The objective of this study was to analyze the dynamics of nutrient balance,physiological biomarkers and comprehensive indexes associated with metabolism and function of organs in transition cows.Fourteen transition c...The objective of this study was to analyze the dynamics of nutrient balance,physiological biomarkers and comprehensive indexes associated with metabolism and function of organs in transition cows.Fourteen transition cows were used for this research.Dietary intake was recorded daily,and samples of the diet,venous blood and milk were collected for measurements.The balance values of net energy for lactation(NEL),metabolizable protein(MP),and metabolizable glucose(MG) were calculated,and regression analysis and calculation of comprehensive indexes were performed.Accordingly,the prepartum cows presented positive balances of NEL,MP,and MG,while severe negative balances were found during the postpartum period.Dynamic changes of energy metabolism,nutrient mobilization,liver function,anti-oxidative status and immune response,as indicated by blood biomarkers and modified comprehensive indexes,were out of sync with the calculated balance values,but they were closely related to the day relative to calving.Compared with the 21 d prepartum,the plasma concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids(NEFA) and β-hydroxybutyric acid(BHBA) were significantly increased around and after calving(P<0.05),and similar variation tendency was observed for most of other parameters.The occurrence of parturition and the initiation of lactation were more responsible for the negative balances of nutrients in transition dairy cows.Although negative balances of NEL,MP and MG were not observed using the assessment model,the nutritional strategies should be applied before calving,because metabolic adaptations had been validated during the prepartum period.In addition,it was plausible to conclude that the decline of hepatic metabolism,defense function and insulin sensitivity are critical causes of metabolic dysfunction.展开更多
Background: Failure to expel fetal membranes within 24 h of calving is a pathological condition defined as retained placenta(RP). The objective of this investigation was to evaluate whether there are alterations in se...Background: Failure to expel fetal membranes within 24 h of calving is a pathological condition defined as retained placenta(RP). The objective of this investigation was to evaluate whether there are alterations in several selected serum variables related to innate immunity and carbohydrate and lipid metabolism that precede occurrence of RP in transition Holstein dairy cows.Methods: One hundred multiparous Holstein dairy cows were involved in the study. Blood samples were collected from the coccygeal vein during the-8 to +4 wks around parturition, once per week before the morning feeding.Six healthy control cows(CON) and 6 cows with RP were selected and serum samples at-8,-4, time of diagnosis of disease, and +4 wks relative to parturition were used for analyses. All samples were analyzed for lactate, nonesterified fatty acids(NEFA), β-hydroxybutyrate(BHBA), interleukin-1(IL-1), interleukin-6(IL-6), tumor necrosis factor(TNF), haptoglobin(Hp), and serum amyloid A(SAA).Results: Cows with RP had greater concentrations of serum lactate, IL-1, IL-6, TNF, and SAA in comparison with CON cows. Intriguingly, elevated concentrations of all five variables were observed at-8 and-4 wks before the occurrence of RP compared to healthy cows. Cows with RP also had lower DMI and milk production vs CON animals; however milk composition was not affected by RP.Conclusions: Cows with RP showed an activated innate immunity 8 wks prior to diagnosis of disease. Overall results suggest that serum IL-1, IL- 6, and TNF, and lactate can be used as screening biomarkers to indicate cows that might have health issues during the transition period.展开更多
Background:Nutritional management in the dry period can alter body condition score(BCS)in dairy cows,a subjective measure of body fat.As such,differences in BCS during late-pregnancy not only mirror nutrient utilizati...Background:Nutritional management in the dry period can alter body condition score(BCS)in dairy cows,a subjective measure of body fat.As such,differences in BCS during late-pregnancy not only mirror nutrient utilization by fat depots,but also can play important roles on the metabolic and hormonal environment.We investigated the association between cow BCS during late-pregnancy on developmental parameters and blood variables of neonatal calves.Forty-nine multiparous Holstein cows were retrospectively divided by prepartal BCS into normal BCS≤3.25(NormBCS;3.02±0.17,n=30)or high BCS≥3.75(HighBCS;3.83±0.15,n=19)groups.Plasma samples were collected from cows at−10 d relative to parturition.Body weight,hip and wither height,hip width and body length were measured at birth and weekly through weaning(42 d of age)and until 9 weeks of age.Calf blood samples were collected from the jugular vein at birth(before receiving colostrum,0 d),24 h after first colostrum and at 7,21,42 and 50 d of age.The data were subjected to ANOVA using the mixed procedure of SAS.The statistical model included day,BCS,and their interactions.Results:Dry matter intake(kg/d or%of body weight)during the last 4 weeks of pregnancy was lower(P≤0.06)in HighBCS cows.Plasma concentrations of fatty acids,ceruloplasmin,and nitric oxide were greater overall(P<0.05)at d−10 prior to calving in HighBCS cows,and they tended(P=0.08)to have greater concentrations of reactive oxygen metabolites.Birth body weight was lower(P=0.03)in calves born to dams with HighBCS.In addition,plasma concentrations of fatty acids,albumin and urea(P<0.05)were greater in those calves.Although calves born to cows with HighBCS maintained a lower postnatal body weight(P=0.04),hip and wither height,hip width,and body length,there was no difference(P>0.05)in daily starter intake and average daily gain due to maternal BCS.Conclusions:Overall,results highlight an association between BCS during late-gestation on in utero calf development and postnatal growth.A high maternal BCS during late-gestation was associated with lower calf body weights,which could be due to lower maternal intakes and a state of inflammation and metabolic stress.展开更多
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of supplementing N-carbamoylglutamate(NCG),an Arg enhancer,on amino acid(AA)supply and utilization and productive performance of early-lactating dairy cows.Th...The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of supplementing N-carbamoylglutamate(NCG),an Arg enhancer,on amino acid(AA)supply and utilization and productive performance of early-lactating dairy cows.Thirty multiparous Chinese Holstein dairy cows were randomly divided into con-trol(CON,n=15)and NCG(CON diet supplemented with NCG at 20 g/d per cow,n=15)groups at 4 wk before calving.Diets were offered individually in tie-stalls,and NCG was supplemented by top-dress feeding onto total mixed ration for the NCG group.The experiment lasted until wk 10 after calving.Dry matter intake tended to be higher(P=0.06),and yields of milk(P<0.01),milk protein(P<0.01),and milk fat(P<0.01)were higher in the NCG-cows than in the CON-cows.Plasma activities of aspartate aminotransferase(P<0.01),alanine aminotransferase(P=0.03),and plasma level ofβ-hydroxybutyrate(P=0.04)were lower in the NCG-cows than in the CON-cows,whereas plasma glucose(P=0.05)and nitric oxide(NO,P<0.01)concentrations were higher.Coccygeal vein concentrations of Cys(P<0.01),Pro(P<0.01),Tyr(P=0.05),most essential AA except Thr and His(P<0.01),total essential AA(P<0.01),and total AA(P<0.01)were higher in the NCG-cows than in the CON-cows.The arterial supply of all AA was greater in the NCG-cows than in the CON-cows.The NCG-cows had higher mammary plasma flow of AA(P=0.04)and clearance rate of Cys(P<0.01),Pro(P<0.01)and Asp(P<0.01),and higher ratios of uptake to output of Met(P=0.05),Lys(P<0.01),Cys(P=0.01),Pro(P=0.03),and Asp(P=0.01).In summary,addition of NCG initiated from the prepartum period improved the lactation performance of postpartum dairy cows,which might attribute to greater Arg and NO concentrations,as well as improved AA supply and utilization,liver function,and feed intake in these cows.展开更多
The objective of this study was to investigate whether supplementation with N-carbamoylglutamate(NCG)to cows during late gestation alters uteroplacental tissue nutrient transporters,calf metabolism and newborn weight....The objective of this study was to investigate whether supplementation with N-carbamoylglutamate(NCG)to cows during late gestation alters uteroplacental tissue nutrient transporters,calf metabolism and newborn weight.Thirty multiparous Chinese Holstein cows were used in a randomized complete block design experiment.During the last 28 d of pregnancy,cows were fed a diet without(CON)or with NCG(20 g/d per cow).The body weight of calves was weighed immediately after birth.Placentome samples were collected at parturition and used to assess mRNA expression of genes involved in transport of arginine,glucose,fatty acid and angiogenesis factors,as well as the mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR)pathway.Blood samples of calves before colostrum consumption were also collected for the detection of plasma parameters,amino acids(AA)and metabolomics analysis.The newborn weight(P=0.02)and plasma Arg concentration of NCG-calves was significantly higher(P=0.05)than that of CON-calves,and the plasma concentrations of urea nitrogen tended to be lower(P=0.10)in the NCG group.The mRNA abundance of genes involved in glucose transport(solute carrier family 2 member 3[SLC2 A3],P<0.01),angiogenesis(nitric oxide synthase 3[NOS3],P=0.02),and mTOR pathway(serine/threonine-protein kinase 1[ACT1],P=0.10;euka ryotic translation initiation factor 4 B pseudogene 1[EIF4 BP1],P=0.08;EIF4 EBP2,P=0.04;and E74-like factor 2[ELF2],P=0.03)was upregulated in the placentome of NCG-supplemented cows.In addition,17 metabolites were significantly different in the placentome of NCG-supplemented cows compared to non-supplemented cows,and these metabolites are mainly involved in arginine and proline metabolism,alanine,aspartate and glutamate metabolism,and citrate cycle.In summary,the increased body weight of newborn calves from the NCG supplemented dairy cows maybe attributed to the increased angiogenesis and uteroplacental nutrient transport and to the activated mTOR signal pathway,which may result in the increased nutrient supply to the fetus,and improved AA metabolism and urea cycle of the fetus.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFD0500500)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31472122, 31672451)
文摘The objective of this study was to analyze the dynamics of nutrient balance,physiological biomarkers and comprehensive indexes associated with metabolism and function of organs in transition cows.Fourteen transition cows were used for this research.Dietary intake was recorded daily,and samples of the diet,venous blood and milk were collected for measurements.The balance values of net energy for lactation(NEL),metabolizable protein(MP),and metabolizable glucose(MG) were calculated,and regression analysis and calculation of comprehensive indexes were performed.Accordingly,the prepartum cows presented positive balances of NEL,MP,and MG,while severe negative balances were found during the postpartum period.Dynamic changes of energy metabolism,nutrient mobilization,liver function,anti-oxidative status and immune response,as indicated by blood biomarkers and modified comprehensive indexes,were out of sync with the calculated balance values,but they were closely related to the day relative to calving.Compared with the 21 d prepartum,the plasma concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids(NEFA) and β-hydroxybutyric acid(BHBA) were significantly increased around and after calving(P<0.05),and similar variation tendency was observed for most of other parameters.The occurrence of parturition and the initiation of lactation were more responsible for the negative balances of nutrients in transition dairy cows.Although negative balances of NEL,MP and MG were not observed using the assessment model,the nutritional strategies should be applied before calving,because metabolic adaptations had been validated during the prepartum period.In addition,it was plausible to conclude that the decline of hepatic metabolism,defense function and insulin sensitivity are critical causes of metabolic dysfunction.
基金Financial support for this project was provided by Genome Alberta(Calgary,Alberta,Canada)and National Science and Engineering Council of Canada(NSERC)to Dr.Ametaj as Principal Investigator
文摘Background: Failure to expel fetal membranes within 24 h of calving is a pathological condition defined as retained placenta(RP). The objective of this investigation was to evaluate whether there are alterations in several selected serum variables related to innate immunity and carbohydrate and lipid metabolism that precede occurrence of RP in transition Holstein dairy cows.Methods: One hundred multiparous Holstein dairy cows were involved in the study. Blood samples were collected from the coccygeal vein during the-8 to +4 wks around parturition, once per week before the morning feeding.Six healthy control cows(CON) and 6 cows with RP were selected and serum samples at-8,-4, time of diagnosis of disease, and +4 wks relative to parturition were used for analyses. All samples were analyzed for lactate, nonesterified fatty acids(NEFA), β-hydroxybutyrate(BHBA), interleukin-1(IL-1), interleukin-6(IL-6), tumor necrosis factor(TNF), haptoglobin(Hp), and serum amyloid A(SAA).Results: Cows with RP had greater concentrations of serum lactate, IL-1, IL-6, TNF, and SAA in comparison with CON cows. Intriguingly, elevated concentrations of all five variables were observed at-8 and-4 wks before the occurrence of RP compared to healthy cows. Cows with RP also had lower DMI and milk production vs CON animals; however milk composition was not affected by RP.Conclusions: Cows with RP showed an activated innate immunity 8 wks prior to diagnosis of disease. Overall results suggest that serum IL-1, IL- 6, and TNF, and lactate can be used as screening biomarkers to indicate cows that might have health issues during the transition period.
基金The authors acknowledge funding from the Research and Development(R&D)Program(Research Pooling Initiative),Ministry of Education,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia,(RPI-KSU)Authors also extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud University for partial funding through research project number RG-1436-021Partial support from Hatch funds under project ILLU-538-914(National Institute of Food and Agriculture,Washington,DC)is also acknowledged。
文摘Background:Nutritional management in the dry period can alter body condition score(BCS)in dairy cows,a subjective measure of body fat.As such,differences in BCS during late-pregnancy not only mirror nutrient utilization by fat depots,but also can play important roles on the metabolic and hormonal environment.We investigated the association between cow BCS during late-pregnancy on developmental parameters and blood variables of neonatal calves.Forty-nine multiparous Holstein cows were retrospectively divided by prepartal BCS into normal BCS≤3.25(NormBCS;3.02±0.17,n=30)or high BCS≥3.75(HighBCS;3.83±0.15,n=19)groups.Plasma samples were collected from cows at−10 d relative to parturition.Body weight,hip and wither height,hip width and body length were measured at birth and weekly through weaning(42 d of age)and until 9 weeks of age.Calf blood samples were collected from the jugular vein at birth(before receiving colostrum,0 d),24 h after first colostrum and at 7,21,42 and 50 d of age.The data were subjected to ANOVA using the mixed procedure of SAS.The statistical model included day,BCS,and their interactions.Results:Dry matter intake(kg/d or%of body weight)during the last 4 weeks of pregnancy was lower(P≤0.06)in HighBCS cows.Plasma concentrations of fatty acids,ceruloplasmin,and nitric oxide were greater overall(P<0.05)at d−10 prior to calving in HighBCS cows,and they tended(P=0.08)to have greater concentrations of reactive oxygen metabolites.Birth body weight was lower(P=0.03)in calves born to dams with HighBCS.In addition,plasma concentrations of fatty acids,albumin and urea(P<0.05)were greater in those calves.Although calves born to cows with HighBCS maintained a lower postnatal body weight(P=0.04),hip and wither height,hip width,and body length,there was no difference(P>0.05)in daily starter intake and average daily gain due to maternal BCS.Conclusions:Overall,results highlight an association between BCS during late-gestation on in utero calf development and postnatal growth.A high maternal BCS during late-gestation was associated with lower calf body weights,which could be due to lower maternal intakes and a state of inflammation and metabolic stress.
基金grants from the China-USA Intergovernmental Collaborative Project in S&T Innovation under the National Key R&D Program(No.2018YFE0111700)the China Agricultural Research System(No.CARS-36).
文摘The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of supplementing N-carbamoylglutamate(NCG),an Arg enhancer,on amino acid(AA)supply and utilization and productive performance of early-lactating dairy cows.Thirty multiparous Chinese Holstein dairy cows were randomly divided into con-trol(CON,n=15)and NCG(CON diet supplemented with NCG at 20 g/d per cow,n=15)groups at 4 wk before calving.Diets were offered individually in tie-stalls,and NCG was supplemented by top-dress feeding onto total mixed ration for the NCG group.The experiment lasted until wk 10 after calving.Dry matter intake tended to be higher(P=0.06),and yields of milk(P<0.01),milk protein(P<0.01),and milk fat(P<0.01)were higher in the NCG-cows than in the CON-cows.Plasma activities of aspartate aminotransferase(P<0.01),alanine aminotransferase(P=0.03),and plasma level ofβ-hydroxybutyrate(P=0.04)were lower in the NCG-cows than in the CON-cows,whereas plasma glucose(P=0.05)and nitric oxide(NO,P<0.01)concentrations were higher.Coccygeal vein concentrations of Cys(P<0.01),Pro(P<0.01),Tyr(P=0.05),most essential AA except Thr and His(P<0.01),total essential AA(P<0.01),and total AA(P<0.01)were higher in the NCG-cows than in the CON-cows.The arterial supply of all AA was greater in the NCG-cows than in the CON-cows.The NCG-cows had higher mammary plasma flow of AA(P=0.04)and clearance rate of Cys(P<0.01),Pro(P<0.01)and Asp(P<0.01),and higher ratios of uptake to output of Met(P=0.05),Lys(P<0.01),Cys(P=0.01),Pro(P=0.03),and Asp(P=0.01).In summary,addition of NCG initiated from the prepartum period improved the lactation performance of postpartum dairy cows,which might attribute to greater Arg and NO concentrations,as well as improved AA supply and utilization,liver function,and feed intake in these cows.
基金financially supported by grants from the ChinaUSA Intergovernmental Collaborative Project in S&T Innovation under the National Key R&D Program(Grant No.2018YFE0111700)the China Agricultural Research System(Grant No.CARS-36)。
文摘The objective of this study was to investigate whether supplementation with N-carbamoylglutamate(NCG)to cows during late gestation alters uteroplacental tissue nutrient transporters,calf metabolism and newborn weight.Thirty multiparous Chinese Holstein cows were used in a randomized complete block design experiment.During the last 28 d of pregnancy,cows were fed a diet without(CON)or with NCG(20 g/d per cow).The body weight of calves was weighed immediately after birth.Placentome samples were collected at parturition and used to assess mRNA expression of genes involved in transport of arginine,glucose,fatty acid and angiogenesis factors,as well as the mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR)pathway.Blood samples of calves before colostrum consumption were also collected for the detection of plasma parameters,amino acids(AA)and metabolomics analysis.The newborn weight(P=0.02)and plasma Arg concentration of NCG-calves was significantly higher(P=0.05)than that of CON-calves,and the plasma concentrations of urea nitrogen tended to be lower(P=0.10)in the NCG group.The mRNA abundance of genes involved in glucose transport(solute carrier family 2 member 3[SLC2 A3],P<0.01),angiogenesis(nitric oxide synthase 3[NOS3],P=0.02),and mTOR pathway(serine/threonine-protein kinase 1[ACT1],P=0.10;euka ryotic translation initiation factor 4 B pseudogene 1[EIF4 BP1],P=0.08;EIF4 EBP2,P=0.04;and E74-like factor 2[ELF2],P=0.03)was upregulated in the placentome of NCG-supplemented cows.In addition,17 metabolites were significantly different in the placentome of NCG-supplemented cows compared to non-supplemented cows,and these metabolites are mainly involved in arginine and proline metabolism,alanine,aspartate and glutamate metabolism,and citrate cycle.In summary,the increased body weight of newborn calves from the NCG supplemented dairy cows maybe attributed to the increased angiogenesis and uteroplacental nutrient transport and to the activated mTOR signal pathway,which may result in the increased nutrient supply to the fetus,and improved AA metabolism and urea cycle of the fetus.
