Tropical forests provide several ecosystem services and functions and support approximately two-thirds of the world’s biodiversity but are seriously threatened by deforestation.Approaches to counteract this menace ha...Tropical forests provide several ecosystem services and functions and support approximately two-thirds of the world’s biodiversity but are seriously threatened by deforestation.Approaches to counteract this menace have revolved around aff orestation with several or a single tree species.We thus investigated how plantation forests with either a single or several tree species infl uenced arthropod taxonomic and community composition using pitfall traps to sample selected groups of epigeal arthropods(Araneae,Coleoptera,Orthoptera and Hymenoptera)and with environmental variables assessed simultaneously.Our results revealed 54 taxonomic groups with signifi cantly higher taxonomic richness,activity density,and diversity in the mixed stands than in the monoculture stands.The significant differences in community composition were mainly driven by families including Lycosidae,Formicidae,Staphylinidae,Scotylidae,Hydrophilidae,Gryllidae and Scarabaeidae and were explained by distinct habitat characteristics(canopy openness,litter depth,deadwood volume,and tree height).While the diverse tree communities and heterogeneous vegetation structure off ered food and habitat resources for diverse arthropod groups,the allelopathic nature coupled with homogenous stand characteristics of the Tectona grandis stands in the monoculture suppressed the growth of understorey vegetation that could otherwise serve as food and habitat resources for arthropods,which might have led to limited activities and diversity of arthropods in the monoculture plantation stands.The fi ndings thus highlight the need to promote mixed tree plantations in degraded tropical areas,especially when restoring biodiversity is the prime management focus.展开更多
The integration of ducks into rice farming has raised concerns about possible effects on arthropod communities due to frequent predation by ducks. This paper conducted a study using three treatments, including integra...The integration of ducks into rice farming has raised concerns about possible effects on arthropod communities due to frequent predation by ducks. This paper conducted a study using three treatments, including integrated rice-duck cultivation （RD）, conventional rice cultivation （CC） and a control treatment （CK）, to investigate the impact of rice-duck farming on the diversity of arthropod communities in the field. The results revealed that arthropod numbers in both RD and CC treatments showed varying degrees of reduction when compared with the CK treatment. Arthropod individual numbers, Simpson （D） and Shannon＇s diversity index （H＇） values in RD were higher than those in CC. Arthropod individual numbers, richness index （R）, D and H＇ values in both tillering and booting phases of the late rice were significantly higher in RD treatment than those in CC treatment. Rice-duck integration system was favorable for the maintenance of arthropod diversity in the cropping field and may help to lessen the decline in abundance and diversity of rice farmland arthropods caused by the utilization of chemical pesticides and fertilizers.展开更多
This study is to integrate pest management （IPM） of maize insect pest. The paper reports the current condition of species diversity of maize field in Nanning, Guangxi Province. All exper/mcntal materials were collec...This study is to integrate pest management （IPM） of maize insect pest. The paper reports the current condition of species diversity of maize field in Nanning, Guangxi Province. All exper/mcntal materials were collected dur/ng the stages of tasseling, blister, milk, maturity and after reaping respectively from 5 plots from April to July, 2007. The Shannon-Wiener index（H）, Simpson index（H＇）, Brillouin index（J）, species evenness（E） and richness index （Dmc） were used into analysis of abundance and distribution characteristics of communities and populations of major arthropods in maize fields. Result showed that a total of 19 arthropods, belonged to 10 orders and 18 families, were obtained from maize fields. Of which there are 12 pest insects, 3 natural enemy insects, 2 spiders and 2 middle insects. All of the community diversity indices were the highest in maize fields after reaping. No significant difference was found between other 4 various stages i.t. tasseling, blister, milk and maturity stages. The results of this study will help to carry out the IPM of maize field pest insect.展开更多
Arthropod communities and epiphytic plants associated with tree canopies have been widely studied and have revealed a great diversity of organisms; however,the community hosted by parasitic plants,such as dwarf mistle...Arthropod communities and epiphytic plants associated with tree canopies have been widely studied and have revealed a great diversity of organisms; however,the community hosted by parasitic plants,such as dwarf mistletoes,remains poorly known.In the coniferous forests of North America,dwarf mistletoe infection（Arceuthobium spp.） significantly damages the health of the forest,causing large financial losses for the forest industry,but it also positively affects diversity,especially of mammals and birds.This study examined the attributes of the arthropod communities associated with two species of dwarf mistletoe [Arceuthobium globosum Hawksw.＆ Wiens and A.vaginatum（Humb.＆ Bonpl.ex Willd.） J.Presl] and their host Pinus hartwegii Lindl.In 2010,in five sites located in Zoquiapan（Central Mexico）,we collected plant tissue from the three species bimonthly.Arthropods were separated from the plant tissue and identified to the finest level possible.We collected 32,059 individuals,for which51 morphospecies were identified,belonging to 15 taxonomic orders; the most abundant orders for the three plants were Prostigmata,Thysanoptera and Homoptera.The community associated with P.hartwegii had the highest value of diversity（H＇= 1.47; A.globosum,H＇= 0.64; A.vaginatum,H＇= 0.68） and species richness（S = 40; A.globosum,S = 30; A.vaginatum,S = 35）; while abundance was significantly higher for the mistletoes（A.globosum,n = 407 individuals/sample; A.vaginatum,n = 536 individuals/sample; P.hartwegii,n = 134 individuals/sample）.Species richness,abundance and diversity were significantly different for the three studied plants,as well for sampling month and the interaction of these two factors（except for diversity）.The results suggest that the canopy of P.hartwegii is an important element in the ecosystem,providing a mosaic of resources and conditions to the associated fauna.We also propose that mistletoes are key species within the forest canopy,as they greatly influence the establishment of diverse organisms,particularly arthropods.展开更多
The invasion of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus （pine wood nematode, PWN） carried by Monochamus alternatus predominately attacks Masson pine （Pinus massoniana） forests and causes great economic losses in China. In this...The invasion of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus （pine wood nematode, PWN） carried by Monochamus alternatus predominately attacks Masson pine （Pinus massoniana） forests and causes great economic losses in China. In this study, we assessed whether the effect of the invasion of PWN is different between island and inland forests. Arthropods were sampled in Fuyang （inland） and Zhoushan （island） counties in Zhejiang Province with sweep netting and light traps at four plots. During two field periods （May to June 2004 and September to October 2005） a total of 21,916 insects, representing 384 species belonging to 99 families and 15 orders, were collected in the sample plots from the island, whereas, from the inland forest a total of 29,262 insects, representing 308 species belonging to 96 families and 13 orders, were found. A hierarchical cluster analysis （HCA） and one-way ANOVA, based on the composition of different arthropod guilds, were performed. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the composition of arthropod communities at the family level between inland and island. But these two habitats had a significant effect on the composition of species, individuals, sub-communities and energy class levels. Statistically, the composition of the two orders, Lepidoptera and Diptera, in the two habitats were significantly different.展开更多
Background:Cotton(Gossypium spp.)is one of the most important economic crops worldwide,and its production plays an important role in the economy of many countries.Genetically modified herbicide-tolerant(GMHT)crops,whi...Background:Cotton(Gossypium spp.)is one of the most important economic crops worldwide,and its production plays an important role in the economy of many countries.Genetically modified herbicide-tolerant(GMHT)crops,which were developed to minimize the losses caused by weeds,have gradually become the most widely adopted genetically modified crops in the world due to their economic and environmental benefits.However,the potential ecological and environmental risks of GMHT crops have attracted extensive attention and controversy.Arthropod communities form a promine nt part of the biodiversity of agroecosystems and are important indicators of environmental health.Elucidating the effects of GMHT crops on the diversity of arthropod communities is necessary to ensure the safety of GMHT crops.Result:In this 2-year study,we investigated the potential impact of GMHT crops on arthropod communities.The GMHT cotton variety GGK2 with glyphosate tolerance and its near-isogenic non-GMHT variety K312 were used for the experimental groups.The Shannon diversity index(H),Simpson diversity index(D),Pielou evenness index(J),and principal co-ordinates analysis(PCoA)of the Bray-Curtis distance were used to evaluate the population dynamics and biodiversity of arthropods in cotton fields.No significant differences were found between GGK2 and K312 in their total abundance of arthropod communities,and biodiversity indexes on most sampling dates.The arthropod composition in the GGK2 and K312 plots was similar.Sampling elates had a significant effect on biodiversity indexes,whereas no clear tendencies related to cotton variety or cotton variety x sampling elates interaction were recorded.In addition,PCoA revealed high similarity between the arthropod communities in the plots of the GMHT cotton variety GGK2 and its near-isogenic variety K312.Conclusion:There was no obvious difference in abundance,diversity indexes of arthropod communities between GMHT cotto n variety GGK2 and its near-isogenic variety K312 under the small-scale plan ting regime.展开更多
We applied a multi-taxa approach integrating the co-occurrence of plants,ground beetles,spiders and springtails with soil parameters(temperatures and chemical characteristics)in order to describe the primary successio...We applied a multi-taxa approach integrating the co-occurrence of plants,ground beetles,spiders and springtails with soil parameters(temperatures and chemical characteristics)in order to describe the primary succession along two glacier forelands in the Maritime Alps(Italy),a hotspot of Mediterranean biodiversity.We compared these successions to those from Central Alps:Maritime glacier forelands markedly differ for their higher values of species richness and species turnover.Contrary to our expectation,Maritime glacier forelands follow a‘replacement change model’,like continental succession of Inner Alps and differently from other peripheral successions.We propose that the temperatures along these Mediterranean glacier forelands are warmer than those along other Alpine glacier forelands,which promote the faster species turnover.Furthermore,we found that early and mid successional stages of the investigated glaciers are richer in cold-adapted and endemic species than the later ones:we confirmed that the‘replacement change’model disadvantages pioneer,cold-adapted species.Given the overall correspondence among coldadapted and endemic species,the most threatened in this climate phase,our results raise new concerns about the extinction risk of these species.We also describe supraglacial habitat of Maritime glaciers demonstrating that supraglacial debris represents an environment decoupled from the regional climate and may have an important role as refugium for coldadapted and hygrophilous plant and animal species,whose survival can be threatened by climate change and by a rapid ecological succession in the adjacent forelands.展开更多
Field trials were carried out from June to August in 2004 at Wuyishan （Wuyi Mountains）, Fujian province, China, to determine the effects of habitat diversification on arthropod communities. Two Chinese cabbage, Bras...Field trials were carried out from June to August in 2004 at Wuyishan （Wuyi Mountains）, Fujian province, China, to determine the effects of habitat diversification on arthropod communities. Two Chinese cabbage, Brassica chinensis, field 1 （F1） and field 2 （F2） surrounded by diverse vegetable cultivars were selected, while a monoculture of Chinese cabbage served as the control field （CK）. The results showed that： （i） when comparing insect abundance of each order between different habitats, significantly higher numbers of lepidopterous insects （39.76% from the each order） and lower densities of Hymenoptera （19.82%） were found in CK than in F1 and F2; （ii） compared with CK, F1 and F2 had a lower percentage of species richness and an abundance of herbivorous insects, but increased richness, abundance and biodiversity of predatory insects; （iii） no differences were observed in neutral insects＇ guild between different fields; and （iv） the dominant species for each guild depends on the habitat types and sampling dates. This study suggests that intercropping could conceivably be used in these habitats to increase the population of natural predators, thus achieving desirable and ecologically friendly results in vegetable fields.展开更多
文摘Tropical forests provide several ecosystem services and functions and support approximately two-thirds of the world’s biodiversity but are seriously threatened by deforestation.Approaches to counteract this menace have revolved around aff orestation with several or a single tree species.We thus investigated how plantation forests with either a single or several tree species infl uenced arthropod taxonomic and community composition using pitfall traps to sample selected groups of epigeal arthropods(Araneae,Coleoptera,Orthoptera and Hymenoptera)and with environmental variables assessed simultaneously.Our results revealed 54 taxonomic groups with signifi cantly higher taxonomic richness,activity density,and diversity in the mixed stands than in the monoculture stands.The significant differences in community composition were mainly driven by families including Lycosidae,Formicidae,Staphylinidae,Scotylidae,Hydrophilidae,Gryllidae and Scarabaeidae and were explained by distinct habitat characteristics(canopy openness,litter depth,deadwood volume,and tree height).While the diverse tree communities and heterogeneous vegetation structure off ered food and habitat resources for diverse arthropod groups,the allelopathic nature coupled with homogenous stand characteristics of the Tectona grandis stands in the monoculture suppressed the growth of understorey vegetation that could otherwise serve as food and habitat resources for arthropods,which might have led to limited activities and diversity of arthropods in the monoculture plantation stands.The fi ndings thus highlight the need to promote mixed tree plantations in degraded tropical areas,especially when restoring biodiversity is the prime management focus.
基金the National Basic Research Program of China ("973"Program:2011BC100406,2006CB100206)the Natural Science Foundation of China (30770403,30800134)Guangdong Science and Technology Program (2004B20101017)
文摘The integration of ducks into rice farming has raised concerns about possible effects on arthropod communities due to frequent predation by ducks. This paper conducted a study using three treatments, including integrated rice-duck cultivation （RD）, conventional rice cultivation （CC） and a control treatment （CK）, to investigate the impact of rice-duck farming on the diversity of arthropod communities in the field. The results revealed that arthropod numbers in both RD and CC treatments showed varying degrees of reduction when compared with the CK treatment. Arthropod individual numbers, Simpson （D） and Shannon＇s diversity index （H＇） values in RD were higher than those in CC. Arthropod individual numbers, richness index （R）, D and H＇ values in both tillering and booting phases of the late rice were significantly higher in RD treatment than those in CC treatment. Rice-duck integration system was favorable for the maintenance of arthropod diversity in the cropping field and may help to lessen the decline in abundance and diversity of rice farmland arthropods caused by the utilization of chemical pesticides and fertilizers.
文摘This study is to integrate pest management （IPM） of maize insect pest. The paper reports the current condition of species diversity of maize field in Nanning, Guangxi Province. All exper/mcntal materials were collected dur/ng the stages of tasseling, blister, milk, maturity and after reaping respectively from 5 plots from April to July, 2007. The Shannon-Wiener index（H）, Simpson index（H＇）, Brillouin index（J）, species evenness（E） and richness index （Dmc） were used into analysis of abundance and distribution characteristics of communities and populations of major arthropods in maize fields. Result showed that a total of 19 arthropods, belonged to 10 orders and 18 families, were obtained from maize fields. Of which there are 12 pest insects, 3 natural enemy insects, 2 spiders and 2 middle insects. All of the community diversity indices were the highest in maize fields after reaping. No significant difference was found between other 4 various stages i.t. tasseling, blister, milk and maturity stages. The results of this study will help to carry out the IPM of maize field pest insect.
基金supported by UNAM-DGAPAPAPIIT IN220912 Grant to ZC-S
文摘Arthropod communities and epiphytic plants associated with tree canopies have been widely studied and have revealed a great diversity of organisms; however,the community hosted by parasitic plants,such as dwarf mistletoes,remains poorly known.In the coniferous forests of North America,dwarf mistletoe infection（Arceuthobium spp.） significantly damages the health of the forest,causing large financial losses for the forest industry,but it also positively affects diversity,especially of mammals and birds.This study examined the attributes of the arthropod communities associated with two species of dwarf mistletoe [Arceuthobium globosum Hawksw.＆ Wiens and A.vaginatum（Humb.＆ Bonpl.ex Willd.） J.Presl] and their host Pinus hartwegii Lindl.In 2010,in five sites located in Zoquiapan（Central Mexico）,we collected plant tissue from the three species bimonthly.Arthropods were separated from the plant tissue and identified to the finest level possible.We collected 32,059 individuals,for which51 morphospecies were identified,belonging to 15 taxonomic orders; the most abundant orders for the three plants were Prostigmata,Thysanoptera and Homoptera.The community associated with P.hartwegii had the highest value of diversity（H＇= 1.47; A.globosum,H＇= 0.64; A.vaginatum,H＇= 0.68） and species richness（S = 40; A.globosum,S = 30; A.vaginatum,S = 35）; while abundance was significantly higher for the mistletoes（A.globosum,n = 407 individuals/sample; A.vaginatum,n = 536 individuals/sample; P.hartwegii,n = 134 individuals/sample）.Species richness,abundance and diversity were significantly different for the three studied plants,as well for sampling month and the interaction of these two factors（except for diversity）.The results suggest that the canopy of P.hartwegii is an important element in the ecosystem,providing a mosaic of resources and conditions to the associated fauna.We also propose that mistletoes are key species within the forest canopy,as they greatly influence the establishment of diverse organisms,particularly arthropods.
文摘The invasion of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus （pine wood nematode, PWN） carried by Monochamus alternatus predominately attacks Masson pine （Pinus massoniana） forests and causes great economic losses in China. In this study, we assessed whether the effect of the invasion of PWN is different between island and inland forests. Arthropods were sampled in Fuyang （inland） and Zhoushan （island） counties in Zhejiang Province with sweep netting and light traps at four plots. During two field periods （May to June 2004 and September to October 2005） a total of 21,916 insects, representing 384 species belonging to 99 families and 15 orders, were collected in the sample plots from the island, whereas, from the inland forest a total of 29,262 insects, representing 308 species belonging to 96 families and 13 orders, were found. A hierarchical cluster analysis （HCA） and one-way ANOVA, based on the composition of different arthropod guilds, were performed. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the composition of arthropod communities at the family level between inland and island. But these two habitats had a significant effect on the composition of species, individuals, sub-communities and energy class levels. Statistically, the composition of the two orders, Lepidoptera and Diptera, in the two habitats were significantly different.
基金supported by the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)
文摘Background:Cotton(Gossypium spp.)is one of the most important economic crops worldwide,and its production plays an important role in the economy of many countries.Genetically modified herbicide-tolerant(GMHT)crops,which were developed to minimize the losses caused by weeds,have gradually become the most widely adopted genetically modified crops in the world due to their economic and environmental benefits.However,the potential ecological and environmental risks of GMHT crops have attracted extensive attention and controversy.Arthropod communities form a promine nt part of the biodiversity of agroecosystems and are important indicators of environmental health.Elucidating the effects of GMHT crops on the diversity of arthropod communities is necessary to ensure the safety of GMHT crops.Result:In this 2-year study,we investigated the potential impact of GMHT crops on arthropod communities.The GMHT cotton variety GGK2 with glyphosate tolerance and its near-isogenic non-GMHT variety K312 were used for the experimental groups.The Shannon diversity index(H),Simpson diversity index(D),Pielou evenness index(J),and principal co-ordinates analysis(PCoA)of the Bray-Curtis distance were used to evaluate the population dynamics and biodiversity of arthropods in cotton fields.No significant differences were found between GGK2 and K312 in their total abundance of arthropod communities,and biodiversity indexes on most sampling dates.The arthropod composition in the GGK2 and K312 plots was similar.Sampling elates had a significant effect on biodiversity indexes,whereas no clear tendencies related to cotton variety or cotton variety x sampling elates interaction were recorded.In addition,PCoA revealed high similarity between the arthropod communities in the plots of the GMHT cotton variety GGK2 and its near-isogenic variety K312.Conclusion:There was no obvious difference in abundance,diversity indexes of arthropod communities between GMHT cotto n variety GGK2 and its near-isogenic variety K312 under the small-scale plan ting regime.
基金funded by Ente di Gestione delle Aree protette delle Alpi Marittime(Managing Body of protected areas of Maritime Alps)for the research project“Monitoraggio della vegetazione periglaciale dei ghiacciai Clapier e Peirabroc(Alpi Marittime)”,(Monitoring of proglacial vegetation of Clapier and Peirabrocn glaciers(Maritime Alps))within the project ALCOTRA n.1711 CClima TT。
文摘We applied a multi-taxa approach integrating the co-occurrence of plants,ground beetles,spiders and springtails with soil parameters(temperatures and chemical characteristics)in order to describe the primary succession along two glacier forelands in the Maritime Alps(Italy),a hotspot of Mediterranean biodiversity.We compared these successions to those from Central Alps:Maritime glacier forelands markedly differ for their higher values of species richness and species turnover.Contrary to our expectation,Maritime glacier forelands follow a‘replacement change model’,like continental succession of Inner Alps and differently from other peripheral successions.We propose that the temperatures along these Mediterranean glacier forelands are warmer than those along other Alpine glacier forelands,which promote the faster species turnover.Furthermore,we found that early and mid successional stages of the investigated glaciers are richer in cold-adapted and endemic species than the later ones:we confirmed that the‘replacement change’model disadvantages pioneer,cold-adapted species.Given the overall correspondence among coldadapted and endemic species,the most threatened in this climate phase,our results raise new concerns about the extinction risk of these species.We also describe supraglacial habitat of Maritime glaciers demonstrating that supraglacial debris represents an environment decoupled from the regional climate and may have an important role as refugium for coldadapted and hygrophilous plant and animal species,whose survival can be threatened by climate change and by a rapid ecological succession in the adjacent forelands.
文摘Field trials were carried out from June to August in 2004 at Wuyishan （Wuyi Mountains）, Fujian province, China, to determine the effects of habitat diversification on arthropod communities. Two Chinese cabbage, Brassica chinensis, field 1 （F1） and field 2 （F2） surrounded by diverse vegetable cultivars were selected, while a monoculture of Chinese cabbage served as the control field （CK）. The results showed that： （i） when comparing insect abundance of each order between different habitats, significantly higher numbers of lepidopterous insects （39.76% from the each order） and lower densities of Hymenoptera （19.82%） were found in CK than in F1 and F2; （ii） compared with CK, F1 and F2 had a lower percentage of species richness and an abundance of herbivorous insects, but increased richness, abundance and biodiversity of predatory insects; （iii） no differences were observed in neutral insects＇ guild between different fields; and （iv） the dominant species for each guild depends on the habitat types and sampling dates. This study suggests that intercropping could conceivably be used in these habitats to increase the population of natural predators, thus achieving desirable and ecologically friendly results in vegetable fields.
