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Navigating the Quantum Threat Landscape: Addressing Classical Cybersecurity Challenges
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作者 Sabina Sokol 《Journal of Quantum Information Science》 2023年第2期56-77,共22页
This research paper analyzes the urgent topic of quantum cybersecurity and the current federal quantum-cyber landscape. Quantum-safe implementations within existing and future Internet of Things infrastructure are dis... This research paper analyzes the urgent topic of quantum cybersecurity and the current federal quantum-cyber landscape. Quantum-safe implementations within existing and future Internet of Things infrastructure are discussed, along with quantum vulnerabilities in public key infrastructure and symmetric cryptographic algorithms. Other relevant non-encryption-specific areas within cybersecurity are similarly raised. The evolution and expansion of cyberwarfare as well as new developments in cyber defense beyond post-quantum cryptography and quantum key distribution are subsequently explored, with an emphasis on public and private sector awareness and vigilance in maintaining strong security posture. 展开更多
关键词 quantum Computing Post-quantum Cryptography (PQC) quantum Hacking CYBERSECURITY Internet of Things (IoT) Shor’s Algorithm quantum Random Number Generators (QRNGs) Pseudorandom Number Generators (RNGs) quantum Key Distribution (QKD) Symmetric Key Cryp-tography Asymmetric Key Cryptography
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Post-processing Free Quantum Random Number Generator Based on Avalanche Photodiode Array 被引量:2
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作者 李杨 廖胜凯 +3 位作者 梁福田 沈奇 梁昊 彭承志 《Chinese Physics Letters》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2016年第3期9-11,共3页
Quantum random number generators adopting single negligible dead time of avalanche photodiodes (APDs) photon detection have been restricted due to the non- We propose a new approach based on an APD array to improve... Quantum random number generators adopting single negligible dead time of avalanche photodiodes (APDs) photon detection have been restricted due to the non- We propose a new approach based on an APD array to improve the generation rate of random numbers significantly. This method compares the detectors' responses to consecutive optical pulses and generates the random sequence. We implement a demonstration experiment to show its simplicity, compactness and scalability. The generated numbers are proved to be unbiased, post-processing free, ready to use, and their randomness is verified by using the national institute of standard technology statistical test suite. The random bit generation efficiency is as high as 32.8% and the potential generation rate adopting the 32× 32 APD array is up to tens of Gbits/s. 展开更多
关键词 of in it APD Post-processing Free quantum Random Number Generator Based on Avalanche Photodiode Array IS on for been that
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Collisional Quantum Interference on Rotational Energy Transfer: Relation Between Integral Interference Angle and Rotational Quantum Number in Na2(A^1∑u^+,ν=8~b^3∏0u,ν=14)-Na System
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作者 WANG Wei-Li SONG Peng +2 位作者 LI Yong-Qing MIAO Gang MA Feng-Cai 《Communications in Theoretical Physics》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2006年第1X期123-129,共7页
Collisional quantum interference (CQI) on rotational energy transfer was observed in Na2(A^1∑u^+,ν=8~b^3∏0u,ν=14) system in collision with Na [Chem. Phys. Lett. 318 (2000) 107], and the degree of the inter... Collisional quantum interference (CQI) on rotational energy transfer was observed in Na2(A^1∑u^+,ν=8~b^3∏0u,ν=14) system in collision with Na [Chem. Phys. Lett. 318 (2000) 107], and the degree of the interference was measured. The integral interference angle was obtaJned through theoretical calculation. We will research the factors that have effect on collisional quantum interference on rotational energy transfer in Na2(A^1∑u^+,ν=8~b^3∏0u,ν=14)-Na system. Basing on the time-dependent first order Born approximation, and taking into account the anlsotroplc Lennard Jones interaction potentials and "straight-line" trajectory approximation, we obtain the factors that have effect on CQI in Na2-Na system, and obtain the relation between the integral interference angle and rotational quantum number. 展开更多
关键词 rotational energy transfer interference angle rotational quantum number
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Improved quantum randomness amplification with finite number of untrusted devices based on a novel extractor
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作者 徐明峰 潘炜 +4 位作者 闫连山 罗斌 邹喜华 穆鹏华 张力月 《Chinese Physics B》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2018年第1期263-266,共4页
Quantum randomness amplification protocols have increasingly attracted attention tbr their tantastic ability to ampllI~, weak randomness to almost ideal randomness by utilizing quantum systems. Recently, a realistic n... Quantum randomness amplification protocols have increasingly attracted attention tbr their tantastic ability to ampllI~, weak randomness to almost ideal randomness by utilizing quantum systems. Recently, a realistic noise-tolerant randomness amplification protocol using a finite number of untrusted devices was proposed. The protocol has the composable security against non-signalling eavesdroppers and could produce a single bit of randomness from weak randomness sources, which is certified by the violation of certain Bell inequalities. However, the protocol has a non-ignorable limitation on the min- entropy of independent sources. In this paper, we further develop the randomness amplification method and present a novel quantum randomness amplification protocol based on an explicit non-malleable two independent-source randomness extractor, which could remarkably reduce the above-mentioned specific limitation. Moreover, the composable security of our improved protocol is also proposed. Our results could significantly expand the application range for practical quantum randomness amplification, and provide a new insight on the practical design method for randomness extraction. 展开更多
关键词 quantum random number generation quantum randomness amplification quantum key distribu-tion
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Effect of Green Quantum Well Number on Properties of Green GaN-Based Light-Emitting Diodes
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作者 Zhi-Hui Wang Xiao-Lan Wang +6 位作者 Jun-Lin Liu Jian-Li Zhang Chun-Lan Mo Chang-Da Zheng Xiao-Ming Wu Guang-Xu Wang Feng-Yi Jiang 《Chinese Physics Letters》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2018年第8期79-82,共4页
In GaN-based green light-emitting diodes(LEDs) with different green quantum well numbers grown on Si(111)substrates by metal organic chemical vapor deposition are investigated. It is observed that V-shaped pits ap... In GaN-based green light-emitting diodes(LEDs) with different green quantum well numbers grown on Si(111)substrates by metal organic chemical vapor deposition are investigated. It is observed that V-shaped pits appear in the AFM images with the green quantum well number increasing from 5 to 9, and results in larger reverse-bias leakage current. Meanwhile, in the case of the sample with the number from 5 to 7 then to 9, the external quantum efficiency increases firstly, and then decreases. These phenomena may be related to the size of V-shaped pits in the active area and the distribution of electrons and holes in the active area caused by V-shaped pits. The optimal number of green quantum wells is determined to be 7. 展开更多
关键词 GAN Effect of Green quantum Well Number on Properties of Green GaN-Based Light-Emitting Diodes
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Phase-Coding Self-Testing Quantum Random Number Generator
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作者 宋萧天 李宏伟 +5 位作者 银振强 梁文烨 张春梅 韩云光 陈巍 韩正甫 《Chinese Physics Letters》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2015年第8期6-8,共3页
How to estimate the randomness of the measurement outcomes generated by a given device is an important issue in quantum information theory. Recently, Brunner et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 112 (2014)140407] proposed a pre... How to estimate the randomness of the measurement outcomes generated by a given device is an important issue in quantum information theory. Recently, Brunner et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 112 (2014)140407] proposed a prepare-and-measure quantum random number generation scenario with device-independent assumption, which indicates a method to test the randomness of bit strings according to the generation process rather than the results. Based on this protocol, we implement a quantum random number generator with an intrinsic stable phase-encoded quantum key distribution system. The system has been continuously running for more than 200 h, a stable witness W with the average value of 0.9752 and a standard deviation of 0.0024 are obtained. More than 1 G random bits are generated and the results pass all items of NIST test suite. 展开更多
关键词 Phase-Coding Self-Testing quantum Random Number Generator
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Selection Rules in Weak Interaction and Conservation of Fermion Quantum Number
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作者 Xinhua Ma 《Journal of Modern Physics》 2022年第5期700-706,共7页
Traditionally, in weak interaction, I<sub>3</sub>, Y and four flavour quantum numbers are not conserved but several empirical selection rules work well. Recently, it was found that, in weak interaction, th... Traditionally, in weak interaction, I<sub>3</sub>, Y and four flavour quantum numbers are not conserved but several empirical selection rules work well. Recently, it was found that, in weak interaction, there are three levels of conservation of additive quantum numbers, and fermion quantum number F is conserved in all kinds of interactions. It is known that weak interaction has three types: fermionic, pure hadronic and pure leptonic, corresponding to the first and the second level of conservation of additive quantum numbers respectively. It is demonstrated in this paper that the selection rules in all types of weak interaction can be interpreted by conservation of F, and the formula of relation between Q/e, F and F<sub>0</sub> is more general than Gell-Mann-Nishijima formula. Description of weak interaction becomes simpler, If only we take Q, F<sub>0</sub> and F, based on the conserved physical quantities. 展开更多
关键词 Weak Interaction Selection Rules Fermion quantum Number
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New Overview of the Energy Classification of Underlays 被引量:1
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作者 Souleymane Balde Ousmane Barry Aboubacar Safie Sylla 《Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics》 2022年第3期828-836,共9页
This article focuses on a new insight into the energy classification of sublayers. In this article, the study brings out very interesting and enriching information, knowledge and knowledge in atomistics. An affine fun... This article focuses on a new insight into the energy classification of sublayers. In this article, the study brings out very interesting and enriching information, knowledge and knowledge in atomistics. An affine function is represented in an orthonormal frame while assimilating a point to a sublayer. This made it possible to draw up a graph integrating each of the diagrams of the known energy levels. Our results are conclusive. We can then confirm that the research hypothesis is verified. 展开更多
关键词 Atomistics Affine Equation ELEMENT quantum numbers Energy Level PERIOD Order
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Electromagnetic Shells of Atoms and the Periodic System of Elements 被引量:2
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作者 Robert A. Sizov 《Journal of Modern Physics》 2016年第16期2374-2397,共24页
Experimental and theoretical researches performed by the author (period: 1969-present) showed that the magnetic spinor particles (magnetic charges) are real structural components of atoms and substance and are immedia... Experimental and theoretical researches performed by the author (period: 1969-present) showed that the magnetic spinor particles (magnetic charges) are real structural components of atoms and substance and are immediate sources of all mag-netic fields and magnetic manifestations in Nature. Magnetic charges, which constitute together with electrical charges the atomic shells, got of the Author’s title: magnetons and antimagnetons (respectively, with magnetic charges g<sup>&minus;</sup> and g<sup>+</sup>, under fundamental condition: g = e). Besides, together with electrons and magnetic charges in the structures of atomic shells, in the same quantities as the electrons, exist real electric antispinors, i.e. the true antielectrons. In the structures of the atomic shells on each electron fitted still three a real spinor particles: two magnetic (magneton and antimagneton) and one electric, i.e. true antielectron with a charge of e<sup>+</sup>. The spinor particles in atomic shells exist in the form of the two spinor associations: the electromagnetic dibispinors or S-Gravitons and magnetic bispinors (spinorial magnetic dipoles). Magnetic bispinors, which inhabited on the 3d and 4f-shells are the sources of the atomic magnetic fields and are responsible at all magnetic manifestations of the so-called magnetic atoms (iron, nickel, cobalt and others). In composition of S-Graviton is two related bispinor (electric and magnetic). S-Gravitons make up bulk of the charged density of atomic shells and are direct sources of the atomic gravitational field.If to replace all electrons on known of the atomic levels and sub-levels on S-Gravitons, can get an idea about the real electromagnetic device atomic shells most of the elements making up the Periodic Table. In article shows features the structural organization real (electromagnetic) shells of atoms that make up the periodic system of elements, as well as is considered the possibility of adaptation of the well-known quantum numbers, the Pauli’s principle and Hund’s rule, in relation to the atomic electromagnetic device. The main reasons for the fact that the real magnetic charges, as well as the true antielectrons, were “buried alive” in the modern theories are as physics confinement them in atoms and substance, which is cardinally different from the confinement, for example, electrons, so and vicious electromagnetic concept of Maxwell. In the framework of this concept really existing in atoms and substance the magnetic charges, have been mistakenly substituted on acts of the mechanical displacement of electrical charges. 展开更多
关键词 Magnetic Spinor Particles (Spinors and Antispinors) Magneton and Antimagneton Bispinor Dibispinor S-Graviton Physical Mass Vortex Electromagnetic (Gravitational) Field Paragravitation and Ferrogravitation Gravito-Levitation quantum numbers
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Correlation between Chaotic Dynamics and Level Spacings: the Lyapunov and Dixon Dip Approaches to Highly Excited Vibration of Deuterium Cyanide
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作者 区树清 吴国祯 《Chinese Physics Letters》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2007年第7期1841-1844,共4页
Chaotic dynamics of highly excited vibration of deuterium cyanide is explored by two independent approaches: (1) the Lyapunov analysis, based on the classical phase space for the levels, and (2) the Dixon dip ana... Chaotic dynamics of highly excited vibration of deuterium cyanide is explored by two independent approaches: (1) the Lyapunov analysis, based on the classical phase space for the levels, and (2) the Dixon dip analysis based on the concepts of pendulum dynamics and quantized levels. The results show that there is evident correlation between these two algorithms. We also propose that the reciprocal of energy difference between two nearby Dixon dips can be taken as a qualitative measure for the degree of dynamical chaos. 展开更多
关键词 DIABATIC CORRELATION SPECTRAL PATTERNS quantum numbers CLASSIFICATION QUANTIZATION MOLECULES SYSTEMS STATES
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Specific Heat of a Two-Layer Magnetic Superlattice
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作者 QIU Rong-Ke LIANG Jing ZHAO Jian YING Cai-Hong 《Communications in Theoretical Physics》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2009年第11期969-973,共5页
The specific heats of both a two-layer ferromagnetic superlattice and a two-layer ferrimagnetic one arestudied.It is found that the spin quantum numbers,the interlayer and intralayer exchange couplings,the anisotropy,... The specific heats of both a two-layer ferromagnetic superlattice and a two-layer ferrimagnetic one arestudied.It is found that the spin quantum numbers,the interlayer and intralayer exchange couplings,the anisotropy,theapplied magnetic field,and the temperature all affect the specific heat of these superlattices.For both the ferromagneticand ferrimagnetic superlattices,the specific heat decreases with increasing the spin quantum number,the absolutevalue of interlayer exchange coupling,intralayer exchange coupling,and anisotropy,while it increases with increasingtemperature at low temperatures.When an applied magnetic field is enhanced,the specific heat decreases in the two-layerferromagnetic superlattice,while it is almost unchanged in the two-layer ferrimagnetic superlattice at low fieldrange at low temperatures. 展开更多
关键词 ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic superlattice specific heat ANISOTROPY spin quantum numbers interlayer and intralayer exchange couplings applied magnetic field
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Photoelectron momentum distributions of single-photon ionization under a pair of elliptically polarized attosecond laser pulses
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作者 Hui-Fang Cui Xiang-Yang Miao 《Chinese Physics B》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2020年第7期313-320,共8页
The attosecond ionization dynamics of atoms has attracted extensive attention in these days.However,the role of the initial state is not clearly understood.To address this question,we perform simulations on the neon a... The attosecond ionization dynamics of atoms has attracted extensive attention in these days.However,the role of the initial state is not clearly understood.To address this question,we perform simulations on the neon atom and its model atom with different initial states by numerically solving the corresponding two-dimensional time-dependent Schrodinger¨equations.We theoretically investigate atomic photoelectron momentum distributions(PMDs)by a pair of elliptically polarized attosecond laser pulses.We find that the PMD is sensitive not only to the ellipticities of the pulses,the relative helicity,and time delay of the pulses,but also to the symmetry of the initial electronic states.Results are analyzed by the first-order time-dependent perturbation theory(TDPT)and offer a new tool for detecting the rotation direction of the ring currents. 展开更多
关键词 photoelectron momentum distributions elliptically polarized attosecond laser pulses magnetic quantum numbers rotation direction of the ring currents
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Mass, Fine Structure Constant, and the Classification of Elementary Particles by Masses
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作者 Khachatur Kirakosyan 《Journal of Modern Physics》 2021年第7期988-1004,共17页
The equations of motion of physical bodies are given, the characteristic parameters of which become the basis for determining a fundamental property of all matter—“mass”. The equations of motion are characterized b... The equations of motion of physical bodies are given, the characteristic parameters of which become the basis for determining a fundamental property of all matter—“mass”. The equations of motion are characterized by two constants, the derivative of one of which is the fine structure constant. Using these constants, energy scales are compiled, which are the basis for classifying particles by mass. 展开更多
关键词 MASS ENERGY STRUCTURE quantum numbers Elementary Particles
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Frequency in Middle of Magnon Band Gap in a Layered Ferromagnetic Superlattice 被引量:1
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作者 邱荣科 赵健 应彩虹 《Communications in Theoretical Physics》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2010年第12期1144-1150,共7页
The frequency in middle of magnon energy band in a five-layer ferromagnetic superlattice is studied by using the linear spin-wave approach and Green's function technique. It is found that four energy gaps and corresp... The frequency in middle of magnon energy band in a five-layer ferromagnetic superlattice is studied by using the linear spin-wave approach and Green's function technique. It is found that four energy gaps and corresponding four frequencie in middle of energy gaps exist in the magnon band along Kx direction perpendicular to the superlattice plane. The spin quantum numbers and the interlayer exchange couplings all affect the four frequencies in middle of the energy gaps. When all interlayer exchange couplings are same, the effect of spin quantum numbers on the frequency wg1 in middle of the energy gap Δw12 is complicated, and the frequency wg1 depends on the match of spin quantum numbers in each layer. Meanwhile, the frequencies wg2, wg3, and wg4 in middle of other energy gaps increase monotonously with increasing spin quantum numbers. When the spin quantum numbers in each layer are same, the frequencies wg1, wg2, wg3, and wg4 all increase monotonously with increasing interlayer exchange couplings. 展开更多
关键词 layered ferromagnetic superlattice magnon energy band frequency in middle of the magnon energy gap spin quantum number interlayer exchange couplings
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Magnon energy gap in a four-layer ferromagnetic superlattice
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作者 邱荣科 宋攀攀 +1 位作者 张志东 郭连权 《Chinese Physics B》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2008年第10期3894-3901,共8页
The magnon energy band in a four-layer ferromagnetic superlattice is studied by using the linear spin-wave approach and Green's function technique. It is found that three modulated energy gaps exist in the magnon ene... The magnon energy band in a four-layer ferromagnetic superlattice is studied by using the linear spin-wave approach and Green's function technique. It is found that three modulated energy gaps exist in the magnon energy band along Kx direction perpendicular to the superlattice plane. The spin quantum numbers and the interlayer exchange couplings all affect the three energy gaps. The magnon energy gaps of the four-layer ferromagnetic superlattice are different from those of the three-layer one. For the four-layer ferromagnetic superlattice, the disappearance of the magnon energy gaps △ω12, △ω23 and △ω34 all correlates with the symmetry of this system. The zero energy gap △ω23 correlates with the symmetry of interlayer exchange couplings, while the vanishing of the magnon energy gaps △ω12 and △ω34 corresponds to a translational symmetry of x-direction in the lattice. When the parameters of the system deviate from these symmetries, the three energy gaps will increase. 展开更多
关键词 layered ferromagnetic superlattice magnon energy gap spin quantum number interlayer exchange couplings
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Thermal vacuum state corresponding to squeezed chaotic light and its application
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作者 万志龙 范洪义 王震 《Chinese Physics B》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2015年第12期203-208,共6页
For the density operator(mixed state) describing squeezed chaotic light(SCL) we search for its thermal vacuum state(a pure state) in the real-fictitious space. Using the method of integration within ordered prod... For the density operator(mixed state) describing squeezed chaotic light(SCL) we search for its thermal vacuum state(a pure state) in the real-fictitious space. Using the method of integration within ordered product(IWOP) of operators we find that it is a kind of one- and two-mode combinatorial squeezed state. Its application in evaluating the quantum fluctuation of photon number reveals: the stronger the squeezing is, the larger a fluctuation appears. The second-order degree of coherence of SCL is also deduced which shows that SCL is classic. The new thermal vacuum state also helps to derive the Wigner function of SCL. 展开更多
关键词 thermal vacuum state squeezed chaotic light quantum fluctuation of photon number second-order degree of coherence
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A New Theory for the Essence and Origin of Electron Spin
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作者 Nader Butto 《Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology》 2021年第4期1459-1471,共13页
Spin is an intrinsic form of angular momentum carried by elementary particles, composite particles, and atomic nuclei. It is wildly believed that spin is a purely quantum mechanical concept and has no classical analog... Spin is an intrinsic form of angular momentum carried by elementary particles, composite particles, and atomic nuclei. It is wildly believed that spin is a purely quantum mechanical concept and has no classical analogue. In fact, elementary particles are conceived as point objects which have no axis to “spin” around. Therefore, there is no explaining how spin arises at the fundamental level, why particles have the values they do, and what underpins the Pauli Exclusion principle and Bose-Einstein behavior. However, spin is like a vector quantity;it has a definite magnitude, and it has a “direction”, in order to spin should be composite. In this paper we propose a physical explanation for spin of the electron at the sub-particle level, relying on the vortex model of the electron. The electron is described as a superfluid frictionless vortex which has a mass, angular momentum and spin to provide a complete explanation of all properties of the electron: it composite, spinning around its own axis, produces a tiny magnetic fields independent of those from its orbital motions. The classical hydrodynamic laws are used to describe the quantum properties of the electron, such as spin, angular momentum, magnetic momentum and a magnetic dipole. The circulation in the vortex is constant, and the angular momentum of the vortex is conserved and has the same value of Planck constant. The direction of the angular momentum of a spinning electron vortex is along the axis of rotation and determined by the direction of spin. The spin quantum number 1/2 has a fixed value which represents the gap between the circulation rate of the core of the vortex and the boundaries of the vortex. The changeable values +1/2 “spin-up” or -1/2 “spin-down” indicate the direction of the magnetic dipole of the vortex. The relation between spin and Planck constant is discussed and the origin h/4pi angular momentum units are revealed. 展开更多
关键词 Higgs Field Irrotational Vortex Angular Momentum Magnetic Momentum quantum Spin Number G-FACTOR
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Large-inductance superconducting microstrip photon detector enabling 10 photon-number resolution 被引量:1
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作者 Ling-Dong Kong Tian-Zhu Zhang +4 位作者 Xiao-Yu Liu Hao Li Zhen Wang Xiao-Ming Xie Li-Xing You 《Advanced Photonics》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2024年第1期96-105,共10页
Efficient and precise photon-number-resolving detectors are essential for optical quantum information science.Despite this,very few detectors have been able to distinguish photon numbers with both high fidelity and a ... Efficient and precise photon-number-resolving detectors are essential for optical quantum information science.Despite this,very few detectors have been able to distinguish photon numbers with both high fidelity and a large dynamic range,all while maintaining high speed and high timing precision.Superconducting nanostrip-based detectors excel at counting single photons efficiently and rapidly,but face challenges in balancing dynamic range and fidelity.Here,we have pioneered the demonstration of 10 true photon-number resolution using a superconducting microstrip detector,with readout fidelity reaching an impressive 98%and 90%for 4-photon and 6-photon events,respectively.Furthermore,our proposed dual-channel timing setup drastically reduces the amount of data acquisition by 3 orders of magnitude,allowing for real-time photon-number readout.We then demonstrate the utility of our scheme by implementing a quantum random-number generator based on sampling the parity of a coherent state,which guarantees inherent unbiasedness,robustness against experimental imperfections and environmental noise,as well as invulnerability to eavesdropping.Our solution boasts high fidelity,a large dynamic range,and real-time characterization for photon-number resolution and simplicity with respect to device structure,fabrication,and readout,which may provide a promising avenue towards optical quantum information science. 展开更多
关键词 superconducting microstrips single-photon detector photon-number resolution quantum random number
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