Purpose: The aim of this study is to compare how Chinese and Zambian pregnant women respond to nutrition and exercise. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with data that was conducted in Chingola City, Zambia, an...Purpose: The aim of this study is to compare how Chinese and Zambian pregnant women respond to nutrition and exercise. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with data that was conducted in Chingola City, Zambia, and Hangzhou City, China, using an online survey between September 1, 2023 and February 28, 2024. The subjects were divided into two groups (the China group and the Zambia group) according to their nationality. Results: A total of 210 participants were included through a questionnaire survey, 104 from China and 106 from Zambia. In terms of nutrient supplementation and whether to choose takeout weekly, 100% of Chinese pregnant women chose yes, while 100% of Zambian pregnant women chose no (P 0.05). The proportion of pregnant women in the China group choosing moderate or intense activities was higher than that in the Zambia group. In terms of daily exercise time, the proportion of Chinese pregnant women choosing 13 - 30 minutes or 30 - 60 minutes was significantly higher than that of Zambian pregnant women (P Conclusion: From the findings in our study, it can be observed that although pregnancy is an experience that many women may go through, lifestyle habits during pregnancy can vary from culture to culture or ethnicity.展开更多
Background: Home deliveries is still high globally at 42% WHO 2022, due to high home deliveries, maternal death is also high at 43% globally. In sub-Sahara region home deliveries still high. Giving birth at health fac...Background: Home deliveries is still high globally at 42% WHO 2022, due to high home deliveries, maternal death is also high at 43% globally. In sub-Sahara region home deliveries still high. Giving birth at health facilities in most of sub-Saharan African countries Zambia inclusive is still a challenge whereby more than 51% of first-time mothers give birth at home and this gives a risk of high maternal and perinatal deaths. Therefore Reducing number of home deliveries is important to improve maternal and perinatal health issues. In this study, the aim was to investigate the determinants of home deliveries by pregnant mothers in the Luumbo zone of Gwembe district, Zambia. Purpose: Access to skilled care and facilities with capacity to provide emergency and newborn care is critical to reduce maternal death. In Zambia 42% of women still deliveries from home, suggesting a persistent challenge for women to seek, reach, and receive quality maternity care. This study aimed investigate the determinants of home deliveries by pregnant mothers in Luumbo zone of Gwembe district, Zambia. Methods: The study was conducted among postnatal mothers who came for postnatal care at 6 weeks in Luumbo Chabbobboma clinic in Gwembe district southern province of Zambia. This was a descriptive cross-sectional study where a Simple random sampling technique was used to select 105 women of childbearing age who attended postnatal and had a recent delivery. Data were collected using a researcher-administered structured questionnaire to identify determinants of home deliveries in Luumbo Chabbobboma zone. Data analysis was done using SPSS computer software version 27.0. Both descriptive and inferential (chi-square test) analyses were performed and statistical significance was taken at α ≤ 0.05. Results: The results show that 46 (43.8%) respondents were in the age bracket 20 - 29 years. Of the 105 respondents included in the study, 24 (22.9%) of them delivered from home. The results show that high maternal age (p = 0.03), occupation (p = 0.024), distance to the facility (p = 0.014), means of transportation (p = 0.023), multiparity (p = 0.01), timing and number of ANC visits (p Conclusion: From this population. The major reason why women still deliver at home was long distance to the nearest facility. To reduce maternal and perinatal mortality access to health facilities by pregnant women needs to be improved. There should also be active engagement of the traditional and religious institutions in the area.展开更多
Introduction: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease of the respiratory tract caused by SARS-CoV-2. Since its emergence, there have been increased rates of transmission and spread, morbidity ...Introduction: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease of the respiratory tract caused by SARS-CoV-2. Since its emergence, there have been increased rates of transmission and spread, morbidity and mortality which led to the development of COVID-19 vaccines to address the pandemic. This study assessed acceptance, knowledge, attitude, and perceived risks regarding COVID-19 vaccines among pregnant women attending antenatal care at two First-Level Hospitals in Lusaka, Zambia. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study that was conducted among 241 pregnant women using a questionnaire from August 2023 to October 2023 in two First-Level Hospitals in Lusaka district, Zambia. The collected data were analyzed using IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.0. Statistical analysis was performed using a Chi-square test. The statistical significance was set at a 95% confidence level. Results: Of the 241 participants, 107 (42.7%) were aged between 24 and 34 years. Overall, 64.3% accepted the COVID-19 vaccines, of which 122 (50.6%) were already vaccinated. Further, 203 (84.6%) of the pregnant women had good knowledge, and 199 (82.6%) had positive attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccines. However, 58.5% thought COVID-19 vaccines were not safe and could cause infertility. Alongside this, 70.1% thought that COVID-19 vaccines were harmful during pregnancy. Having good knowledge of COVID-19 vaccines was associated with age (p = 0.049), education status (p = 0.001), and employment status (p = 0.001). Having a positive attitude towards COVID-19 vaccines was associated with education status (p = 0.001) and employment status (p = 0.001). Conclusion: This study found that most pregnant women had good knowledge, and positive attitudes, and the majority accepted the COVID-19 vaccine. Encouragingly, most of the pregnant women who accepted the COVID-19 vaccines were already vaccinated. Most pregnant women thought that COVID-19 vaccines had side effects, were not safe, and could be harmful during pregnancy. Consequently, this could have contributed to the hesitancy to receive a vaccine among some participants. The findings of this study demonstrate the need to provide pregnant women with continuous educational programs on the benefits of vaccinations for themselves and their children.展开更多
Background: Malaria remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Zambia, affecting all levels of society, with children under the age of five and pregnant women being most at risk of serious illness. The availa...Background: Malaria remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Zambia, affecting all levels of society, with children under the age of five and pregnant women being most at risk of serious illness. The availability of antimalarial medicines is one of the key interventions of malaria management. This study assessed the availability of antimalarial medicines in community pharmacies in Lusaka district, Zambia. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study that was conducted among 210 community pharmacies from September to November 2022 using a well-structured checklist in selected areas of Lusaka district. The availability was verified by a physical check of the product. The checklist contained the medicines listed both in the guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of malaria in Zambia as well as in the World Health Organization (WHO) malaria treatment guidelines. Results: This study found that all antimalarials listed in the local treatment guidelines for malaria were available in community pharmacies, though with the varying distribution. Of the 210 community pharmacies, 209 (99.5%) had artemether/lumefantrine in stock. The lowest available antimalarial was quinine/clindamycin, which was only available in 3 (1.4%) of the outlets. Conversely, 3 out of 16 (18.8%) antimalarials that were available in community pharmacies were not listed in the local treatment guidelines of malaria in Zambia, despite being listed in the WHO malaria treatment guidelines. This translated into a compliance level of 81.2% based on the local malaria treatment guidelines. Conclusion: This study concluded that antimalarials were available for all categories of malaria management in community pharmacies, though with a varying distribution. The presence of antimalarials not listed in the Zambian treatment guidelines is of public health concern which may have an impact on antimicrobial resistance in the future.展开更多
The incidence of cybercrime in Zambia is rising, with perpetrators exhibiting a growing tendency to focus on corporate entities and private citizens. The Zambian government has tried to resolve the issue of network pr...The incidence of cybercrime in Zambia is rising, with perpetrators exhibiting a growing tendency to focus on corporate entities and private citizens. The Zambian government has tried to resolve the issue of network protection dangers through the execution of different approaches and procedures. Notwithstanding, the adequacy of these actions has been restricted. The present research investigates Zambia’s extant cybersecurity policies and strategies and delineates several domains where enhancements can be made. The research provides several suggestions on how the Zambian government can enhance its efforts to address cybercrime. This research employs a qualitative approach to investigate the extent of cybersecurity policies and strategies in Zambia by analyzing secondary data. The study seeks to offer valuable insights into the efficacy of Zambia’s cybersecurity framework in addressing the escalating menace of cybercrime by scrutinizing pertinent literature, government reports, and academic articles. The results of this study provide valuable insights into the difficulties encountered by the nation and propose suggestions for improving current policies and strategies.展开更多
Mechanical activation(MA) of malachite was carried out by dry planetary grinding(DPG) and wet Isa grinding(WIG) methods. When the rotational speed was increased to 400 r/min in DPG, the specific surface area of malach...Mechanical activation(MA) of malachite was carried out by dry planetary grinding(DPG) and wet Isa grinding(WIG) methods. When the rotational speed was increased to 400 r/min in DPG, the specific surface area of malachite reached the maximum and the particle size reached the minimum of 0.7–100 μm. Agglomeration occurred between mineral particles when the rotational speed was increased to 580 r/min in DPG.However, no agglomeration was observed among particles with sizes 0.4–3 μm in WIG. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that, at a 580 r/min rotational speed in DPG, the amorphization degree of malachite was 53.12%, whereas that in WIG was 71.40%, indicating that MA led to amorphization and distortion of crystal structures. In addition, in the Fourier transform infrared(FT-IR) spectra of activated malachite, the bands associated with –OH, CO_3^(2-)and metal lattice vibrations of Cu–O and Cu–OH were weakened, and a new H–O–H bending mode and peaks of gaseous CO_2 appeared, indicating that MA decreased the band energy, enhanced dihydroxylation, and increased the chemical reactivity of the malachite.Furthermore, the leaching behavior of copper ore was greatly improved by MA.展开更多
The Southern Irumide Belt(SIB)is an orogenic belt consisting of a number of lithologically varied Mesoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic terranes that were thrust upon each other.The belt lies along the southwest margin o...The Southern Irumide Belt(SIB)is an orogenic belt consisting of a number of lithologically varied Mesoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic terranes that were thrust upon each other.The belt lies along the southwest margin of the Archaean to Proterozoic Congo Craton,and bears a Neoproterozoic tectonothermal overprint relating to the Neoproterozoic-Cambrian collision between the Congo and Kalahari cratons.It preserves a record of about 500 million years of plate interaction along this part of the Congo margin.Detrital zircon samples from the SIB were analysed for U-Pb and Lu-Hf isotopes,as well as trace element compositions.These data are used to constrain sediment-source relationships between SIB terranes and other Gondwanan terranes such as the local Congo Craton and Irumide belt and wider afield to Madagascar(Azania)and India.These correlations are then used to interpret the Mesoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic affinity of the rocks and evolution of the region.Detrital zircon samples from the Chewore-Rufunsa and Kacholola(previously referred to as Luangwa-Nyimba)terranes of the SIB yield zircon U-Pb age populations and evolvedε(Hf)(t)values that are similar to the Muva Supergroup found throughout eastern Zambia,primarily correlating with Ubendian-Usagaran(ca.2.05-1.80 Ga)phase magmatism and a cryptic basement terrane that has been suggested to underlie the Bangweulu Block and Irumide Belt.These data suggest that the SIB was depositionally connected to the Congo Craton throughout the Mesoproterozoic.The more eastern Nyimba-Sinda terrane of the SIB(previously referred to as Petauke-Sinda terrane)records detrital zircon ages andε(Hf)(t)values that correlate with ca.1.1-1.0 Ga magmatism exposed elsewhere in the SIB and Irumide Belt.We ascribe this difference in age populations to the polyphase development of the province,where the sedimentary and volcanic rocks of the Nyimba-Sinda terrane accumulated in extensional basins that developed in the Neoproterozoic.Such deposition would have occurred following late-Mesoproterozoic magmatism that is widespread throughout both the Irumide and Southern Irumide Belts,presently considered to have occurred in response to collision between a possible microcontinental mass and the Irumide Belt.This interpretation implies a multi-staged evolution of the ocean south of the Congo Craton during the mid-Mesoproterozoic to late-Neoproterozoic,which ultimately closed during collision between the Congo and Kalahari cratons.展开更多
Objective:To determine the accuracy of TB diagnosis of TB in Zambia in the era of increasing HIV prevalence.Methods:Sputum of the clinically diagnosed TB cases was additionally subjected to liquid culture and molecula...Objective:To determine the accuracy of TB diagnosis of TB in Zambia in the era of increasing HIV prevalence.Methods:Sputum of the clinically diagnosed TB cases was additionally subjected to liquid culture and molecular identification.This study distinguished between TB cases confirmed by positive Mycobacterium tuberculosis(M.tuberculosis) cultures and mycobacterial disease caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria(NTM).Results:Only 49% of the 173 presumptively diagnosed TB cases was M.tuberculosis cultured,while in 13% (22) cases,a combination of M.tuberculosis and NTM was found.In 18% of the patients only NTM were cultured.In 28% ,no mycobacteria was cultivable.HIV positive status was correlated with the isolation of NTM(P【0.05).Conclusions:The diagnosis of tuberculosis based on symptoms, sputum smear and/or chest X-ray leads to significant numbers of false-positive TB cases in Zambia,most likely due to the increased prevalence of HIV.The role of NTM in tuberculosislike disease also seems relevant to the false diagnosis of TB in Zambia.展开更多
A comprehensive desk review of malaria trends was conducted between 2000-2010 in Zambia to study malaria epidemiology and trends to guide strategies and approaches for effective malaria control.This review considered ...A comprehensive desk review of malaria trends was conducted between 2000-2010 in Zambia to study malaria epidemiology and trends to guide strategies and approaches for effective malaria control.This review considered data from the National Health Information Management System,Malaria Surveys and Programme Review reports and analyzed malaria in-patient cases and deaths in relation to intervention coverage for all ages.Data showed three distinct epidemiological strata after a notable malaria reduction(66%)in in-patient cases and deaths,particularly between 2000-2008.These changes occurred following the(re-)introduction and expansion of indoor residual spraying up to 90%coverage,scale-up of coverage of long-lasting insecticidetreated nets in household from 50%to 70%,and artemisin-based combination therapy nationwide.However,malaria cases and deaths re-surged,increasing in 2009-2010 in the northern-eastern parts of Zambia.Delays in the disbursement of funds affected the implementation of interventions,which resulted in resurgence of cases and deaths.In spite of a decline in malaria disease burden over the past decade in Zambia,a reversal in impact is notable in the year 2009-2010,signifying that control gains are fragile and must be sustained toeliminate malaria.展开更多
Studies on peri urban farming in Zambia have not adequately tackled the issues pertaining to heavy metal contaminated wastewater irrigation farming. The study investigated heavy metal contamination of water, soils and...Studies on peri urban farming in Zambia have not adequately tackled the issues pertaining to heavy metal contaminated wastewater irrigation farming. The study investigated heavy metal contamination of water, soils and crops at two peri urban areas in Zambia. Two study sites were New Farm Extension in Mufulira Town in the Copperbelt Province and Chilumba Gardens in Kafue Town in Lusaka Province. The heavy metals investigated were lead, copper, cobalt, nickel and chromium. These heavy metals were found to be higher than acceptable limits in wastewater used to irrigate crops and there are potential human health risks associated with consumption of heavy metal contaminated food crops which have implications on the livelihoods of people. Samples of water, soil and crops were collected and analysed for lead (Pb), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co) and nickel (Ni) using the Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS). The data on heavy metals was analysed using mean, standard error and T-test. The results indicated that the levels of heavy metals in wastewater, soil and food crops were above acceptable limits at two study sites. It can be concluded that there was heavy metal contamination of wastewater, soil and food crops at the two peri-urban areas in Zambia. The study highlighted the actual levels of heavy metal contaminant uptake in food crops consumed by the peri urban population. The information from this study can be used by the relevant authorities to develop appropriate measures for monitoring and control of heavy metal contamination in wastewater irrigation farming systems in peri urban areas inZambia.展开更多
Objective:To establish the appropriateness of malaria case management at health facility level in four districts in Zambia.Methods:This study was a retrospective evaluation of the quality of malaria case management at...Objective:To establish the appropriateness of malaria case management at health facility level in four districts in Zambia.Methods:This study was a retrospective evaluation of the quality of malaria case management at health facilities in four districts conveniently sampled to represent both urban and rural settings in different epidemiological zones and health facility coverage.The review period was from January to December 2008.The sample included twelve lower level health facilities from four districts.The Pearson Chi-square test was used to identify characteristics which affected the quality of case management.Results:Out of 4891 suspected malaria cases recorded at the 12 health facilities,more than 80%of the patients had a temperature taken to establish their fever status.About 67%(CI_(95)66.1-68.7)were tested for parasitemia by either rapid diagnostic test or microscopy,whereas the remaining22.5%(CI_(95)213.1-23.7)were not subjected to any malaria test.Of the 2247 malaria cases reported(complicated and uncomplicated),71%were parasitologicaily confirmed while 29%were clinically diagnosed(unconfirmed).About 56%.(CI_(95)53.9-58.1)of the malaria cases reported were treated with artemether-lumefantrine(AL),35%(CI_(95)33.1-37.0)with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine,8%(CI_(95)6.9-9.2)with quinine and 1%did not receive any anti-malarial.Approximately 30%of patients WHO were found negative for malaria parasites were still prescribed an anti-malarial,contrary to the guidelines.There were marked inter-district variations in the proportion of patients in WHOm a diagnostic tool was used,and in the choice of anti-malarials for the treatment of malaria confirmed cases.Association between health worker characteristics and quality of case malaria management showed that nurses performed better than environmental health technicians and clinical officers on the decision whether to use the rapid diagnostic test or not.Gender,in service training on malaria,years of residence in the district and length of service of the health worker at the facility were not associated with diagnostic and treatment choices.Conclusions:Malaria case management was characterised by poor adherence to treatment guidelines.The non-adherence was mainly in leans of:inconsistent use of confirmatory tests(rapid diagnostic test or microscopy)for malaria;prescribing anti-malarials which are not recommended(e.g.sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine)and prescribing anti-malarials to cases testing negative.Innovative approaches are required to improve health worker adherence to diagnosis and treatment guidelines.展开更多
Fire has been used to prepare land during tree plantation establishment for many years but uncertainty about how ecosystems respond to prescribed burning makes it difficult to predict the effects of fire on soil nutri...Fire has been used to prepare land during tree plantation establishment for many years but uncertainty about how ecosystems respond to prescribed burning makes it difficult to predict the effects of fire on soil nutrients.The aim of this study was to determine the effect of burning accumulated forest residues(slash)on soil chemical properties and how trees respond.We analyzed 40 burned and unburned sites and compared growth of Eucalyptus grandis W.Hill ex Maiden between sites.Soil pH increased by 39%after fire,suggesting reduced soil acidity and increased liming.Total nitrogen increased by 100%;other nutrients(Ca^2+,Mg^2+and K^+)also increased.Increase in nutrients had a significant effect on the growth of E.grandis;larger and taller trees were associated more with burned than unburned sites.This study provides evidence that burning accumulated slash during land preparation prior to plantation establishment alters soil nutrient status and enhances the growth of E.grandis.展开更多
The Paleoproterozoic tectonic evolution of the Bangweulu Block has long been controversial.Paleoproterozoic granites consisting of the basement complex of the Bangweulu Block are widely exposed in northeastern Zambia,...The Paleoproterozoic tectonic evolution of the Bangweulu Block has long been controversial.Paleoproterozoic granites consisting of the basement complex of the Bangweulu Block are widely exposed in northeastern Zambia,and they are the critical media for studying the tectonic evolution of the Bangweulu Block.This study systematically investigated the petrography,zircon U-Pb chronology,and petrogeochemistry of the granitoid extensively exposed in the Lunte area,northeastern Zambia.The results show that the granitoid in the area formed during 2051±13-2009±20 Ma as a result of Paleoproterozoic magmatic events.Geochemical data show that the granites in the area mainly include syenogranites and monzogranites of high-K calc-alkaline series and are characterized by high SiO2 content(72.68%‒73.78%)and K_(2)O/Na_(2)O ratio(1.82‒2.29).The presence of garnets,the high aluminum saturation index(A/CNK is 1.13‒1.21),and the 1.27%‒1.95%of corundum molecules jointly indicate that granites in the Lunte area are S-type granites.Rare earth elements in all samples show a rightward inclination and noticeably negative Eu-anomalies(δEu=0.16‒0.40)and are relatively rich in light rare earth elements.Furthermore,the granites are rich in large ion lithophile elements such as Rb,Th,U,and K and are depleted in Ba,Sr,and high field strength elements such as Ta and Nb.In addition,they bear low contents of Cr(6.31×10^(−6)‒10.8×10^(−6)),Ni(2.87×10^(−6)‒4.76×10^(−6)),and Co(2.62×10^(−6)‒3.96×10^(−6)).These data lead to the conclusion that the source rocks are meta-sedimentary rocks.Combining the above results and the study of regional tectonic evolution,the authors suggest that granitoid in the Lunte area were formed in a tectonic environment corresponding to the collision between the Tanzania Craton and the Bangweulu Block.The magmatic activities in this period may be related to the assembly of the Columbia supercontinent.展开更多
The 1∶1000000 geochemical mapping of Zambia provides catchment sediment geochemical data for 58elements including Au from 746 sediment samples at 736 sampling sites,corresponding to a sampling density of about one si...The 1∶1000000 geochemical mapping of Zambia provides catchment sediment geochemical data for 58elements including Au from 746 sediment samples at 736 sampling sites,corresponding to a sampling density of about one site per 1000 km2.Under strict quality control using field duplicates,certified reference materials,and analytical replicate samples,the Au was determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry(ICP-MS).The detection limit of Au was 0.20×10^(-9).The 95%range(2.5%–97.5%)of Au concentrations was from 0.24×10^(-9) to 1.36×10^(-9),and the median value was 0.40×10^(-9).The most noticeable Au distribution patterns shown on the map are mainly located between Lusaka and Ndola(Lufilian Arc Belt).In addition,several high Au value areas occurred in Mansa,Muyombe,Chipata,and Livingstone.The spatial distribution patterns of Au in tectonic units,drainage basins,and geomorphological landscapes could be related to the Lufilian Arc Belt and Bangweulu Block.The Au concentrations show metallogenic belts between Muyombe and Mbala areas,between Mansa and Ndola areas,and between Lusaka and Kasempa areas.展开更多
Introduction: Under five mortality in Zambia is unacceptably high and diarrhoea is the third leading contributor. The Programme for Awareness and Elimination of Diarrhoea (PAED) sought to support the government to acc...Introduction: Under five mortality in Zambia is unacceptably high and diarrhoea is the third leading contributor. The Programme for Awareness and Elimination of Diarrhoea (PAED) sought to support the government to accelerate the introduction of new vaccines, including the pneumococcal, second dose measles and rotavirus vaccines in Zambia. Here we present our approach, progress and lessons learned in two years of the programme. Stakeholder Engagement: Definite commitment and buy-in and sign off by the MOH were fundamental prerequisites. National and international stakeholders including the Inter Agency Coordinating Committee (ICC), GAVI Alliance, WHO, University Teaching Hospital, Paediatrics Association of Zambia, and UNICEF were engaged for stakeholder buy-in and integration. Progress made: Following successful integration, PAED was officially launched in January 2012. Preparatory work done included: Introduction and acceptance of the PAED agenda in ICC, new vaccines proposal to GAVI, resource mobilisation, Effective Vaccine Management implementation, national cold chain scale-up strategy, vaccine orientation and adapted data collection tools, health worker training, step-wise vaccine introduction to Lusaka province districts and finally national roll-out of the rotavirus vaccine immunisation. Between January 2011 and November 2013, over 270,000 vaccine doses were distributed in Lusaka province. When 94,500 infants were fully immunised, adequate preparations had been made to facilitate national launch of rotavirus immunisations countrywide on 27th November 2013. Discussion: The PAED model was successful at resource mobilization;it has demonstrated how private sector can contribute to new vaccine introduction. Lessons learned from this model can be replicated in other countries with similar need and constraints.展开更多
The study had the objective of exploring the feasibility of using the self-report SDQ-Y （youth version of strengths and difficulties questionnaire） to assess the emotional and behavioural well being of adolescents i...The study had the objective of exploring the feasibility of using the self-report SDQ-Y （youth version of strengths and difficulties questionnaire） to assess the emotional and behavioural well being of adolescents in Zambia. This was a cross sectional study of Lusaka school children （n = 420） aged 11-15 years using the self-report SDQ-Y and a demographic questionnaire. It was found that compared to a UK normative sample, Zambian adolescents were almost twice as likely to have total difficulties scores in the abnormal range （O.R. 1.9）. It was found that there was a significant difference in the total SDQ scores （Z = -2.67, P = 0.008） with children reporting health problems having significantly higher scores. Children reporting health problems also had significantly more emotional problems （Z = -2.78, P = 0.005）. There was a trend for children with health problems to score higher on the hyperactivity scale （Z = -1.9 P = 0.053）. The internal consistency of SDQ subscales ranged from low to moderate. It can be concluded that SDQ is a useful instrument for use with Zambian adolescents, in particular, the total difficulties score and the emotional difficulties score performed well in this sample and could potentially be used to screen for mental health problems or to examine the impact of interventions.展开更多
<span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a global public health </span><span style="font-fam...<span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a global public health </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">problem that has affected the globe in different ways. There is little informa</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">tion published on the challenges and lessons learnt in responding to the COVID-19 epidemic in Zambia. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Objective:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> To establish Zambia’s response, </span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">lessons and the challenges experienced in the fight against COVID-19. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Results:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Since the emergence of COVID-19, Zambia has experienced three </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">waves, with the third wave being the most severe. The Zambian government</span> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">responded positively and effectively to all three pandemics with the help of</span><span> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">cooperating partners. Zambia adopted the World Health Organiza</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">tion (WHO) recommended prevention methods such as hand hygiene, m</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">asking up in public, physical distancing, avoiding crowded areas and staying at home to prevent the further spread of the disease. Additionally, surveillance of </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">COVID-19 was strengthened, which led to the early detection of cases. Be</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">sides, there has been a strong call for all Zambian adults to receive the COVID-19 vaccine as a way of controlling the epidemic. However, since the </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">launch of the COVID-19 vaccination programs, there has been a high level of vaccine hesitancy, causing Zambia to fall below the 10% of the adult popu</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">lation required to be vaccinated. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Conclusion:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> The Zambian government put in place effective strategies in the fight against COVID-19. However, a lack of resources, misinformation, myths and vaccine hesitancy posed challenges in the fight against COVID-19 in Zambia. There is a need for continuous public education and sensitization on COVID-19 and the importance of vaccinations.展开更多
Zambia is among the sub-Saharan countries highly burdened with tuberculosis(TB) and has an estimated prevalence rate of 638 per 100 000 population in those aged 15 years and above.The mining industry is the main contr...Zambia is among the sub-Saharan countries highly burdened with tuberculosis(TB) and has an estimated prevalence rate of 638 per 100 000 population in those aged 15 years and above.The mining industry is the main contributor to the country's gross national product,although it is associated with public health challenges,with TB in the mines being among the occupational health diseases having a negative economic impact and threatening to delay the control of TB in the country.We reviewed available evidence on the extent of the burden of TB in the mines so as to inform the development of targeted interventions for the post-2015 End TB Strategy.This was a review of published data from Medline/Pubmed,Cochrane Library and Embase,including unpublished "grey"literature on the burden of TB and the risk factors of TB in the mines of Zambia.There is limited research in Zambia to fully understand the burden of TB and risk factors associated with TB in the mines.However,the few studies and data available have shown that TB is a significant health problem requiring interventions to improve the quality of life of miners,ex-miners and surrounding communities.TB is a potential problem in the mines of Zambia and the actual burden needs to be determined.Exposure to silica as a risk factor needs further investigation.展开更多
AIM: To evaluate need for and efficacy of a structured gastroenterology didactic session in expanding awareness and understanding of digestive disorders. METHODS: A four-day symposium was developed with didactic sessi...AIM: To evaluate need for and efficacy of a structured gastroenterology didactic session in expanding awareness and understanding of digestive disorders. METHODS: A four-day symposium was developed with didactic sessions (days 1, 2) and practical endoscopy (days 3, 4). Didactic sessions included case presentations highlighting pathophysiology and management. One nurse and four practicing gastroenterologists from the United Kingdom led lectures and supervised work-shops with audience participation. Practical endoscopy focused on diagnostic and therapeutic procedures and their application to diagnosis and treatment of ailments of the gastrointestinal tract. Preand post-workshop questionnaires were distributed to participants during didactic sessions. A pre-workshop questionnaire gauged expectations and identified objectives to be met at thesymposium. Post-workshop questionnaires were administered to assess efficacy of each session. Participants graded sessions from 1 (poor) to 5 (excellent) on quality of case presentations, knowledge, clarity and mode of presentation. We assessed if time allotted to each topic was sufficient, value of sessions, impact on practice and interest in future symposiums. RESULTS: There were 46 attendees on day 1: 41% undergraduates, 41% residents, 11% consultants and 4% unspecified. Day 2 (a Saturday) had 24 participants: 17% undergraduates, 71% residents, 9% consultants, 4% unspecified. Primary pre-workshop symposium expectation was to gain knowledge in: general gastroenterology (55.5%), practical endoscopy (13.8%), pediatric gastroenterology (5%), epidemiology of gastrointestinal disorders specific to Zambia (6%), and interaction with international speakers (6%). The post-symposium questionnaire was answered by 19 participants, of whom 95% felt specific aims were met; all would attend future conferences and recommend to others. CONCLUSION: The beneficial effect of a structured symposium in developing countries warrants further attention as a mechanism to improve disease awareness in areas where resources are limited.展开更多
Objective:To assess potential determinants of uptake and highlight lessons learnt from the implementation of intermittent preventive treatment(IPTp), given to pregnant women as early as possible during the second trim...Objective:To assess potential determinants of uptake and highlight lessons learnt from the implementation of intermittent preventive treatment(IPTp), given to pregnant women as early as possible during the second trimester in Zambia.Methods: Data from four national malaria surveys(2006, 2008, 2010, 2012) were reviewed, and proportions of pregnant women attending antenatal clinics(ANCs) who received two or more doses of sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine(IPTp2) were compared by place of residence, education level, and wealth status. Malaria cases and deaths in pregnant women, from Health Information Management System 2011–2013, were analyzed to determine malaria burden in pregnancy in Zambia. A multiple logistic regression model was applied to identify potential determinants of IPTp uptake.Results: The proportion of pregnant women who took IPTp at ANCs increased from near zero at inception in 2001 to 61.9% in 2006; and to 72% by 2012(P < 0.001), and overall the uptake was 1.41 times higher in 2012 compared to 2006. From 2006 to 2012,IPTp2 uptake among women with no formal education increased from 51% to 68%(P < 0.1). Likewise, uptake among pregnant women with the lowest wealth index increased from 58.2% to 61.2%. By 2012, IPTp uptake among pregnant women within the lowest wealth index increased to a similar level as the women with high wealth index(P = 0.05). Incidence of malaria cases, hospital admissions and mortality during pregnancy decreased between 2011 and 2013. Overall, increased IPTp uptake was associated with being in urban areas(OR = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.39–1.74), having college(OR = 1.83,95% CI: 1.25–2.75) or secondary education(OR = 1.68, 95% CI: 1.44–1.96) or of being of higher wealth status(OR = 1.86, 95% CI: 1.60–2.17).Conclusions: Zambia has increased IPTp uptake through ANC for all women. The malaria control program has contributed to increasing access to health services and reducing demographic and socioeconomic disparities.展开更多
文摘Purpose: The aim of this study is to compare how Chinese and Zambian pregnant women respond to nutrition and exercise. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with data that was conducted in Chingola City, Zambia, and Hangzhou City, China, using an online survey between September 1, 2023 and February 28, 2024. The subjects were divided into two groups (the China group and the Zambia group) according to their nationality. Results: A total of 210 participants were included through a questionnaire survey, 104 from China and 106 from Zambia. In terms of nutrient supplementation and whether to choose takeout weekly, 100% of Chinese pregnant women chose yes, while 100% of Zambian pregnant women chose no (P 0.05). The proportion of pregnant women in the China group choosing moderate or intense activities was higher than that in the Zambia group. In terms of daily exercise time, the proportion of Chinese pregnant women choosing 13 - 30 minutes or 30 - 60 minutes was significantly higher than that of Zambian pregnant women (P Conclusion: From the findings in our study, it can be observed that although pregnancy is an experience that many women may go through, lifestyle habits during pregnancy can vary from culture to culture or ethnicity.
文摘Background: Home deliveries is still high globally at 42% WHO 2022, due to high home deliveries, maternal death is also high at 43% globally. In sub-Sahara region home deliveries still high. Giving birth at health facilities in most of sub-Saharan African countries Zambia inclusive is still a challenge whereby more than 51% of first-time mothers give birth at home and this gives a risk of high maternal and perinatal deaths. Therefore Reducing number of home deliveries is important to improve maternal and perinatal health issues. In this study, the aim was to investigate the determinants of home deliveries by pregnant mothers in the Luumbo zone of Gwembe district, Zambia. Purpose: Access to skilled care and facilities with capacity to provide emergency and newborn care is critical to reduce maternal death. In Zambia 42% of women still deliveries from home, suggesting a persistent challenge for women to seek, reach, and receive quality maternity care. This study aimed investigate the determinants of home deliveries by pregnant mothers in Luumbo zone of Gwembe district, Zambia. Methods: The study was conducted among postnatal mothers who came for postnatal care at 6 weeks in Luumbo Chabbobboma clinic in Gwembe district southern province of Zambia. This was a descriptive cross-sectional study where a Simple random sampling technique was used to select 105 women of childbearing age who attended postnatal and had a recent delivery. Data were collected using a researcher-administered structured questionnaire to identify determinants of home deliveries in Luumbo Chabbobboma zone. Data analysis was done using SPSS computer software version 27.0. Both descriptive and inferential (chi-square test) analyses were performed and statistical significance was taken at α ≤ 0.05. Results: The results show that 46 (43.8%) respondents were in the age bracket 20 - 29 years. Of the 105 respondents included in the study, 24 (22.9%) of them delivered from home. The results show that high maternal age (p = 0.03), occupation (p = 0.024), distance to the facility (p = 0.014), means of transportation (p = 0.023), multiparity (p = 0.01), timing and number of ANC visits (p Conclusion: From this population. The major reason why women still deliver at home was long distance to the nearest facility. To reduce maternal and perinatal mortality access to health facilities by pregnant women needs to be improved. There should also be active engagement of the traditional and religious institutions in the area.
文摘Introduction: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease of the respiratory tract caused by SARS-CoV-2. Since its emergence, there have been increased rates of transmission and spread, morbidity and mortality which led to the development of COVID-19 vaccines to address the pandemic. This study assessed acceptance, knowledge, attitude, and perceived risks regarding COVID-19 vaccines among pregnant women attending antenatal care at two First-Level Hospitals in Lusaka, Zambia. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study that was conducted among 241 pregnant women using a questionnaire from August 2023 to October 2023 in two First-Level Hospitals in Lusaka district, Zambia. The collected data were analyzed using IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.0. Statistical analysis was performed using a Chi-square test. The statistical significance was set at a 95% confidence level. Results: Of the 241 participants, 107 (42.7%) were aged between 24 and 34 years. Overall, 64.3% accepted the COVID-19 vaccines, of which 122 (50.6%) were already vaccinated. Further, 203 (84.6%) of the pregnant women had good knowledge, and 199 (82.6%) had positive attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccines. However, 58.5% thought COVID-19 vaccines were not safe and could cause infertility. Alongside this, 70.1% thought that COVID-19 vaccines were harmful during pregnancy. Having good knowledge of COVID-19 vaccines was associated with age (p = 0.049), education status (p = 0.001), and employment status (p = 0.001). Having a positive attitude towards COVID-19 vaccines was associated with education status (p = 0.001) and employment status (p = 0.001). Conclusion: This study found that most pregnant women had good knowledge, and positive attitudes, and the majority accepted the COVID-19 vaccine. Encouragingly, most of the pregnant women who accepted the COVID-19 vaccines were already vaccinated. Most pregnant women thought that COVID-19 vaccines had side effects, were not safe, and could be harmful during pregnancy. Consequently, this could have contributed to the hesitancy to receive a vaccine among some participants. The findings of this study demonstrate the need to provide pregnant women with continuous educational programs on the benefits of vaccinations for themselves and their children.
文摘Background: Malaria remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Zambia, affecting all levels of society, with children under the age of five and pregnant women being most at risk of serious illness. The availability of antimalarial medicines is one of the key interventions of malaria management. This study assessed the availability of antimalarial medicines in community pharmacies in Lusaka district, Zambia. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study that was conducted among 210 community pharmacies from September to November 2022 using a well-structured checklist in selected areas of Lusaka district. The availability was verified by a physical check of the product. The checklist contained the medicines listed both in the guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of malaria in Zambia as well as in the World Health Organization (WHO) malaria treatment guidelines. Results: This study found that all antimalarials listed in the local treatment guidelines for malaria were available in community pharmacies, though with the varying distribution. Of the 210 community pharmacies, 209 (99.5%) had artemether/lumefantrine in stock. The lowest available antimalarial was quinine/clindamycin, which was only available in 3 (1.4%) of the outlets. Conversely, 3 out of 16 (18.8%) antimalarials that were available in community pharmacies were not listed in the local treatment guidelines of malaria in Zambia, despite being listed in the WHO malaria treatment guidelines. This translated into a compliance level of 81.2% based on the local malaria treatment guidelines. Conclusion: This study concluded that antimalarials were available for all categories of malaria management in community pharmacies, though with a varying distribution. The presence of antimalarials not listed in the Zambian treatment guidelines is of public health concern which may have an impact on antimicrobial resistance in the future.
文摘The incidence of cybercrime in Zambia is rising, with perpetrators exhibiting a growing tendency to focus on corporate entities and private citizens. The Zambian government has tried to resolve the issue of network protection dangers through the execution of different approaches and procedures. Notwithstanding, the adequacy of these actions has been restricted. The present research investigates Zambia’s extant cybersecurity policies and strategies and delineates several domains where enhancements can be made. The research provides several suggestions on how the Zambian government can enhance its efforts to address cybercrime. This research employs a qualitative approach to investigate the extent of cybersecurity policies and strategies in Zambia by analyzing secondary data. The study seeks to offer valuable insights into the efficacy of Zambia’s cybersecurity framework in addressing the escalating menace of cybercrime by scrutinizing pertinent literature, government reports, and academic articles. The results of this study provide valuable insights into the difficulties encountered by the nation and propose suggestions for improving current policies and strategies.
基金financially supported by the Special Funds for the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U1608254)the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2018YFC1902002)
文摘Mechanical activation(MA) of malachite was carried out by dry planetary grinding(DPG) and wet Isa grinding(WIG) methods. When the rotational speed was increased to 400 r/min in DPG, the specific surface area of malachite reached the maximum and the particle size reached the minimum of 0.7–100 μm. Agglomeration occurred between mineral particles when the rotational speed was increased to 580 r/min in DPG.However, no agglomeration was observed among particles with sizes 0.4–3 μm in WIG. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that, at a 580 r/min rotational speed in DPG, the amorphization degree of malachite was 53.12%, whereas that in WIG was 71.40%, indicating that MA led to amorphization and distortion of crystal structures. In addition, in the Fourier transform infrared(FT-IR) spectra of activated malachite, the bands associated with –OH, CO_3^(2-)and metal lattice vibrations of Cu–O and Cu–OH were weakened, and a new H–O–H bending mode and peaks of gaseous CO_2 appeared, indicating that MA decreased the band energy, enhanced dihydroxylation, and increased the chemical reactivity of the malachite.Furthermore, the leaching behavior of copper ore was greatly improved by MA.
基金funded by Australian Research Council Future Fellowship#FT120100340 to A.Collinssupported by a Research Training Program scholarship
文摘The Southern Irumide Belt(SIB)is an orogenic belt consisting of a number of lithologically varied Mesoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic terranes that were thrust upon each other.The belt lies along the southwest margin of the Archaean to Proterozoic Congo Craton,and bears a Neoproterozoic tectonothermal overprint relating to the Neoproterozoic-Cambrian collision between the Congo and Kalahari cratons.It preserves a record of about 500 million years of plate interaction along this part of the Congo margin.Detrital zircon samples from the SIB were analysed for U-Pb and Lu-Hf isotopes,as well as trace element compositions.These data are used to constrain sediment-source relationships between SIB terranes and other Gondwanan terranes such as the local Congo Craton and Irumide belt and wider afield to Madagascar(Azania)and India.These correlations are then used to interpret the Mesoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic affinity of the rocks and evolution of the region.Detrital zircon samples from the Chewore-Rufunsa and Kacholola(previously referred to as Luangwa-Nyimba)terranes of the SIB yield zircon U-Pb age populations and evolvedε(Hf)(t)values that are similar to the Muva Supergroup found throughout eastern Zambia,primarily correlating with Ubendian-Usagaran(ca.2.05-1.80 Ga)phase magmatism and a cryptic basement terrane that has been suggested to underlie the Bangweulu Block and Irumide Belt.These data suggest that the SIB was depositionally connected to the Congo Craton throughout the Mesoproterozoic.The more eastern Nyimba-Sinda terrane of the SIB(previously referred to as Petauke-Sinda terrane)records detrital zircon ages andε(Hf)(t)values that correlate with ca.1.1-1.0 Ga magmatism exposed elsewhere in the SIB and Irumide Belt.We ascribe this difference in age populations to the polyphase development of the province,where the sedimentary and volcanic rocks of the Nyimba-Sinda terrane accumulated in extensional basins that developed in the Neoproterozoic.Such deposition would have occurred following late-Mesoproterozoic magmatism that is widespread throughout both the Irumide and Southern Irumide Belts,presently considered to have occurred in response to collision between a possible microcontinental mass and the Irumide Belt.This interpretation implies a multi-staged evolution of the ocean south of the Congo Craton during the mid-Mesoproterozoic to late-Neoproterozoic,which ultimately closed during collision between the Congo and Kalahari cratons.
文摘Objective:To determine the accuracy of TB diagnosis of TB in Zambia in the era of increasing HIV prevalence.Methods:Sputum of the clinically diagnosed TB cases was additionally subjected to liquid culture and molecular identification.This study distinguished between TB cases confirmed by positive Mycobacterium tuberculosis(M.tuberculosis) cultures and mycobacterial disease caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria(NTM).Results:Only 49% of the 173 presumptively diagnosed TB cases was M.tuberculosis cultured,while in 13% (22) cases,a combination of M.tuberculosis and NTM was found.In 18% of the patients only NTM were cultured.In 28% ,no mycobacteria was cultivable.HIV positive status was correlated with the isolation of NTM(P【0.05).Conclusions:The diagnosis of tuberculosis based on symptoms, sputum smear and/or chest X-ray leads to significant numbers of false-positive TB cases in Zambia,most likely due to the increased prevalence of HIV.The role of NTM in tuberculosislike disease also seems relevant to the false diagnosis of TB in Zambia.
基金Supported by the World Health Organization,grant No.:AF/ZAM/BBE/005/XL/10/M
文摘A comprehensive desk review of malaria trends was conducted between 2000-2010 in Zambia to study malaria epidemiology and trends to guide strategies and approaches for effective malaria control.This review considered data from the National Health Information Management System,Malaria Surveys and Programme Review reports and analyzed malaria in-patient cases and deaths in relation to intervention coverage for all ages.Data showed three distinct epidemiological strata after a notable malaria reduction(66%)in in-patient cases and deaths,particularly between 2000-2008.These changes occurred following the(re-)introduction and expansion of indoor residual spraying up to 90%coverage,scale-up of coverage of long-lasting insecticidetreated nets in household from 50%to 70%,and artemisin-based combination therapy nationwide.However,malaria cases and deaths re-surged,increasing in 2009-2010 in the northern-eastern parts of Zambia.Delays in the disbursement of funds affected the implementation of interventions,which resulted in resurgence of cases and deaths.In spite of a decline in malaria disease burden over the past decade in Zambia,a reversal in impact is notable in the year 2009-2010,signifying that control gains are fragile and must be sustained toeliminate malaria.
文摘Studies on peri urban farming in Zambia have not adequately tackled the issues pertaining to heavy metal contaminated wastewater irrigation farming. The study investigated heavy metal contamination of water, soils and crops at two peri urban areas in Zambia. Two study sites were New Farm Extension in Mufulira Town in the Copperbelt Province and Chilumba Gardens in Kafue Town in Lusaka Province. The heavy metals investigated were lead, copper, cobalt, nickel and chromium. These heavy metals were found to be higher than acceptable limits in wastewater used to irrigate crops and there are potential human health risks associated with consumption of heavy metal contaminated food crops which have implications on the livelihoods of people. Samples of water, soil and crops were collected and analysed for lead (Pb), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co) and nickel (Ni) using the Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS). The data on heavy metals was analysed using mean, standard error and T-test. The results indicated that the levels of heavy metals in wastewater, soil and food crops were above acceptable limits at two study sites. It can be concluded that there was heavy metal contamination of wastewater, soil and food crops at the two peri-urban areas in Zambia. The study highlighted the actual levels of heavy metal contaminant uptake in food crops consumed by the peri urban population. The information from this study can be used by the relevant authorities to develop appropriate measures for monitoring and control of heavy metal contamination in wastewater irrigation farming systems in peri urban areas inZambia.
基金Supported by The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation support to PATH for the Malaria Control Evaluation Partnership for Africa(MACEPA)project,Grant Number:OPP1013468
文摘Objective:To establish the appropriateness of malaria case management at health facility level in four districts in Zambia.Methods:This study was a retrospective evaluation of the quality of malaria case management at health facilities in four districts conveniently sampled to represent both urban and rural settings in different epidemiological zones and health facility coverage.The review period was from January to December 2008.The sample included twelve lower level health facilities from four districts.The Pearson Chi-square test was used to identify characteristics which affected the quality of case management.Results:Out of 4891 suspected malaria cases recorded at the 12 health facilities,more than 80%of the patients had a temperature taken to establish their fever status.About 67%(CI_(95)66.1-68.7)were tested for parasitemia by either rapid diagnostic test or microscopy,whereas the remaining22.5%(CI_(95)213.1-23.7)were not subjected to any malaria test.Of the 2247 malaria cases reported(complicated and uncomplicated),71%were parasitologicaily confirmed while 29%were clinically diagnosed(unconfirmed).About 56%.(CI_(95)53.9-58.1)of the malaria cases reported were treated with artemether-lumefantrine(AL),35%(CI_(95)33.1-37.0)with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine,8%(CI_(95)6.9-9.2)with quinine and 1%did not receive any anti-malarial.Approximately 30%of patients WHO were found negative for malaria parasites were still prescribed an anti-malarial,contrary to the guidelines.There were marked inter-district variations in the proportion of patients in WHOm a diagnostic tool was used,and in the choice of anti-malarials for the treatment of malaria confirmed cases.Association between health worker characteristics and quality of case malaria management showed that nurses performed better than environmental health technicians and clinical officers on the decision whether to use the rapid diagnostic test or not.Gender,in service training on malaria,years of residence in the district and length of service of the health worker at the facility were not associated with diagnostic and treatment choices.Conclusions:Malaria case management was characterised by poor adherence to treatment guidelines.The non-adherence was mainly in leans of:inconsistent use of confirmatory tests(rapid diagnostic test or microscopy)for malaria;prescribing anti-malarials which are not recommended(e.g.sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine)and prescribing anti-malarials to cases testing negative.Innovative approaches are required to improve health worker adherence to diagnosis and treatment guidelines.
文摘Fire has been used to prepare land during tree plantation establishment for many years but uncertainty about how ecosystems respond to prescribed burning makes it difficult to predict the effects of fire on soil nutrients.The aim of this study was to determine the effect of burning accumulated forest residues(slash)on soil chemical properties and how trees respond.We analyzed 40 burned and unburned sites and compared growth of Eucalyptus grandis W.Hill ex Maiden between sites.Soil pH increased by 39%after fire,suggesting reduced soil acidity and increased liming.Total nitrogen increased by 100%;other nutrients(Ca^2+,Mg^2+and K^+)also increased.Increase in nutrients had a significant effect on the growth of E.grandis;larger and taller trees were associated more with burned than unburned sites.This study provides evidence that burning accumulated slash during land preparation prior to plantation establishment alters soil nutrient status and enhances the growth of E.grandis.
基金This study was jointly funded by projects of the Ministry of Commerce([2015]352 and[2012]558)the projects of the China Geological Survey(DD20201150 and 1212011220910)。
文摘The Paleoproterozoic tectonic evolution of the Bangweulu Block has long been controversial.Paleoproterozoic granites consisting of the basement complex of the Bangweulu Block are widely exposed in northeastern Zambia,and they are the critical media for studying the tectonic evolution of the Bangweulu Block.This study systematically investigated the petrography,zircon U-Pb chronology,and petrogeochemistry of the granitoid extensively exposed in the Lunte area,northeastern Zambia.The results show that the granitoid in the area formed during 2051±13-2009±20 Ma as a result of Paleoproterozoic magmatic events.Geochemical data show that the granites in the area mainly include syenogranites and monzogranites of high-K calc-alkaline series and are characterized by high SiO2 content(72.68%‒73.78%)and K_(2)O/Na_(2)O ratio(1.82‒2.29).The presence of garnets,the high aluminum saturation index(A/CNK is 1.13‒1.21),and the 1.27%‒1.95%of corundum molecules jointly indicate that granites in the Lunte area are S-type granites.Rare earth elements in all samples show a rightward inclination and noticeably negative Eu-anomalies(δEu=0.16‒0.40)and are relatively rich in light rare earth elements.Furthermore,the granites are rich in large ion lithophile elements such as Rb,Th,U,and K and are depleted in Ba,Sr,and high field strength elements such as Ta and Nb.In addition,they bear low contents of Cr(6.31×10^(−6)‒10.8×10^(−6)),Ni(2.87×10^(−6)‒4.76×10^(−6)),and Co(2.62×10^(−6)‒3.96×10^(−6)).These data lead to the conclusion that the source rocks are meta-sedimentary rocks.Combining the above results and the study of regional tectonic evolution,the authors suggest that granitoid in the Lunte area were formed in a tectonic environment corresponding to the collision between the Tanzania Craton and the Bangweulu Block.The magmatic activities in this period may be related to the assembly of the Columbia supercontinent.
基金financially supported by the Sino-Zambian Cooperation in Geological and Geochemical Mapping(2012–2015)the China-Aid Airborne Geophysical Survey and Geochemical and Geological Mapping Technical Cooperation Project(2015–2019)the geological investigation project of the China Geological Survey(DD20201150,DD20201148,DD20190439)。
文摘The 1∶1000000 geochemical mapping of Zambia provides catchment sediment geochemical data for 58elements including Au from 746 sediment samples at 736 sampling sites,corresponding to a sampling density of about one site per 1000 km2.Under strict quality control using field duplicates,certified reference materials,and analytical replicate samples,the Au was determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry(ICP-MS).The detection limit of Au was 0.20×10^(-9).The 95%range(2.5%–97.5%)of Au concentrations was from 0.24×10^(-9) to 1.36×10^(-9),and the median value was 0.40×10^(-9).The most noticeable Au distribution patterns shown on the map are mainly located between Lusaka and Ndola(Lufilian Arc Belt).In addition,several high Au value areas occurred in Mansa,Muyombe,Chipata,and Livingstone.The spatial distribution patterns of Au in tectonic units,drainage basins,and geomorphological landscapes could be related to the Lufilian Arc Belt and Bangweulu Block.The Au concentrations show metallogenic belts between Muyombe and Mbala areas,between Mansa and Ndola areas,and between Lusaka and Kasempa areas.
文摘Introduction: Under five mortality in Zambia is unacceptably high and diarrhoea is the third leading contributor. The Programme for Awareness and Elimination of Diarrhoea (PAED) sought to support the government to accelerate the introduction of new vaccines, including the pneumococcal, second dose measles and rotavirus vaccines in Zambia. Here we present our approach, progress and lessons learned in two years of the programme. Stakeholder Engagement: Definite commitment and buy-in and sign off by the MOH were fundamental prerequisites. National and international stakeholders including the Inter Agency Coordinating Committee (ICC), GAVI Alliance, WHO, University Teaching Hospital, Paediatrics Association of Zambia, and UNICEF were engaged for stakeholder buy-in and integration. Progress made: Following successful integration, PAED was officially launched in January 2012. Preparatory work done included: Introduction and acceptance of the PAED agenda in ICC, new vaccines proposal to GAVI, resource mobilisation, Effective Vaccine Management implementation, national cold chain scale-up strategy, vaccine orientation and adapted data collection tools, health worker training, step-wise vaccine introduction to Lusaka province districts and finally national roll-out of the rotavirus vaccine immunisation. Between January 2011 and November 2013, over 270,000 vaccine doses were distributed in Lusaka province. When 94,500 infants were fully immunised, adequate preparations had been made to facilitate national launch of rotavirus immunisations countrywide on 27th November 2013. Discussion: The PAED model was successful at resource mobilization;it has demonstrated how private sector can contribute to new vaccine introduction. Lessons learned from this model can be replicated in other countries with similar need and constraints.
文摘The study had the objective of exploring the feasibility of using the self-report SDQ-Y （youth version of strengths and difficulties questionnaire） to assess the emotional and behavioural well being of adolescents in Zambia. This was a cross sectional study of Lusaka school children （n = 420） aged 11-15 years using the self-report SDQ-Y and a demographic questionnaire. It was found that compared to a UK normative sample, Zambian adolescents were almost twice as likely to have total difficulties scores in the abnormal range （O.R. 1.9）. It was found that there was a significant difference in the total SDQ scores （Z = -2.67, P = 0.008） with children reporting health problems having significantly higher scores. Children reporting health problems also had significantly more emotional problems （Z = -2.78, P = 0.005）. There was a trend for children with health problems to score higher on the hyperactivity scale （Z = -1.9 P = 0.053）. The internal consistency of SDQ subscales ranged from low to moderate. It can be concluded that SDQ is a useful instrument for use with Zambian adolescents, in particular, the total difficulties score and the emotional difficulties score performed well in this sample and could potentially be used to screen for mental health problems or to examine the impact of interventions.
文摘<span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a global public health </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">problem that has affected the globe in different ways. There is little informa</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">tion published on the challenges and lessons learnt in responding to the COVID-19 epidemic in Zambia. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Objective:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> To establish Zambia’s response, </span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">lessons and the challenges experienced in the fight against COVID-19. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Results:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Since the emergence of COVID-19, Zambia has experienced three </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">waves, with the third wave being the most severe. The Zambian government</span> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">responded positively and effectively to all three pandemics with the help of</span><span> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">cooperating partners. Zambia adopted the World Health Organiza</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">tion (WHO) recommended prevention methods such as hand hygiene, m</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">asking up in public, physical distancing, avoiding crowded areas and staying at home to prevent the further spread of the disease. Additionally, surveillance of </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">COVID-19 was strengthened, which led to the early detection of cases. Be</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">sides, there has been a strong call for all Zambian adults to receive the COVID-19 vaccine as a way of controlling the epidemic. However, since the </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">launch of the COVID-19 vaccination programs, there has been a high level of vaccine hesitancy, causing Zambia to fall below the 10% of the adult popu</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">lation required to be vaccinated. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Conclusion:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> The Zambian government put in place effective strategies in the fight against COVID-19. However, a lack of resources, misinformation, myths and vaccine hesitancy posed challenges in the fight against COVID-19 in Zambia. There is a need for continuous public education and sensitization on COVID-19 and the importance of vaccinations.
文摘Zambia is among the sub-Saharan countries highly burdened with tuberculosis(TB) and has an estimated prevalence rate of 638 per 100 000 population in those aged 15 years and above.The mining industry is the main contributor to the country's gross national product,although it is associated with public health challenges,with TB in the mines being among the occupational health diseases having a negative economic impact and threatening to delay the control of TB in the country.We reviewed available evidence on the extent of the burden of TB in the mines so as to inform the development of targeted interventions for the post-2015 End TB Strategy.This was a review of published data from Medline/Pubmed,Cochrane Library and Embase,including unpublished "grey"literature on the burden of TB and the risk factors of TB in the mines of Zambia.There is limited research in Zambia to fully understand the burden of TB and risk factors associated with TB in the mines.However,the few studies and data available have shown that TB is a significant health problem requiring interventions to improve the quality of life of miners,ex-miners and surrounding communities.TB is a potential problem in the mines of Zambia and the actual burden needs to be determined.Exposure to silica as a risk factor needs further investigation.
文摘AIM: To evaluate need for and efficacy of a structured gastroenterology didactic session in expanding awareness and understanding of digestive disorders. METHODS: A four-day symposium was developed with didactic sessions (days 1, 2) and practical endoscopy (days 3, 4). Didactic sessions included case presentations highlighting pathophysiology and management. One nurse and four practicing gastroenterologists from the United Kingdom led lectures and supervised work-shops with audience participation. Practical endoscopy focused on diagnostic and therapeutic procedures and their application to diagnosis and treatment of ailments of the gastrointestinal tract. Preand post-workshop questionnaires were distributed to participants during didactic sessions. A pre-workshop questionnaire gauged expectations and identified objectives to be met at thesymposium. Post-workshop questionnaires were administered to assess efficacy of each session. Participants graded sessions from 1 (poor) to 5 (excellent) on quality of case presentations, knowledge, clarity and mode of presentation. We assessed if time allotted to each topic was sufficient, value of sessions, impact on practice and interest in future symposiums. RESULTS: There were 46 attendees on day 1: 41% undergraduates, 41% residents, 11% consultants and 4% unspecified. Day 2 (a Saturday) had 24 participants: 17% undergraduates, 71% residents, 9% consultants, 4% unspecified. Primary pre-workshop symposium expectation was to gain knowledge in: general gastroenterology (55.5%), practical endoscopy (13.8%), pediatric gastroenterology (5%), epidemiology of gastrointestinal disorders specific to Zambia (6%), and interaction with international speakers (6%). The post-symposium questionnaire was answered by 19 participants, of whom 95% felt specific aims were met; all would attend future conferences and recommend to others. CONCLUSION: The beneficial effect of a structured symposium in developing countries warrants further attention as a mechanism to improve disease awareness in areas where resources are limited.
文摘Objective:To assess potential determinants of uptake and highlight lessons learnt from the implementation of intermittent preventive treatment(IPTp), given to pregnant women as early as possible during the second trimester in Zambia.Methods: Data from four national malaria surveys(2006, 2008, 2010, 2012) were reviewed, and proportions of pregnant women attending antenatal clinics(ANCs) who received two or more doses of sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine(IPTp2) were compared by place of residence, education level, and wealth status. Malaria cases and deaths in pregnant women, from Health Information Management System 2011–2013, were analyzed to determine malaria burden in pregnancy in Zambia. A multiple logistic regression model was applied to identify potential determinants of IPTp uptake.Results: The proportion of pregnant women who took IPTp at ANCs increased from near zero at inception in 2001 to 61.9% in 2006; and to 72% by 2012(P < 0.001), and overall the uptake was 1.41 times higher in 2012 compared to 2006. From 2006 to 2012,IPTp2 uptake among women with no formal education increased from 51% to 68%(P < 0.1). Likewise, uptake among pregnant women with the lowest wealth index increased from 58.2% to 61.2%. By 2012, IPTp uptake among pregnant women within the lowest wealth index increased to a similar level as the women with high wealth index(P = 0.05). Incidence of malaria cases, hospital admissions and mortality during pregnancy decreased between 2011 and 2013. Overall, increased IPTp uptake was associated with being in urban areas(OR = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.39–1.74), having college(OR = 1.83,95% CI: 1.25–2.75) or secondary education(OR = 1.68, 95% CI: 1.44–1.96) or of being of higher wealth status(OR = 1.86, 95% CI: 1.60–2.17).Conclusions: Zambia has increased IPTp uptake through ANC for all women. The malaria control program has contributed to increasing access to health services and reducing demographic and socioeconomic disparities.
