Hundred years after the conjecture of the British astronomer Eddington that the sun is powered by nuclear fusion of hydrogen, new physics theory may help make energy harvesting by nuclear fusion soon a reality. Resear...Hundred years after the conjecture of the British astronomer Eddington that the sun is powered by nuclear fusion of hydrogen, new physics theory may help make energy harvesting by nuclear fusion soon a reality. Researchers as well as investors funding fusion megaprojects are asked to deal with new relativistic corrections for mass and energy proposed by Suleiman in his Information Relativity Theory (IRT). These corrections were calculated in this contribution. It will help to decide whether a venture will be successful and to save big investments when in doubt. The assumed optimal kinetic energy for controlled nuclear fusion must be corrected to a somewhat higher level. At very high kinetic energy in the upper GeV range, it remains not enough baryonic mass to be transformed in energy. The fusion probability faded out to zero already at the golden limit of the recession speed of between target nucleon and projectile nucleon. Cold nuclear fusion, if ever possible, is recommended for protons rather than deuterons at highest experimental possible temperatures around 1000 (K) and needs fine-tuned kinetic nucleon energy. It would be also of interest whether a golden ratio based nuclear fuel confinement chamber could be beneficial. In this connection, also cold nuclear fusion setups should be discussed. Nature is governed by the golden ratio and criticality of physical systems influenced by it, and nuclear physics is not an exception. Computer simulations of the underlying controlled nuclear fusion processes should gain profit from IRT corrected starting information and may tackle anew possible low energy nuclear transmutations considering the wave-like dark components of matter and energy.展开更多
Systems using numerous cameras are emerging in many fields due to their ease of production and reduced cost, and one of the fields where they are expected to be used more actively in the near future is in image-based ...Systems using numerous cameras are emerging in many fields due to their ease of production and reduced cost, and one of the fields where they are expected to be used more actively in the near future is in image-based rendering （IBR）. Color correction between views is necessary to use multi-view systems in IBR to make audiences feel comfortable when views are switched or when a free viewpoint video is displayed. Color correction usually involves two steps： the first is to adjust camera parameters such as gain, brightness, and aperture before capture, and the second is to modify captured videos through image processing. This paper deals with the latter, which does not need a color pattern board. The proposed method uses scale invariant feature transform （SIFT） to detect correspondences, treats RGB channels independently, calculates lookup tables with an energy-minimization approach, and corrects captured video with these tables. The experimental results reveal that this approach works well.展开更多
In this paper,various aberrations have been analyzed.Not only the effects of aberration on geometrical center position are taken into account,but also the deviation of displayed star position energy center caused by a...In this paper,various aberrations have been analyzed.Not only the effects of aberration on geometrical center position are taken into account,but also the deviation of displayed star position energy center caused by aberration is analyzed.These two aspects have been taken into comprehensive evaluation and star position correction.The correction method based on polar coordinates is proposed,and cumbersome partition correction and calculated quantity based on two-dimensional coordinates can be simplified.The experimental results show that the correction processing based on polar coordinates is simpler and easier compared with any other correction methods.In addition,the correction results are significantly more accurate.展开更多
In this article, principle and mathematical method of determining the phase fractions of multiphase flows by using a dual-energy γ -ray system have been described. The dual-energy γ -ray device is composed of radioa...In this article, principle and mathematical method of determining the phase fractions of multiphase flows by using a dual-energy γ -ray system have been described. The dual-energy γ -ray device is composed of radioactive isotopes of 241Am and 137Cs with γ -ray energies of 59.5 and 662 keV, respectively. A rational method to calibrate the absorption coefficient was introduced in detail. The modified arithmetic is beneficial to removing the extra Compton scattering from the measured value. The result shows that the dual-energy γ -ray technique can be used in three-phase flow with average accuracy greater than 95%, which enables us to determine phase fractions almost independent of the flow regime. Improvement has been achieved on measurement accuracy of phase fractions.展开更多
Free energy calculations may provide vital information for studying various chemical and biological processes.Quantum mechanical methods are required to accurately describe interaction energies,but their computations ...Free energy calculations may provide vital information for studying various chemical and biological processes.Quantum mechanical methods are required to accurately describe interaction energies,but their computations are often too demanding for conformational sampling.As a remedy,level correction schemes that allow calculating high level free energies based on conformations from lower level simulations have been developed.Here,we present a variation of a Monte Carlo(MC)resampling approach in relation to the weighted histogram analysis method(WHAM).We show that our scheme can generate free energy surfaces that can practically converge to the exact one with sufficient sampling,and that it treats cases with insufficient sampling in a more stable manner than the conventional WHAM-based level correction scheme.It can also provide a guide for checking the uncertainty of the levelcorrected surface and a well-defined criterion for deciding the extent of smoothing on the free energy surface for its visual improvement.We demonstrate these aspects by obtaining the free energy maps associated with the alanine dipeptide and proton transfer network of the KillerRed protein in explicit water,and exemplify that the MC resampled WHAM scheme can be a practical tool for producing free energy surfaces of realistic systems.展开更多
We calculate the energy levels of He+ ion placed in a uniform magnetic field directed perpendicular to the direction of its center of mass (CM) velocity vector, correct to relative order . Our calculations are within ...We calculate the energy levels of He+ ion placed in a uniform magnetic field directed perpendicular to the direction of its center of mass (CM) velocity vector, correct to relative order . Our calculations are within the frame work of an approximately relativistic theory, correct to relative order , of a two-particle composite system bound by electromagnetic forces, and written in terms of the position, momentum and spin operators of the constituent particles as proposed by Krajcik and Foldy, and also by Close and Osborn. Since the He+ ion has a net electric charge, the total or the CM momentum is not conserved and a neat separation of the CM and the internal motion is not possible. What is new in our approach is that, for the basis states in a first order degenerate perturbation theory to calculate the effects of the external magnetic field, we use the direct product of the coherent state of the Landau Hamiltonian of the He+ ion in a uniform magnetic field and of the simultaneous eigenstate of the internal Hamiltonian h, j2, l2, s2 and jz,?where j, l and s are the internal total, orbital and spin angular moments of the He+ ion. The coherent state is an excellent approximation to the expected classical circular motion of the center of mass (CM) of the He+ ion. In addition to the Z2 a2 corrections to the usual nonrelativistic results, including the small corrections due to the nuclear motion, we also obtain corrections which depend on the kinetic energy (ECM ) of the CM circular motion of the He+ ion, in a nontrivial way. Even though these corrections are proportional to , where M is the mass of the He+ ion, and are small for nonrelativistic CM motion, the results should be verifiable in careful experiments. Our results may also have application in astrophysical observations of the spectral lines of He+ ions in magnetized astrophysical objects.展开更多
The alignment of the angular momenta in single-particle energy levels is studied based on a ro-taring two-center shell model for heavy-nucleus <sup>238</sup>U.It is found that large deformation of the nucl...The alignment of the angular momenta in single-particle energy levels is studied based on a ro-taring two-center shell model for heavy-nucleus <sup>238</sup>U.It is found that large deformation of the nucleusfavours the alignment and a complete alignment of the angular momenta occurs only at large deformationand high cranked frequency.Meanwhile,it is shown that the shell correction energy is mainly determinedby the deformation of the nucleus and slightly varies with the total spin except that the total spin is largerthan 80（?）.It is also found that the two valleys of the potential energy surface become shaUow and finallydisappear with the increase of total spin.展开更多
As the requirement of non-radioactivity measurement has increased in recent years,various energy cali- bration methods applied in portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometers have been developed. In this paper,a sa...As the requirement of non-radioactivity measurement has increased in recent years,various energy cali- bration methods applied in portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometers have been developed. In this paper,a sampling based correction energy calibration has been discussed. In this method both history information and current state of the instrument are considered and relative high precision and reliability can be obtained.展开更多
Correction factors of both Rem-meters, the 10 inch diameter single-sphere Remmeter and the standard A-B Rem-meter, were estimated for measuring high energy neutron dose equivalent outside a concrete shielding wall and...Correction factors of both Rem-meters, the 10 inch diameter single-sphere Remmeter and the standard A-B Rem-meter, were estimated for measuring high energy neutron dose equivalent outside a concrete shielding wall and the effects that the emitted neutron spectra become remarkably "harder" penetrated through a concrete shielding wall, and the energy response of the Rem-meter were taken in account. The estimated results could be applied in the measurement of neutron dose equivalent for the intermediate energy heavy ion reactions to avoid the difficulty induced by the energy response of the Rem-meters.展开更多
Objective: Computed tomography (CT)-based attenuation correction (CTAC) offers the clear benefit of reliable reconstruction of single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) images through its ability to achieve o...Objective: Computed tomography (CT)-based attenuation correction (CTAC) offers the clear benefit of reliable reconstruction of single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) images through its ability to achieve object-specific attenuation maps, but artifacts from dense materials often deteriorate CTAC performance. Therefore, we investigate the feasibility of CTAC in the presence of dense materials using dual-energy virtual monochromatic CT data. Methods: A sodium pertechnetate-filled cylindrical uniform phantom, with a pair of undiluted iodine syringes attached, is scanned with a dual-source CT scanner to obtain both single-energy (120 kVp) polychromatic and dual-energy (80 kVp/140 kVp with tin filtering) virtual monochromatic CT images. The single-energy and the dual-energy CT images are then converted to attenuation maps at 141 keV. SPECT images are reconstructed from 99mTc emission data of the phantom using each single-energy and dual-energy attenuation map and incorporating CTAC procedure. A region-of-in- terest analysis is performed to quantitatively compare the attenuation maps between the single-energy and the dual-energy techniques, each at an iodine-free position and a position adjacent to the iodine solutions. Results: At the iodine-free position, the phantom provides a uniform distribution of attenuation maps in both the single-energy and the dual-energy techniques. In the presence of adjacent iodine solutions, however, severe artifacts appeare in the single-energy CT images. These artifacts make attenuation values fluctuate, resulting in erroneous pixel values in the CTAC SPECT images. In contrast, dual-energy CT strongly suppresses the artifacts and hence improves the uniformity of the attenuation maps and the resultant SPECT images. Conclusions: Dual-energy CT with virtual monochromatic reconstruction has the potential to substantially reduce artifacts arising from dense materials. It has the potential to improve the accuracy of attenuation maps and the resultant CTAC SPECT images.展开更多
The main goal of the present work is a unitary approach of the physical origin of the corrections to the magnetic moment of free and bound electron. Based on this approach, estimations of lowest order corrections were...The main goal of the present work is a unitary approach of the physical origin of the corrections to the magnetic moment of free and bound electron. Based on this approach, estimations of lowest order corrections were easily obtained. In the non-relativistic limit, the Dirac electron appears as a distribution of charge and current extended over a region of linear dimension of the order of Compton wavelength, which generates its magnetic moment. The e.m. mass (self-energy) of electron outside this region does not participate to this internal dynamics, and consequently does not contribute to the mass term in the formula of the magnetic moment. This is the physical origin of the small increase of the magnetic moment of free electron compared to the value given by Dirac equation. We give arguments that this physical interpretation is self-consistent with the QED approach. The bound electron being localized, it has kinetic energy which means a mass increase from a relativistic point of view, which determines a magnetic moment decrease (relativistic Breit correction). On the other hand, the e.m. mass of electron decreases at the formation of the bound state due to coulomb interaction with the nucleus. We estimated this e.m. mass decrease of bound electron only in its internal dynamics region, and from it the corresponding increase of the magnetic moment (QED correction). The corrections to the mass value are at the origin of the lowest order corrections to the magnetic moment of free and bound electron.展开更多
文摘Hundred years after the conjecture of the British astronomer Eddington that the sun is powered by nuclear fusion of hydrogen, new physics theory may help make energy harvesting by nuclear fusion soon a reality. Researchers as well as investors funding fusion megaprojects are asked to deal with new relativistic corrections for mass and energy proposed by Suleiman in his Information Relativity Theory (IRT). These corrections were calculated in this contribution. It will help to decide whether a venture will be successful and to save big investments when in doubt. The assumed optimal kinetic energy for controlled nuclear fusion must be corrected to a somewhat higher level. At very high kinetic energy in the upper GeV range, it remains not enough baryonic mass to be transformed in energy. The fusion probability faded out to zero already at the golden limit of the recession speed of between target nucleon and projectile nucleon. Cold nuclear fusion, if ever possible, is recommended for protons rather than deuterons at highest experimental possible temperatures around 1000 (K) and needs fine-tuned kinetic nucleon energy. It would be also of interest whether a golden ratio based nuclear fuel confinement chamber could be beneficial. In this connection, also cold nuclear fusion setups should be discussed. Nature is governed by the golden ratio and criticality of physical systems influenced by it, and nuclear physics is not an exception. Computer simulations of the underlying controlled nuclear fusion processes should gain profit from IRT corrected starting information and may tackle anew possible low energy nuclear transmutations considering the wave-like dark components of matter and energy.
文摘Systems using numerous cameras are emerging in many fields due to their ease of production and reduced cost, and one of the fields where they are expected to be used more actively in the near future is in image-based rendering （IBR）. Color correction between views is necessary to use multi-view systems in IBR to make audiences feel comfortable when views are switched or when a free viewpoint video is displayed. Color correction usually involves two steps： the first is to adjust camera parameters such as gain, brightness, and aperture before capture, and the second is to modify captured videos through image processing. This paper deals with the latter, which does not need a color pattern board. The proposed method uses scale invariant feature transform （SIFT） to detect correspondences, treats RGB channels independently, calculates lookup tables with an energy-minimization approach, and corrects captured video with these tables. The experimental results reveal that this approach works well.
文摘In this paper,various aberrations have been analyzed.Not only the effects of aberration on geometrical center position are taken into account,but also the deviation of displayed star position energy center caused by aberration is analyzed.These two aspects have been taken into comprehensive evaluation and star position correction.The correction method based on polar coordinates is proposed,and cumbersome partition correction and calculated quantity based on two-dimensional coordinates can be simplified.The experimental results show that the correction processing based on polar coordinates is simpler and easier compared with any other correction methods.In addition,the correction results are significantly more accurate.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.10572143) and Joint Project between the Royal Society and the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No.15933).
文摘In this article, principle and mathematical method of determining the phase fractions of multiphase flows by using a dual-energy γ -ray system have been described. The dual-energy γ -ray device is composed of radioactive isotopes of 241Am and 137Cs with γ -ray energies of 59.5 and 662 keV, respectively. A rational method to calibrate the absorption coefficient was introduced in detail. The modified arithmetic is beneficial to removing the extra Compton scattering from the measured value. The result shows that the dual-energy γ -ray technique can be used in three-phase flow with average accuracy greater than 95%, which enables us to determine phase fractions almost independent of the flow regime. Improvement has been achieved on measurement accuracy of phase fractions.
基金supported by the Mid-career Researcher Program(No.2017R1A2B3004946)through National Research Foundationfunded by Ministry of Science and ICT of Korea.
文摘Free energy calculations may provide vital information for studying various chemical and biological processes.Quantum mechanical methods are required to accurately describe interaction energies,but their computations are often too demanding for conformational sampling.As a remedy,level correction schemes that allow calculating high level free energies based on conformations from lower level simulations have been developed.Here,we present a variation of a Monte Carlo(MC)resampling approach in relation to the weighted histogram analysis method(WHAM).We show that our scheme can generate free energy surfaces that can practically converge to the exact one with sufficient sampling,and that it treats cases with insufficient sampling in a more stable manner than the conventional WHAM-based level correction scheme.It can also provide a guide for checking the uncertainty of the levelcorrected surface and a well-defined criterion for deciding the extent of smoothing on the free energy surface for its visual improvement.We demonstrate these aspects by obtaining the free energy maps associated with the alanine dipeptide and proton transfer network of the KillerRed protein in explicit water,and exemplify that the MC resampled WHAM scheme can be a practical tool for producing free energy surfaces of realistic systems.
文摘We calculate the energy levels of He+ ion placed in a uniform magnetic field directed perpendicular to the direction of its center of mass (CM) velocity vector, correct to relative order . Our calculations are within the frame work of an approximately relativistic theory, correct to relative order , of a two-particle composite system bound by electromagnetic forces, and written in terms of the position, momentum and spin operators of the constituent particles as proposed by Krajcik and Foldy, and also by Close and Osborn. Since the He+ ion has a net electric charge, the total or the CM momentum is not conserved and a neat separation of the CM and the internal motion is not possible. What is new in our approach is that, for the basis states in a first order degenerate perturbation theory to calculate the effects of the external magnetic field, we use the direct product of the coherent state of the Landau Hamiltonian of the He+ ion in a uniform magnetic field and of the simultaneous eigenstate of the internal Hamiltonian h, j2, l2, s2 and jz,?where j, l and s are the internal total, orbital and spin angular moments of the He+ ion. The coherent state is an excellent approximation to the expected classical circular motion of the center of mass (CM) of the He+ ion. In addition to the Z2 a2 corrections to the usual nonrelativistic results, including the small corrections due to the nuclear motion, we also obtain corrections which depend on the kinetic energy (ECM ) of the CM circular motion of the He+ ion, in a nontrivial way. Even though these corrections are proportional to , where M is the mass of the He+ ion, and are small for nonrelativistic CM motion, the results should be verifiable in careful experiments. Our results may also have application in astrophysical observations of the spectral lines of He+ ions in magnetized astrophysical objects.
基金The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and Foundation of Nuclear Science of China
文摘The alignment of the angular momenta in single-particle energy levels is studied based on a ro-taring two-center shell model for heavy-nucleus <sup>238</sup>U.It is found that large deformation of the nucleusfavours the alignment and a complete alignment of the angular momenta occurs only at large deformationand high cranked frequency.Meanwhile,it is shown that the shell correction energy is mainly determinedby the deformation of the nucleus and slightly varies with the total spin except that the total spin is largerthan 80（?）.It is also found that the two valleys of the potential energy surface become shaUow and finallydisappear with the increase of total spin.
文摘As the requirement of non-radioactivity measurement has increased in recent years,various energy cali- bration methods applied in portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometers have been developed. In this paper,a sampling based correction energy calibration has been discussed. In this method both history information and current state of the instrument are considered and relative high precision and reliability can be obtained.
文摘Correction factors of both Rem-meters, the 10 inch diameter single-sphere Remmeter and the standard A-B Rem-meter, were estimated for measuring high energy neutron dose equivalent outside a concrete shielding wall and the effects that the emitted neutron spectra become remarkably "harder" penetrated through a concrete shielding wall, and the energy response of the Rem-meter were taken in account. The estimated results could be applied in the measurement of neutron dose equivalent for the intermediate energy heavy ion reactions to avoid the difficulty induced by the energy response of the Rem-meters.
文摘Objective: Computed tomography (CT)-based attenuation correction (CTAC) offers the clear benefit of reliable reconstruction of single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) images through its ability to achieve object-specific attenuation maps, but artifacts from dense materials often deteriorate CTAC performance. Therefore, we investigate the feasibility of CTAC in the presence of dense materials using dual-energy virtual monochromatic CT data. Methods: A sodium pertechnetate-filled cylindrical uniform phantom, with a pair of undiluted iodine syringes attached, is scanned with a dual-source CT scanner to obtain both single-energy (120 kVp) polychromatic and dual-energy (80 kVp/140 kVp with tin filtering) virtual monochromatic CT images. The single-energy and the dual-energy CT images are then converted to attenuation maps at 141 keV. SPECT images are reconstructed from 99mTc emission data of the phantom using each single-energy and dual-energy attenuation map and incorporating CTAC procedure. A region-of-in- terest analysis is performed to quantitatively compare the attenuation maps between the single-energy and the dual-energy techniques, each at an iodine-free position and a position adjacent to the iodine solutions. Results: At the iodine-free position, the phantom provides a uniform distribution of attenuation maps in both the single-energy and the dual-energy techniques. In the presence of adjacent iodine solutions, however, severe artifacts appeare in the single-energy CT images. These artifacts make attenuation values fluctuate, resulting in erroneous pixel values in the CTAC SPECT images. In contrast, dual-energy CT strongly suppresses the artifacts and hence improves the uniformity of the attenuation maps and the resultant SPECT images. Conclusions: Dual-energy CT with virtual monochromatic reconstruction has the potential to substantially reduce artifacts arising from dense materials. It has the potential to improve the accuracy of attenuation maps and the resultant CTAC SPECT images.
文摘The main goal of the present work is a unitary approach of the physical origin of the corrections to the magnetic moment of free and bound electron. Based on this approach, estimations of lowest order corrections were easily obtained. In the non-relativistic limit, the Dirac electron appears as a distribution of charge and current extended over a region of linear dimension of the order of Compton wavelength, which generates its magnetic moment. The e.m. mass (self-energy) of electron outside this region does not participate to this internal dynamics, and consequently does not contribute to the mass term in the formula of the magnetic moment. This is the physical origin of the small increase of the magnetic moment of free electron compared to the value given by Dirac equation. We give arguments that this physical interpretation is self-consistent with the QED approach. The bound electron being localized, it has kinetic energy which means a mass increase from a relativistic point of view, which determines a magnetic moment decrease (relativistic Breit correction). On the other hand, the e.m. mass of electron decreases at the formation of the bound state due to coulomb interaction with the nucleus. We estimated this e.m. mass decrease of bound electron only in its internal dynamics region, and from it the corresponding increase of the magnetic moment (QED correction). The corrections to the mass value are at the origin of the lowest order corrections to the magnetic moment of free and bound electron.
