Background and Aims: In Ivoirian’s school, the management of vaso-occlusive painful crisis in sickle cell disease requires non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Although their effectiveness, these drugs may...Background and Aims: In Ivoirian’s school, the management of vaso-occlusive painful crisis in sickle cell disease requires non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Although their effectiveness, these drugs may be accompanied by intolerance reactions. When these occur, no codified alternative therapeutic seems to be used to our knowledge. Authors aimed to evaluate the induction of tolerance to NSAIDs as an effective alternative therapeutic. Methods: 22 patients (15 men and 7 women aged from 12 to 39 years with mean age: 22.41 ± 7.88) suffering from vaso-occlusive painful crisis were enrolled. They were known to have a history of sickle cell disease and at least one episode of adverse reactions following the Ibuprofen or Diclofenac intake. A rapid protocol of oral challenge was used in patients to induce tolerance to NSAIDs. The first day, initial doses (8.82 mg for Ibuprofen and 2.20 mg for Diclofenac) were given and gradually increased at intervals of 1 hour over a total period of 6 hours. On the second and third days, the therapeutic dose has been orally administrated with an interval of 6 hours over a period of 12 hours. Results: Despite of some cases of failure that might be related to the severity of symptoms or possible patho-physiological mechanism, more than 80% of patients have successfully tolerated Diclofenac and Ibuprofen. Conclusion: This experience appears to be the first in our context. It might be used as a solution in the lack of alternative therapeutic in the management of vaso-occlusive painful crisis of sickle cell disease as well as in other diseases such as HIV infection where patients often develop intolerance to none alternative antibiotics.展开更多
Objective:To screen the anti-inflammatory monomeric compounds isolated from Berchemia lineata(L.)DC and explore the anti-inflammatory mechanism of some compounds based on NF-κB signaling pathway.Methods:LPS was used ...Objective:To screen the anti-inflammatory monomeric compounds isolated from Berchemia lineata(L.)DC and explore the anti-inflammatory mechanism of some compounds based on NF-κB signaling pathway.Methods:LPS was used to induce RAW264.7 to establish a model of cellular inflammatory reaction.CCK-8 method was used to detect the effect of monomer compounds on the activity of RAW264.7 cells.The release of nitric oxide(NO)in the superneant was measured by Griess method,and NO inhibition rate was calculated.The anti-inflammatory activity gradient of some monomeric compounds was also measured.The effects of monomer compound 21 on the secretion of IL-6,TNF-α,NF-κB,COX-2 and iNOS induced by LPS were detected by ELISA.Results:The concentration of monomer compound of Berchemia lineata(L.)DC.was 50μmol/L,and it was administered for 24 h.The results showed that anthraquinone compound No.19 had obvious drug toxicity,while other compounds had weak or no obvious drug toxicity.The concentration was 50μmol/L,and the drug was administered for 12 h.The results showed that all the monomer compounds could inhibit the release of NO to varying degrees,and the highest NO inhibition rate was over 90%,which showed obvious anti-inflammatory activity.NO inhibition rate of No.01 new skeleton compound can reach 70.81%.The results of anti-inflammatory activity gradient showed that the monomer compound of Berchemia lineata(L.)DC.could inhibit the release of NO in a dose-dependent manner.The results of ELISA showed that phenolic compound 21 could inhibit the secretion of IL-6,TNF-α,NF-κB,COX-2 and iNOS in RAW264.7 cells.Conclusion:The monomer compound of Berchemia lineata(L.)DC.has a certain anti-inflammatory activity,among which flavonoids and bibenzyl components isolated from this plant for the first time may be the material basis for its anti-inflammatory activity.The simple phenolic monomer compound 21 may play an anti-inflammatory role by regulating NF-κB signaling pathway.展开更多
AIM： To evaluate the gastric permeability after both acute and chronic use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs （NSAIDs） and to assess the clinical usefulness of sucrose test in detecting and following NSAIDs-i...AIM： To evaluate the gastric permeability after both acute and chronic use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs （NSAIDs） and to assess the clinical usefulness of sucrose test in detecting and following NSAIDs-induced gastric damage mainly in asymptomatic patients and the efficacy of a single pantoprazole dose in chronic users. METHODS： Seventy-one consecutive patients on chronic therapy with NSAIDs were enrolled in the study and divided into groups A and 13 （group A receiving 40 mg pantoprazole daily, group B only receiving NSAIDs）. Sucrose test was performed at baseline and after 2, 4 and 12 wk, respectively. The symptoms in the upper gastrointestinal tract were recorded. RESULTS： The patients treated with pantoprazole had sucrose excretion under the limit during the entire follow-up period. The patients without gastroprotection had sucrose excretion above the limit after 2 wk, with an increasing trend in the following weeks （P = 0.000）. A number of patients in this group revealed a significantly altered gastric permeability although they were asymptomatic during the follow-up period. CONCLUSION： Sucrose test can be proposed as a valid tool for the clinical evaluation of NSAIDs-induced gastric damage in both acute and chronic therapy. This tecnique helps to identify patients with clinically silent gastric damages. Pantoprazole （40 mg daily） is effective and well tolerated in chronic NSAID users .展开更多
A series of 2 (E) (4 hydroxy 3 methoxybenzylidene) 5 (N substituted ami nomethyl) cyclopentanones was synthesized and evaluated for the anti inflammatory activity. All of the target compounds were confirmed ...A series of 2 (E) (4 hydroxy 3 methoxybenzylidene) 5 (N substituted ami nomethyl) cyclopentanones was synthesized and evaluated for the anti inflammatory activity. All of the target compounds were confirmed by spectral analysis and elemental analysis. Preliminary pharmacological tests showed that several compounds exerted appreciable inhibitory effect on xylene induced ear edema in mice and that alteration of the substituents of anilines had significant influence in anti inflammatory potency.展开更多
AIM: To investigate whether microvessel density (MVD) is related with prognosis in gastric cancer patients, and the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and vessel endothelial growth factor (VEGF) so as to determine...AIM: To investigate whether microvessel density (MVD) is related with prognosis in gastric cancer patients, and the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and vessel endothelial growth factor (VEGF) so as to determine the possible role of COX-2 and VEGF in gastric cancer angiogenesis.METHODS: Forty-seven formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples of gastric cancer were evaluated for COX-2, VEGF by immunohitochemical staining. To assess tumor angiogenesis, MVD was determined by immunohitochemical staining of endothelial protein factor Ⅷ-related antigen. The relationship among COX-2 and VEGF expression, MVD, and clinicopathologic parameters was analyzed. RESULTS: Among the 67 samples, high MVD was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis and poor survival. Multivariate survival analysis showed that MVD value and lymph node metastasis were independent prognostic factors. The expression rate of COX-2 and VEGF was significantly higher than that of the adjacent tissues. COX-2 and VEGF expression in gastric cancer was significantly correlated with tumor differentiation and depth of invasion, but not with survival. The mean MVD value of COX-2 or VEGF positive tumors was higher than that of COX-2 or VEGF negative tumors. A significant correlation was found between the expressions of COX-2and VEGF. CONCLUSION: MVD may be one of the important prognostic factors for gastric cancer patients. COX-2 and VEGF may play an important role in tumor progression by stimulating angiogenesis. VEGF might play a main role in the COX-2 angiogenic pathway. The inhibition of angiogenesis or COX-2, VEGF activity may have an important therapeutic benefit in the control of gastric cancer.展开更多
AIM To investigate the chemopreventive effect of sulindac, one of the nonstroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), on the growth of N methyl N nitrosourea (MNU) induced mouse colonic tumors.
In order to determine the chemical constituents of Cistanche deserticola cultured in Tarim desert,a systematically phytochemical investigation was carried out.The constituents were isolated by silica gel,Sephadex LH-2...In order to determine the chemical constituents of Cistanche deserticola cultured in Tarim desert,a systematically phytochemical investigation was carried out.The constituents were isolated by silica gel,Sephadex LH-20,MCI gel,ODS column chromatography,and semi-preparative HPLC.Their structures were determined on the basis of MS and NMR spectroscopic analyses,by chemical methods,and/or comparison with literature data.The anti-inflammatory activities of the isolates were evaluated for their inhibitory effects on the lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced nitric oxide(NO)production in BV-2 mouse microglial cells.Nine iridoids were isolated and identified as cistadesertoside A(1),cistanin(2),cistachlorin(3),6-deoxycatalpol(4),gluroside(5),kankanoside A(6),ajugol(7),bartsioside(8),and 8-epi-loganic acid(9).Compound 9 exhibited potent inhibition on the NO production with an IC_(50) value being 5.2 μmol·L^(-1),comparable to the positive control quercetin(4.3 μmol·L^(-1)).Compound 1 was a new iridoid,and compounds 5,6,and 8 were isolated from this species for the first time.展开更多
Two new complexes (Cp) 2Ti(Cin) 2 and (Cp) 2Ti(Tzea) 2 (Cp= Cyclopentadienyl η 5 C 5H 5) have been synthesized in THF by the reaction of HCin (Cincofen, 2 phenylquinoline 4 carboxylic acid) or HTzea...Two new complexes (Cp) 2Ti(Cin) 2 and (Cp) 2Ti(Tzea) 2 (Cp= Cyclopentadienyl η 5 C 5H 5) have been synthesized in THF by the reaction of HCin (Cincofen, 2 phenylquinoline 4 carboxylic acid) or HTzea (5 phenyltetrazolyl 2 ethanoic acid) with (Cp) 2TiCl 2, and characterized by elemental analyses, IR, 1H NMR and 13 C NMR, UV spectra, molar conductivity, TG DTA. In the complexes the carboxyl groups are coordinated to Ti(IV) in a monodentate manner. The inhibitory actions of the complexes on mice ear tumefaction caused by croton oil and the rat foot granulation growth produced by cotton wool are higher than those of the corresponding ligands HCin, HTzea and [(Cp) 2TiCl 2], while their toxicities are lower than those of the free ligands.展开更多
Aim:This study was conducted to determine the preferred analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs prescribed by oral implantologists in India.Methods:A structured questionnaire was distributed to 332 dentists to gather in...Aim:This study was conducted to determine the preferred analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs prescribed by oral implantologists in India.Methods:A structured questionnaire was distributed to 332 dentists to gather information regarding their prescription habits for analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs.Frequency distributions were computed by type of drug being prescribed and the protocol followed.Results:Analysis of data showed that majority of dentists(85.8%,n=285)prescribed conventional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs(NSAIDs)for implant surgery.The most common prescription was ibuprofen with paracetamol combination(32.2%,n=107)followed by diclofenac(20.2%,n=67).Most dentists reported prescribing different NSAIDs for the same procedure in different patients(64.7%,n=215).Only,35.5%(n=118)followed the peri-operative protocol.Adjunctive prescription of steroids was done by only 33.7%(n=112).Conclusion:Our study illustrates that the general trend of analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug prescription for dental implant surgery among Indian dentists is mostly in accordance with the guidelines for pain management worldwide.However,it is noteworthy that a few dentists do prescribe drugs not primarily indicated for dental pain management and use widely varying protocols for the same.Therefore,in order to avoid potential complications,it is essential to raise awareness of among the dental practitioners of the appropriate indications and dosage regimen of specific drugs.展开更多
Neuroinflammation has been proposed as a strong biological factor underlying the development of neuropsychiatric diseases.A role for dysregulation of the immune system was initially suggested in depressive disorders a...Neuroinflammation has been proposed as a strong biological factor underlying the development of neuropsychiatric diseases.A role for dysregulation of the immune system was initially suggested in depressive disorders and subsequently extended to other illnesses,including bipolar disorder(BD).Indeed,there is growing evidence confirming the presence of a generalized pro-inflammatory state in BD patients,involving alterations in cytokine,acute-phase proteins,and complement factor secretion,white blood cell differentiation,microglial activation,arachidonic acid signaling pathways,and increased oxidative stress markers.Medications commonly used to treat BD,such as lithium,antiepileptics and antipsychotics,show some immunoregulatory activity both in vitro and in vivo.The aim of our study was to review the role of different inflammatory mechanisms,specifically in the development of excitatory symptoms,via a systematic PubMed search of the literature.Despite the high variability of results among studies,we found evidence indicating specific alterations of the inflammatory response during manic and mixed states of BD.These findings may help to clarify some of the complex mechanisms underlying the development of excitatory symptoms and suggest a potential role for drugs targeting the inflammatory system as new therapeutic options.展开更多
文摘Background and Aims: In Ivoirian’s school, the management of vaso-occlusive painful crisis in sickle cell disease requires non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Although their effectiveness, these drugs may be accompanied by intolerance reactions. When these occur, no codified alternative therapeutic seems to be used to our knowledge. Authors aimed to evaluate the induction of tolerance to NSAIDs as an effective alternative therapeutic. Methods: 22 patients (15 men and 7 women aged from 12 to 39 years with mean age: 22.41 ± 7.88) suffering from vaso-occlusive painful crisis were enrolled. They were known to have a history of sickle cell disease and at least one episode of adverse reactions following the Ibuprofen or Diclofenac intake. A rapid protocol of oral challenge was used in patients to induce tolerance to NSAIDs. The first day, initial doses (8.82 mg for Ibuprofen and 2.20 mg for Diclofenac) were given and gradually increased at intervals of 1 hour over a total period of 6 hours. On the second and third days, the therapeutic dose has been orally administrated with an interval of 6 hours over a period of 12 hours. Results: Despite of some cases of failure that might be related to the severity of symptoms or possible patho-physiological mechanism, more than 80% of patients have successfully tolerated Diclofenac and Ibuprofen. Conclusion: This experience appears to be the first in our context. It might be used as a solution in the lack of alternative therapeutic in the management of vaso-occlusive painful crisis of sickle cell disease as well as in other diseases such as HIV infection where patients often develop intolerance to none alternative antibiotics.
基金This study was supported by National Key Research and Development Program(No.2022YFC3502201)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81960762)+3 种基金Guangxi Key Discipline of Traditional Chinese Medicine(No.GZXK-Z-20-62)Guangxi Science and Technology Base and Talent Special Project(No.Guike AD19245183,AD22035052)Guangxi Demonstration Base of External Treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine(No.14,2019)National Famous TCM Inheritance Studio,National Famous Old TCM Expert Inheritance Studio Construction Project,National Famous TCM Huang Hanru Academic Thinking and Clinical Experience Inheritance and Promotion Center(No.2022V004)。
文摘Objective:To screen the anti-inflammatory monomeric compounds isolated from Berchemia lineata(L.)DC and explore the anti-inflammatory mechanism of some compounds based on NF-κB signaling pathway.Methods:LPS was used to induce RAW264.7 to establish a model of cellular inflammatory reaction.CCK-8 method was used to detect the effect of monomer compounds on the activity of RAW264.7 cells.The release of nitric oxide(NO)in the superneant was measured by Griess method,and NO inhibition rate was calculated.The anti-inflammatory activity gradient of some monomeric compounds was also measured.The effects of monomer compound 21 on the secretion of IL-6,TNF-α,NF-κB,COX-2 and iNOS induced by LPS were detected by ELISA.Results:The concentration of monomer compound of Berchemia lineata(L.)DC.was 50μmol/L,and it was administered for 24 h.The results showed that anthraquinone compound No.19 had obvious drug toxicity,while other compounds had weak or no obvious drug toxicity.The concentration was 50μmol/L,and the drug was administered for 12 h.The results showed that all the monomer compounds could inhibit the release of NO to varying degrees,and the highest NO inhibition rate was over 90%,which showed obvious anti-inflammatory activity.NO inhibition rate of No.01 new skeleton compound can reach 70.81%.The results of anti-inflammatory activity gradient showed that the monomer compound of Berchemia lineata(L.)DC.could inhibit the release of NO in a dose-dependent manner.The results of ELISA showed that phenolic compound 21 could inhibit the secretion of IL-6,TNF-α,NF-κB,COX-2 and iNOS in RAW264.7 cells.Conclusion:The monomer compound of Berchemia lineata(L.)DC.has a certain anti-inflammatory activity,among which flavonoids and bibenzyl components isolated from this plant for the first time may be the material basis for its anti-inflammatory activity.The simple phenolic monomer compound 21 may play an anti-inflammatory role by regulating NF-κB signaling pathway.
文摘AIM： To evaluate the gastric permeability after both acute and chronic use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs （NSAIDs） and to assess the clinical usefulness of sucrose test in detecting and following NSAIDs-induced gastric damage mainly in asymptomatic patients and the efficacy of a single pantoprazole dose in chronic users. METHODS： Seventy-one consecutive patients on chronic therapy with NSAIDs were enrolled in the study and divided into groups A and 13 （group A receiving 40 mg pantoprazole daily, group B only receiving NSAIDs）. Sucrose test was performed at baseline and after 2, 4 and 12 wk, respectively. The symptoms in the upper gastrointestinal tract were recorded. RESULTS： The patients treated with pantoprazole had sucrose excretion under the limit during the entire follow-up period. The patients without gastroprotection had sucrose excretion above the limit after 2 wk, with an increasing trend in the following weeks （P = 0.000）. A number of patients in this group revealed a significantly altered gastric permeability although they were asymptomatic during the follow-up period. CONCLUSION： Sucrose test can be proposed as a valid tool for the clinical evaluation of NSAIDs-induced gastric damage in both acute and chronic therapy. This tecnique helps to identify patients with clinically silent gastric damages. Pantoprazole （40 mg daily） is effective and well tolerated in chronic NSAID users .
文摘A series of 2 (E) (4 hydroxy 3 methoxybenzylidene) 5 (N substituted ami nomethyl) cyclopentanones was synthesized and evaluated for the anti inflammatory activity. All of the target compounds were confirmed by spectral analysis and elemental analysis. Preliminary pharmacological tests showed that several compounds exerted appreciable inhibitory effect on xylene induced ear edema in mice and that alteration of the substituents of anilines had significant influence in anti inflammatory potency.
基金Supported by the Major State Basic Research Development Program (973 Program) of China (No. 2003CB515507) and Science and Technology Fund by Department of Education of Anhui Province
文摘AIM: To investigate whether microvessel density (MVD) is related with prognosis in gastric cancer patients, and the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and vessel endothelial growth factor (VEGF) so as to determine the possible role of COX-2 and VEGF in gastric cancer angiogenesis.METHODS: Forty-seven formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples of gastric cancer were evaluated for COX-2, VEGF by immunohitochemical staining. To assess tumor angiogenesis, MVD was determined by immunohitochemical staining of endothelial protein factor Ⅷ-related antigen. The relationship among COX-2 and VEGF expression, MVD, and clinicopathologic parameters was analyzed. RESULTS: Among the 67 samples, high MVD was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis and poor survival. Multivariate survival analysis showed that MVD value and lymph node metastasis were independent prognostic factors. The expression rate of COX-2 and VEGF was significantly higher than that of the adjacent tissues. COX-2 and VEGF expression in gastric cancer was significantly correlated with tumor differentiation and depth of invasion, but not with survival. The mean MVD value of COX-2 or VEGF positive tumors was higher than that of COX-2 or VEGF negative tumors. A significant correlation was found between the expressions of COX-2and VEGF. CONCLUSION: MVD may be one of the important prognostic factors for gastric cancer patients. COX-2 and VEGF may play an important role in tumor progression by stimulating angiogenesis. VEGF might play a main role in the COX-2 angiogenic pathway. The inhibition of angiogenesis or COX-2, VEGF activity may have an important therapeutic benefit in the control of gastric cancer.
文摘AIM To investigate the chemopreventive effect of sulindac, one of the nonstroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), on the growth of N methyl N nitrosourea (MNU) induced mouse colonic tumors.
基金financially supported by National Natural Sciences Foundation of China(No.81222051)Scientific Research Project of Traditional Chinese Medicine(No.201307002)National Key Technology R&D Program “New Drug Innovation”of China(Nos.2012ZX09301002-002-002,2012ZX09304-005)
文摘In order to determine the chemical constituents of Cistanche deserticola cultured in Tarim desert,a systematically phytochemical investigation was carried out.The constituents were isolated by silica gel,Sephadex LH-20,MCI gel,ODS column chromatography,and semi-preparative HPLC.Their structures were determined on the basis of MS and NMR spectroscopic analyses,by chemical methods,and/or comparison with literature data.The anti-inflammatory activities of the isolates were evaluated for their inhibitory effects on the lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced nitric oxide(NO)production in BV-2 mouse microglial cells.Nine iridoids were isolated and identified as cistadesertoside A(1),cistanin(2),cistachlorin(3),6-deoxycatalpol(4),gluroside(5),kankanoside A(6),ajugol(7),bartsioside(8),and 8-epi-loganic acid(9).Compound 9 exhibited potent inhibition on the NO production with an IC_(50) value being 5.2 μmol·L^(-1),comparable to the positive control quercetin(4.3 μmol·L^(-1)).Compound 1 was a new iridoid,and compounds 5,6,and 8 were isolated from this species for the first time.
文摘Two new complexes (Cp) 2Ti(Cin) 2 and (Cp) 2Ti(Tzea) 2 (Cp= Cyclopentadienyl η 5 C 5H 5) have been synthesized in THF by the reaction of HCin (Cincofen, 2 phenylquinoline 4 carboxylic acid) or HTzea (5 phenyltetrazolyl 2 ethanoic acid) with (Cp) 2TiCl 2, and characterized by elemental analyses, IR, 1H NMR and 13 C NMR, UV spectra, molar conductivity, TG DTA. In the complexes the carboxyl groups are coordinated to Ti(IV) in a monodentate manner. The inhibitory actions of the complexes on mice ear tumefaction caused by croton oil and the rat foot granulation growth produced by cotton wool are higher than those of the corresponding ligands HCin, HTzea and [(Cp) 2TiCl 2], while their toxicities are lower than those of the free ligands.
文摘Aim:This study was conducted to determine the preferred analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs prescribed by oral implantologists in India.Methods:A structured questionnaire was distributed to 332 dentists to gather information regarding their prescription habits for analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs.Frequency distributions were computed by type of drug being prescribed and the protocol followed.Results:Analysis of data showed that majority of dentists(85.8%,n=285)prescribed conventional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs(NSAIDs)for implant surgery.The most common prescription was ibuprofen with paracetamol combination(32.2%,n=107)followed by diclofenac(20.2%,n=67).Most dentists reported prescribing different NSAIDs for the same procedure in different patients(64.7%,n=215).Only,35.5%(n=118)followed the peri-operative protocol.Adjunctive prescription of steroids was done by only 33.7%(n=112).Conclusion:Our study illustrates that the general trend of analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug prescription for dental implant surgery among Indian dentists is mostly in accordance with the guidelines for pain management worldwide.However,it is noteworthy that a few dentists do prescribe drugs not primarily indicated for dental pain management and use widely varying protocols for the same.Therefore,in order to avoid potential complications,it is essential to raise awareness of among the dental practitioners of the appropriate indications and dosage regimen of specific drugs.
基金the FIRB project code RBFR12LD0W_002a grant of the Italian Ministry of Research.
文摘Neuroinflammation has been proposed as a strong biological factor underlying the development of neuropsychiatric diseases.A role for dysregulation of the immune system was initially suggested in depressive disorders and subsequently extended to other illnesses,including bipolar disorder(BD).Indeed,there is growing evidence confirming the presence of a generalized pro-inflammatory state in BD patients,involving alterations in cytokine,acute-phase proteins,and complement factor secretion,white blood cell differentiation,microglial activation,arachidonic acid signaling pathways,and increased oxidative stress markers.Medications commonly used to treat BD,such as lithium,antiepileptics and antipsychotics,show some immunoregulatory activity both in vitro and in vivo.The aim of our study was to review the role of different inflammatory mechanisms,specifically in the development of excitatory symptoms,via a systematic PubMed search of the literature.Despite the high variability of results among studies,we found evidence indicating specific alterations of the inflammatory response during manic and mixed states of BD.These findings may help to clarify some of the complex mechanisms underlying the development of excitatory symptoms and suggest a potential role for drugs targeting the inflammatory system as new therapeutic options.
