s service sector boasts huge potentials and is expected to maintain steady growth. By2025, the service sector is expected to account for 59.05% of total value added, 54.96% ofemployment, 60.51% of fixed asset investment, and 50.04% of consumption. Service laborproductivity will rise from 143,400 yuan/person in 2019 to 178,400 yuan/person by 2025.It can thus be concluded that in the 14th Five-Year Plan period, China’s service sectorwill play a dominant role in the economy and head toward higher quality development. Toachieve this goal, we must allow for the decisive role of the market and the fundamentalrole of the government, and open up new prospects in development of the service sector withrespect to digilitalization, platform-based operations, smart technology, integration, andstandardization.展开更多
The purpose of this study is merely to review the current situation in the designing and implementation of the emission trading programs in Europe. Historical data show that although there is a series of shortcomings ...The purpose of this study is merely to review the current situation in the designing and implementation of the emission trading programs in Europe. Historical data show that although there is a series of shortcomings in their current functioning, employing such instruments for GHG reduction policy making is strongly expected to be efficient and effective. The European Union Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS), Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and Joint Implementation (JI) are just a few examples of the ambitious EU initiative that heavily relies on such instruments. We dwell on their operations and achievements by far and all the content in this article is expected to convince the Chinese government and regional public authorities to take positive actions and attitudes in promoting these instruments.展开更多
Since 1978, China's rural reform has gone through four stages, including the re-establishment of the economic status of farmer households, the transition from planned to market-based resource allocation, the initi...Since 1978, China's rural reform has gone through four stages, including the re-establishment of the economic status of farmer households, the transition from planned to market-based resource allocation, the initial development of the new-type urban-rural relationship, and the deepening of reforms in all respects. Underpinned by the household contract responsibility system, China's rural reform follows a gradualist and marketoriented approach that has progressed from encompassing a single domain to encompassing all fronts and from pilot programs to nationwide rollout with the core mandate of protecting farmers' rights and interests and promoting their initiative in agricultural production. Such a gradualist reform is consistent with China's national conditions and has incentivized farmers and integrated rural development, laying a solid institutional foundation for China's rapid development. China's four-decade experience suggests that reform and innovation are the primary drivers of rural development. During this period, China's rural reform has developed extensive experience with significant achievements. In the future, China should take integrated measures to deepen rural reform in all respects, promote farmers' and grassroots initiative, and unlock agricultural development potentials.展开更多
Most Level 3 airports around the world suffer severe congestion and flight delays.Airlines have to obtain airport slots in order to schedule flights at such airports.The main way for airlines to acquire slots is prima...Most Level 3 airports around the world suffer severe congestion and flight delays.Airlines have to obtain airport slots in order to schedule flights at such airports.The main way for airlines to acquire slots is primary slot allocation,in which a slot coordinator distributes slots to airlines according to certain rules and regulations.Due to excessive demand for slots and restrictions on allocation rules,it is difficult for some airlines to obtain the desired slots in this manner.Another way for airlines to obtain slots is through secondary slot trading,in which slots can be redistributed among airlines without being returned to slot pool.The secondary trading of airport slots has played a positive role in promoting the efficient utilization of slot resources,but systematic studies are insufficient.This paper discusses the reasons for the existence of slot secondary trading,sorts out the main policies and rules governing the mechanism,investigates its impacts on the industry and society,and points out the major problems and challenges.The paper provides a reference for subsequent research and practical application of airport slot secondary trading in the future.展开更多
基金Gradual Achievement of the Planning Project funded by the Ministry of Education "Research on Market-based Policy Instruments for Ecological Compensation"(Grant No.11YJA630110)
文摘The selection of policy instruments involves policy efficiency and policy effect.Effective settlement of eco-environment problems in the process of industrialization and implementation of active eco-environment protection depend on the innovation of policy instruments.In this paper,based on a descriptive analysis of the policy instruments for ecoenvironmental protection of our country,combined with the theoretical analysis and the empirical research on current marketization of eco-environmental protection,the authors indicate that eco-environmental problems originate fi'om the damage of eco-environment and the extemalities of eco-service,and that the market-based policy instruments which are helpful to balance the relationship between fight,responsibility and interest in the eco-service are effective measures to eliminate externalities and protect eco-environment.
文摘It was the first time that the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC),which was founded in 1988,regarded climate change as a significant international political problem(O'Brien and Williams 2007).Over the next decades,environmentalist and policy makers have been applying many efficient ways to solve various environmental problems and have gained achievements.With the support of successful cases,this paper will focus on the market-based solutions and discuss its advantages compared with the conventional approach.
基金the Beijing Municipal Social Sciences Foundation Program “Study on Innovation Clusters, Governance RulesInnovation-Driven Development in the Capital City” (Grant No.20AJL007, 14JGB049)a special program from the Beijing Municipal TechnologyMarket Administration Office.
文摘The international community has blamed developing countries for the lack of intellectual property rights(IPR)protection-not least the“forced technology transfers”-in attracting foreign direct investment(FDI).This paper employs the largesample contract data of multinational companies’(MNCs)IT R&D transactions in China to discuss this controversy from a unique perspective of MNCs in the role of contractors.Our findings suggest that MNCs initially guarded their know-how before the 2000s under closed innovation,but have started to take the initiative to transfer technology to local partners as open innovation held sway.China’s structured market entities and huge demand for technology transactions have served as key drivers for MNCs to transfer technology,which has been further boosted by the new business model of open innovation.This paper’s empirical analysis not only helps unravel the“black box”of technology transfers by MNCs,but reveals how late-moving developing countries may make better use of FDI referencing China’s experience on the three dimensions of market opportunities,structured entities,and economies of scale.
基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities in Donghua University and Shanghai Soft Science Research Project(No.23692120100).
文摘This study employed a difference-in-differences design to assess the effect of marketbased environmental regulation on green total factor energy efficiency(GTFEE)in a quasi-natural experiment that investigated China's carbon emissions trading scheme(ETS).The empirical results show that ETS had a positive effect on GTFEE.A series of robustness tests revealed that the results were robust.Potential mechanisms through which ETS can improve GTFEE include the promotion of technological innovation and the upgrading of industrial structure.The positive effects varied in different cities and diferent regions-the result was pronounced in eastern China and developed cities,but it was insignificant in central and western areas and developing cities.This study confirms the satisfactory performance of China's ETS in improving GTFEE,and this is relevant for other emerging countries.
基金supported by National Key R&D Program of China(No.2017YFB0903000)
文摘This paper studies the coordination of heterogeneous thermostatically controlled loads(TCLs)to provide the real-time ancillary services.A market-based control framework is adopted for its advantages.The first advantage is that the demand curve-oriented approach makes it possible to form a unified control scheme for heterogeneous loads without identifying their different characteristics.The second one is that the broadcast price signal helps simplify the downlink control and reduce the implementation cost.Then,the separate demand curve construction strategies based on a virtual price for different types of TCLs are presented.The flexibility of each TCL is reflected through the curve,and its practical constraints,i.e.,comfort requirements of users and operation constraints of devices,are satisfied explicitly.To ensure the control fairness and full utilization for the regulation ability of TCL cluster,a comfort-levelequality principle is applied in demand curve construction.Simulations are carried out to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method in providing frequency regulation services,for which a regulation capacity estimation method is developed.Finally,a series of case studies are conducted considering the practical situations,e.g.,model errors,imperfect communication and sudden load change after the end of services.
基金This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,grant number 71533005.
文摘Introduction:Effective provision of ecosystem services(ES)and improvements in well-being of residents can be realized through policy interventions of stakeholder behavior.Of the several policies,market-based instruments(MBIs)have become the focus of global attention.Outcomes/others:To couple the theory with practice and solve the key problem of unclear definition of property rights,the framework of MBIs is designed.First,property rights of market creation must be clearly defined,verifiable,transferable,enforceable,and have policy continuity.Then,four key characteristics of MBIs need to be considered in the case design,namely those involving ES,stakeholders,trading mechanisms,and guarantee mechanisms.The Pledge Financing of the Right of the Ecological Public Welfare Forest(PFREPWF)in Lishui City is a typical case of China’s current marketization,which is a supplement and improvement to the ecological compensation policy.Based on clearly defined contract rights,Lishui City has realized the integration of ecological compensation and credit creation.Discussion:The case design still has the problems of lack of quantification and lack of correlations with ES.Conclusion:The theoretical and practical analysis around the market mechanism has reference value for solving market failures and providing environmental services.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.72104027,71772142,U1404703)National Social Science Foundation of China(No.18AGL005)+2 种基金National Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China(No.2021M690388)Social Science Innovation Team of Henan Province(No.2022CXTD03)Key Research Project of Beijing Institute of Technology(No.2021CX13003).
文摘Innovation scholars highlight the economic benefits to firms,while research findings on the relationship between innovation output and economic returns remain mixed.In this study,we develop the profiting from innovation(PFI)framework and address the crucial role of financial constraints in the relationship between innovation output and financial performance.We argue that the liability of newness differentiates firms’financial performance during the commercialization of innovation,leading to a U-shaped relationship between firms’innovation output and financial performance.We further document the moderating impact of individual financial constraints(IFC)and market-based financial constraints(MFC)on this curvilinear relationship.Empirical tests based on the 142,972 firm-year observations of the multi-source dataset of Chinese manufacturing firms from 1999–2009 support our hypotheses.The additional analysis shows that non-state-owned enterprises and small and medium enterprises benefit more from the synergistic effect of reductions of IFC and MFC than state-owned enterprises and large firms.Our study enriches the literature of the PFI framework by uncovering the mechanism between innovation output and economic returns where financial constraints play an essential role.To the best of our knowledge,we are among the first to investigate the processes and mechanisms between innovation output and financial performance,generating novel insights for business practitioners and policymakers.
基金the Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences: “Study on Service Sector Upgrade Strategies and MajorPolicies in the 14th Five-Year Plan Period” (Grant No. 2020CJY01-B004).
文摘China’s service sector has developed a lot in the 13th Five-Year Plan period,and is positioned to upgrade on all fronts in the new era. In the 14th Five-Year Plan period,China’s service sector boasts huge potentials and is expected to maintain steady growth. By2025, the service sector is expected to account for 59.05% of total value added, 54.96% ofemployment, 60.51% of fixed asset investment, and 50.04% of consumption. Service laborproductivity will rise from 143,400 yuan/person in 2019 to 178,400 yuan/person by 2025.It can thus be concluded that in the 14th Five-Year Plan period, China’s service sectorwill play a dominant role in the economy and head toward higher quality development. Toachieve this goal, we must allow for the decisive role of the market and the fundamentalrole of the government, and open up new prospects in development of the service sector withrespect to digilitalization, platform-based operations, smart technology, integration, andstandardization.
文摘The purpose of this study is merely to review the current situation in the designing and implementation of the emission trading programs in Europe. Historical data show that although there is a series of shortcomings in their current functioning, employing such instruments for GHG reduction policy making is strongly expected to be efficient and effective. The European Union Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS), Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and Joint Implementation (JI) are just a few examples of the ambitious EU initiative that heavily relies on such instruments. We dwell on their operations and achievements by far and all the content in this article is expected to convince the Chinese government and regional public authorities to take positive actions and attitudes in promoting these instruments.
文摘Since 1978, China's rural reform has gone through four stages, including the re-establishment of the economic status of farmer households, the transition from planned to market-based resource allocation, the initial development of the new-type urban-rural relationship, and the deepening of reforms in all respects. Underpinned by the household contract responsibility system, China's rural reform follows a gradualist and marketoriented approach that has progressed from encompassing a single domain to encompassing all fronts and from pilot programs to nationwide rollout with the core mandate of protecting farmers' rights and interests and promoting their initiative in agricultural production. Such a gradualist reform is consistent with China's national conditions and has incentivized farmers and integrated rural development, laying a solid institutional foundation for China's rapid development. China's four-decade experience suggests that reform and innovation are the primary drivers of rural development. During this period, China's rural reform has developed extensive experience with significant achievements. In the future, China should take integrated measures to deepen rural reform in all respects, promote farmers' and grassroots initiative, and unlock agricultural development potentials.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U2033203,52272333,U1833126,61773203)。
文摘Most Level 3 airports around the world suffer severe congestion and flight delays.Airlines have to obtain airport slots in order to schedule flights at such airports.The main way for airlines to acquire slots is primary slot allocation,in which a slot coordinator distributes slots to airlines according to certain rules and regulations.Due to excessive demand for slots and restrictions on allocation rules,it is difficult for some airlines to obtain the desired slots in this manner.Another way for airlines to obtain slots is through secondary slot trading,in which slots can be redistributed among airlines without being returned to slot pool.The secondary trading of airport slots has played a positive role in promoting the efficient utilization of slot resources,but systematic studies are insufficient.This paper discusses the reasons for the existence of slot secondary trading,sorts out the main policies and rules governing the mechanism,investigates its impacts on the industry and society,and points out the major problems and challenges.The paper provides a reference for subsequent research and practical application of airport slot secondary trading in the future.
