Background: Cosmetic formulations, and particularly solar products which contain mineral and chemical UV-filters, are often suspected of causing harmful effects on marine fauna and flora. After the publication of our ...Background: Cosmetic formulations, and particularly solar products which contain mineral and chemical UV-filters, are often suspected of causing harmful effects on marine fauna and flora. After the publication of our work in 2019 concerning the ecotoxicological effects of such formulations on corals (Seriatopora hystrix), we here provide some new information about the biodegradability and the ecotoxicological effects of these products on marine zoo- and phytoplankton. Therefore, we choose to realize in silico and in vitro studies of the biodegradability of several solar products but also to evaluate the ecotoxicological effects of these products on one phytoplankton, i.e. Phaeodactylum tricornutum, and one zooplankton, i.e. Acartia tonsa, of a great importance for sea species survival (notably as sources of food). Materials and methods: Two different approaches were used to study the biodegradability of the tested products: One in silico method and an in vitro one. 2 solar products were involved in the in silico study which consisted in the determination of the degradation factor (DF) of each ingredient of the tested formulas in order to finally obtain their estimated biodegradability percentage. Already available data concerning each ingredient coupled to a computer model developed with one of our partners were used to achieve this study. The in vitro study involved 8 formulas containing UV-filters and was led by following the OECD 301 F guidelines. Ecotoxicological studies of 7 of the formulas containing UV-filters were for their part realized by following the ISO 10253 guidelines for the experiments led with Phaeodactylum tricornutum, and the ISO 14669 guidelines for the experiments led with Acartia tonsa. In these studies, the effect of each tested product on crustaceans’ mortality and algal growth inhibition was assessed. Results: The in silico study predicted that formulas containing chemical UV-filters display a high biodegradability (superior to the threshold value of 60% given by the OECD 301 F guidelines). In the in vitro part of our work, the 8 tested formulas showed a biodegradability slightly inferior to the one predicted in the in silico experiments. Therefore, in order to evaluate if these calculated biodegradability value could have significant harmful effects on zoo- or phytoplankton, we studied the effect of our products regarding the growth inhibition on Phaeodactylum tricornutum and the mortality on Acartia tonsa. In this last part of the study, all the tested products were classified as “non ecotoxic” following an internal classification based on Part 4 entitled “Environmental Hazards” of Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), 9<sup>th</sup> edition (2021). Conclusions: These results are notably in line with those published by our teams in 2019 on the effects of solar cosmetic products on corals and seem to confirm that formulas containing mineral and chemical UV-filters can be daily used without displaying significant noxious effects on marine fauna and flora. .展开更多
Kathon(CMI-MI),a mixture of 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one(CMI)and 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one(MI),was extensively used in industry as a nonoxidizing biocide or disinfectant.However,it would show adverse eff...Kathon(CMI-MI),a mixture of 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one(CMI)and 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one(MI),was extensively used in industry as a nonoxidizing biocide or disinfectant.However,it would show adverse effects on aquatic life when it is discharged into surface water.In this study,the removal performance,parameter influence,degradation products and enhancement of subsequent biodegradation of CMI-MI in UV/H_(2)O_(2)system were systematically investigated.The degradation rate of CMI-MI could reach 90%under UV irradiation for 20 min when the dosage of H_(2)O_(2)was 0.3 mmol·L^(–1).The DOC(dissolved organic carbon)mineralization rate of CMI-MI could reach 35%under certain conditions([H_(2)O_(2)]=0.3 mmol·L^(–1),UV irradiation for 40 min).kobs was inversely proportional to the concentration of CMI-MI and proportional to the concentration of H_(2)O_(2).The degradation rate of CMIMI was almost unchanged in the pH range from 4 to 10.Except the presence of CO_(3)^(2-)inhibited the removal rate of CMI-MI,SO_(4)^(2-),Cl^(-),NO_(3)^(-),and NH_(4)^(+) did not interfere with the degradation of CMI-MI in the system.It was found that UV/H_(2)O_(2)system had lower energy consumption and more economic advantage compared with UV/PS system by comparing the EEO(electric energy per order)values under the same conditions.Two main organic products were identified,namely HCOOH and CH_(3)NH_(2).There’s also the formation of Cl^(-)and SO_(4)^(2-).After UV and UV/H_(2)O_(2)photolysis,the biochemical properties of CMI-MI solution were obviously improved,especially the UV/H_(2)O_(2)treatment effect was better,indicating that UV/H_(2)O_(2)technology is expected to combine with biotechnology to remove CMI-MI effectively and environmentally friendly from wastewater.展开更多
文摘Background: Cosmetic formulations, and particularly solar products which contain mineral and chemical UV-filters, are often suspected of causing harmful effects on marine fauna and flora. After the publication of our work in 2019 concerning the ecotoxicological effects of such formulations on corals (Seriatopora hystrix), we here provide some new information about the biodegradability and the ecotoxicological effects of these products on marine zoo- and phytoplankton. Therefore, we choose to realize in silico and in vitro studies of the biodegradability of several solar products but also to evaluate the ecotoxicological effects of these products on one phytoplankton, i.e. Phaeodactylum tricornutum, and one zooplankton, i.e. Acartia tonsa, of a great importance for sea species survival (notably as sources of food). Materials and methods: Two different approaches were used to study the biodegradability of the tested products: One in silico method and an in vitro one. 2 solar products were involved in the in silico study which consisted in the determination of the degradation factor (DF) of each ingredient of the tested formulas in order to finally obtain their estimated biodegradability percentage. Already available data concerning each ingredient coupled to a computer model developed with one of our partners were used to achieve this study. The in vitro study involved 8 formulas containing UV-filters and was led by following the OECD 301 F guidelines. Ecotoxicological studies of 7 of the formulas containing UV-filters were for their part realized by following the ISO 10253 guidelines for the experiments led with Phaeodactylum tricornutum, and the ISO 14669 guidelines for the experiments led with Acartia tonsa. In these studies, the effect of each tested product on crustaceans’ mortality and algal growth inhibition was assessed. Results: The in silico study predicted that formulas containing chemical UV-filters display a high biodegradability (superior to the threshold value of 60% given by the OECD 301 F guidelines). In the in vitro part of our work, the 8 tested formulas showed a biodegradability slightly inferior to the one predicted in the in silico experiments. Therefore, in order to evaluate if these calculated biodegradability value could have significant harmful effects on zoo- or phytoplankton, we studied the effect of our products regarding the growth inhibition on Phaeodactylum tricornutum and the mortality on Acartia tonsa. In this last part of the study, all the tested products were classified as “non ecotoxic” following an internal classification based on Part 4 entitled “Environmental Hazards” of Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), 9<sup>th</sup> edition (2021). Conclusions: These results are notably in line with those published by our teams in 2019 on the effects of solar cosmetic products on corals and seem to confirm that formulas containing mineral and chemical UV-filters can be daily used without displaying significant noxious effects on marine fauna and flora. .
基金support of experimental Instrument Platform of Shandong Taihe Water Treatment Technology Co.,LTD.
文摘Kathon(CMI-MI),a mixture of 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one(CMI)and 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one(MI),was extensively used in industry as a nonoxidizing biocide or disinfectant.However,it would show adverse effects on aquatic life when it is discharged into surface water.In this study,the removal performance,parameter influence,degradation products and enhancement of subsequent biodegradation of CMI-MI in UV/H_(2)O_(2)system were systematically investigated.The degradation rate of CMI-MI could reach 90%under UV irradiation for 20 min when the dosage of H_(2)O_(2)was 0.3 mmol·L^(–1).The DOC(dissolved organic carbon)mineralization rate of CMI-MI could reach 35%under certain conditions([H_(2)O_(2)]=0.3 mmol·L^(–1),UV irradiation for 40 min).kobs was inversely proportional to the concentration of CMI-MI and proportional to the concentration of H_(2)O_(2).The degradation rate of CMIMI was almost unchanged in the pH range from 4 to 10.Except the presence of CO_(3)^(2-)inhibited the removal rate of CMI-MI,SO_(4)^(2-),Cl^(-),NO_(3)^(-),and NH_(4)^(+) did not interfere with the degradation of CMI-MI in the system.It was found that UV/H_(2)O_(2)system had lower energy consumption and more economic advantage compared with UV/PS system by comparing the EEO(electric energy per order)values under the same conditions.Two main organic products were identified,namely HCOOH and CH_(3)NH_(2).There’s also the formation of Cl^(-)and SO_(4)^(2-).After UV and UV/H_(2)O_(2)photolysis,the biochemical properties of CMI-MI solution were obviously improved,especially the UV/H_(2)O_(2)treatment effect was better,indicating that UV/H_(2)O_(2)technology is expected to combine with biotechnology to remove CMI-MI effectively and environmentally friendly from wastewater.
