In recent years,bamboo has been widely used in a broad range of applications,a thorough understanding of the structural characteristics of bamboo nodes is essential for better processing and manufacturing of biomimeti...In recent years,bamboo has been widely used in a broad range of applications,a thorough understanding of the structural characteristics of bamboo nodes is essential for better processing and manufacturing of biomimetic materials.This study investigated the complex anatomical structure for the nodes of two bamboo species,Indocalamus latifolius(Keng)McClure and Shibataea chinensis Nakai,using a high-resolution X-ray microtomography(μCT).The results show that the vascular bundle system in the nodal region of I.latifolius and S.chinensis is a net-like structure composed of horizontal and axial vascular bundles.Furthermore,the fiber sheath surrounding metaxylem vessels tended to be shorter in the tangential direction.This structure of bamboo nodes facilitates the tangential and axial transport of moisture and nutrients.The anatomical structure of I.latifolius and S.chinensis nodes has obvious differences,especially in the arrangement of vascular bundles.Vascular bundle frequency was significantly higher in S.chinensis nodes than in I.latifolius nodes.These findings indicate thatμCT is a nondestructive three-dimensional imaging method that can used to examine the anatomical structure of bamboo nodes.展开更多
Objective Bamboo node(BN)of vocal folds is a rare disease which is mostly associated with autoimmune diseases and always involves women as reported in literature.The purpose of this study is to investigate the clinica...Objective Bamboo node(BN)of vocal folds is a rare disease which is mostly associated with autoimmune diseases and always involves women as reported in literature.The purpose of this study is to investigate the clinical characteristics and the treatments in a series of BN cases.Methods We retrospectively collected and reviewed clinical information of all patients who presented bamboo nodes by fibreoptic laryngoscopy from 2011 to 2020 in our hospital,including the demographic information,clinical symptoms,associated autoimmune diseases,voice abuse,treatments,and outcomes.Patients were followed up periodically at clinics with fibreoptic laryngoscopy and/or voice recovery evaluation using the selt assessed voice visual analog scale(VAS).Results Tdtally 14 patients were diagnosed with BN and were included in the study.BN involved both women(8/14,57.1%)and men(6/14,42.9%).Bilateral lesions were found in 13 patients(92.9%).The most common symptom of BN was hoarseness(100%).Ten(71.4%)of 14 patients experienced voice abuse.Thirteen(92.9%)of them were concomitant with autoimmunity disease,and received medication therapy for the underlying autoimmune diseases;one patient received anti-acid treatment for the gastroesophageal reflux disease.Voice rests were performed in all patients.Voice recovered completely in 3 cases(21.4%),improved remarkably in 8 cases(57.1%),improved slightly in 1 case(7.1%),and no improvement in 2 cases(14.3%).Conclusions BNs are mostly associated with autoimmune disease and vocal abuse.It may occur in both females and males・Conservative treatment for the underlying autoimmune diseases and vocal rest are beneficial to voice recovery in most of the patients,and can be used as the first choice of treatment.展开更多
This research studied the ultimate bearing capacity of laminated bamboo lumber(LBL)unit and thereby calculated the maximum bending moment.The load-displacement chart for all specimens was obtained.Then the flexural ca...This research studied the ultimate bearing capacity of laminated bamboo lumber(LBL)unit and thereby calculated the maximum bending moment.The load-displacement chart for all specimens was obtained.Then the flexural capacity of members with and without bamboo nodes in the middle section was coMPared.The bending experiment phenomenon of LBL unit was concluded.Different failure modes of bending components were analysed and concluded.Finally,the bending behaviour of LBL units is coMPared with other bamboo and timber products.It is shown that the average ultimate load of BS members is 866.1 N,the average flexural strength is 101 MPa,the average modulus of elasticity is 8.3 GPa,and the average maximum displacement is 17.02 mm.The average ultimate load of BNS members is 1008.1 N,the average flexural strength is 118.02 MPa,the average modulus of elasticity is 9.9 GPa,and the average maximum displacement is 18.26 mm.Laminated bamboo lumber(LBL)unit without bamboo nodes(BNS)has relatively higher flexural strength coMPared with LBL unit with bamboo nodes(BS).The presence of bamboo nodes reduces the strength of the entire structure.Three failure modes were concluded for BS members,and two failure modes were observed for BNS members during the experimental process.According to a coMParison between the LBL unit and other products,the flexural strength and bending modulus of elasticity of the LBL unit are similar as bamboo scrimber and raw bamboo components,which is much higher than timber components.展开更多
We focus on controlling morphological and histochemical responses of the shoot apical meristem (SAM) and root apical meristem (RAM) of bamboo node by using a simple and versatile liquid culture system. First, nodes of...We focus on controlling morphological and histochemical responses of the shoot apical meristem (SAM) and root apical meristem (RAM) of bamboo node by using a simple and versatile liquid culture system. First, nodes of 11 different bamboo species that belong to seven major bamboo genera (Bambusa, Dendrocalamus, Phyllostachys, Tetragonocalamus, Chimonobambusa, Pleioblastus, and Sasa) were cultured using 2 mL per well of a liquid medium in a 6-well microplate to form a small-scale liquid culture environment (SLCE). The dormant lateral buds of all bamboo nodes resumed expanding and elongating within 7 days in the SLCE. The dormant and active lateral buds were sectioned longitudinally and stained with Sytox green (SG) to monitor mitotic activity and counterstained with safranin (SF) to detect the inward region of the SAM region. Further, mitotic activity was calculated using a digital imaging analysis, which showed an increase of up to 1.2- to 3.8-fold in terms of the SG/SF ratio after 7 days in the culture. Moreover, we used in vitro node cultures of two typical bamboo species, the sympodial clump-forming type (Bambusa multiplex Raeush, Bm) and the monopodial single culm-forming type (Phyllostachys meyeri McClure, Pm), and noted the following: 1) since gradual white-to-green tinge shoots were observed, we investigated the relation between color variation in the outer regions of culm and node tissues and their suitability as explants. By checking the autofluorescence property of whole shoots under LED 365 nm illumination with an RGB (red, green, and blue) digital imaging analysis using ImageJ software, we specified the color variation of explants as the relative intensity of the blue value. 2) Since the obtained shoots of a 1-month-old culture box showed growth variation, we distinguished shoot types based on plant height, i.e., short (less than 5 cm), medium (ca. 5 - 10 cm), and tall (more than 10 cm). Tall shoots that have ca. 5 nodes on average were suitable for explant. 3) Three types of node portions—the first node (the base node near a rhizome tissue), middle nodes (upper nodes near the 1st node), and the top meristem—were independently cultured in the SLCE, and it was found that the first node showed the best growth performance. 4) By culturing the first node in the SLCE system, we performed a quick survey during the 3 weeks in the culture and found that a combination of 10 μM benzyl adenine and 3 μM thidiazuron was effective for in vitro SAM development, while the addition of 2, 4-D was effective for promoting in vitro RAM development. 5) The detailed autofluorescence properties of the outer regions of culm and node tissues were also identified using an inverted fluorescent microscope under B- and U-excitation lights with RGB and HSB (hue, saturation, and brightness) digital imaging analysis.展开更多
Bamboo shoots grow quickly through the rapid elongation of intemodes. In order to veri~ whether DNA methylation affects bamboo shoot elongation, we compared DNA methylation levels at five develop- mental stages of bam...Bamboo shoots grow quickly through the rapid elongation of intemodes. In order to veri~ whether DNA methylation affects bamboo shoot elongation, we compared DNA methylation levels at five develop- mental stages of bamboo （Phyllostachys praecox）, including young bamboo shoot of 40-cm at length （S1）, bamboo shoot of 2-cm at length （S2）, young leaf （Y1）, leaf （Y2）, and aging leaf （M）, by using amplified fragment length polymorphism （AFLP） based on KpnI/MseI and Acc65I/MseI platforms. The polymorphism ratio of methylated to un- methylated DNA sites in bamboo shoot （$1 and $2） was higher than that in leaf （Y1, Y2 and M）. The polymorphism ratio of methylated to un- methylated DNA sites in $2 was highest （32%）. Our results suggest that DNA methylation changed greatly at bamboo growing stages, especially in stage of rapid elongation of intemodes.展开更多
基金This research was funded by the Nature Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31670565)the National Key Research&Development Program(No.2016YFD0600904).
文摘In recent years,bamboo has been widely used in a broad range of applications,a thorough understanding of the structural characteristics of bamboo nodes is essential for better processing and manufacturing of biomimetic materials.This study investigated the complex anatomical structure for the nodes of two bamboo species,Indocalamus latifolius(Keng)McClure and Shibataea chinensis Nakai,using a high-resolution X-ray microtomography(μCT).The results show that the vascular bundle system in the nodal region of I.latifolius and S.chinensis is a net-like structure composed of horizontal and axial vascular bundles.Furthermore,the fiber sheath surrounding metaxylem vessels tended to be shorter in the tangential direction.This structure of bamboo nodes facilitates the tangential and axial transport of moisture and nutrients.The anatomical structure of I.latifolius and S.chinensis nodes has obvious differences,especially in the arrangement of vascular bundles.Vascular bundle frequency was significantly higher in S.chinensis nodes than in I.latifolius nodes.These findings indicate thatμCT is a nondestructive three-dimensional imaging method that can used to examine the anatomical structure of bamboo nodes.
文摘Objective Bamboo node(BN)of vocal folds is a rare disease which is mostly associated with autoimmune diseases and always involves women as reported in literature.The purpose of this study is to investigate the clinical characteristics and the treatments in a series of BN cases.Methods We retrospectively collected and reviewed clinical information of all patients who presented bamboo nodes by fibreoptic laryngoscopy from 2011 to 2020 in our hospital,including the demographic information,clinical symptoms,associated autoimmune diseases,voice abuse,treatments,and outcomes.Patients were followed up periodically at clinics with fibreoptic laryngoscopy and/or voice recovery evaluation using the selt assessed voice visual analog scale(VAS).Results Tdtally 14 patients were diagnosed with BN and were included in the study.BN involved both women(8/14,57.1%)and men(6/14,42.9%).Bilateral lesions were found in 13 patients(92.9%).The most common symptom of BN was hoarseness(100%).Ten(71.4%)of 14 patients experienced voice abuse.Thirteen(92.9%)of them were concomitant with autoimmunity disease,and received medication therapy for the underlying autoimmune diseases;one patient received anti-acid treatment for the gastroesophageal reflux disease.Voice rests were performed in all patients.Voice recovered completely in 3 cases(21.4%),improved remarkably in 8 cases(57.1%),improved slightly in 1 case(7.1%),and no improvement in 2 cases(14.3%).Conclusions BNs are mostly associated with autoimmune disease and vocal abuse.It may occur in both females and males・Conservative treatment for the underlying autoimmune diseases and vocal rest are beneficial to voice recovery in most of the patients,and can be used as the first choice of treatment.
基金The research work presented in this paper is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51878354&51308301)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(Nos.BK20181402&BK20130978)practical and innovation training project of Nanjing Forestry University(2019NFUSPITP0496,2020NFUSPITP0378,202010298039Z).Any research results expressed in this paper are those of the writers and do not necessarily reflect the views of the foundations。
文摘This research studied the ultimate bearing capacity of laminated bamboo lumber(LBL)unit and thereby calculated the maximum bending moment.The load-displacement chart for all specimens was obtained.Then the flexural capacity of members with and without bamboo nodes in the middle section was coMPared.The bending experiment phenomenon of LBL unit was concluded.Different failure modes of bending components were analysed and concluded.Finally,the bending behaviour of LBL units is coMPared with other bamboo and timber products.It is shown that the average ultimate load of BS members is 866.1 N,the average flexural strength is 101 MPa,the average modulus of elasticity is 8.3 GPa,and the average maximum displacement is 17.02 mm.The average ultimate load of BNS members is 1008.1 N,the average flexural strength is 118.02 MPa,the average modulus of elasticity is 9.9 GPa,and the average maximum displacement is 18.26 mm.Laminated bamboo lumber(LBL)unit without bamboo nodes(BNS)has relatively higher flexural strength coMPared with LBL unit with bamboo nodes(BS).The presence of bamboo nodes reduces the strength of the entire structure.Three failure modes were concluded for BS members,and two failure modes were observed for BNS members during the experimental process.According to a coMParison between the LBL unit and other products,the flexural strength and bending modulus of elasticity of the LBL unit are similar as bamboo scrimber and raw bamboo components,which is much higher than timber components.
文摘We focus on controlling morphological and histochemical responses of the shoot apical meristem (SAM) and root apical meristem (RAM) of bamboo node by using a simple and versatile liquid culture system. First, nodes of 11 different bamboo species that belong to seven major bamboo genera (Bambusa, Dendrocalamus, Phyllostachys, Tetragonocalamus, Chimonobambusa, Pleioblastus, and Sasa) were cultured using 2 mL per well of a liquid medium in a 6-well microplate to form a small-scale liquid culture environment (SLCE). The dormant lateral buds of all bamboo nodes resumed expanding and elongating within 7 days in the SLCE. The dormant and active lateral buds were sectioned longitudinally and stained with Sytox green (SG) to monitor mitotic activity and counterstained with safranin (SF) to detect the inward region of the SAM region. Further, mitotic activity was calculated using a digital imaging analysis, which showed an increase of up to 1.2- to 3.8-fold in terms of the SG/SF ratio after 7 days in the culture. Moreover, we used in vitro node cultures of two typical bamboo species, the sympodial clump-forming type (Bambusa multiplex Raeush, Bm) and the monopodial single culm-forming type (Phyllostachys meyeri McClure, Pm), and noted the following: 1) since gradual white-to-green tinge shoots were observed, we investigated the relation between color variation in the outer regions of culm and node tissues and their suitability as explants. By checking the autofluorescence property of whole shoots under LED 365 nm illumination with an RGB (red, green, and blue) digital imaging analysis using ImageJ software, we specified the color variation of explants as the relative intensity of the blue value. 2) Since the obtained shoots of a 1-month-old culture box showed growth variation, we distinguished shoot types based on plant height, i.e., short (less than 5 cm), medium (ca. 5 - 10 cm), and tall (more than 10 cm). Tall shoots that have ca. 5 nodes on average were suitable for explant. 3) Three types of node portions—the first node (the base node near a rhizome tissue), middle nodes (upper nodes near the 1st node), and the top meristem—were independently cultured in the SLCE, and it was found that the first node showed the best growth performance. 4) By culturing the first node in the SLCE system, we performed a quick survey during the 3 weeks in the culture and found that a combination of 10 μM benzyl adenine and 3 μM thidiazuron was effective for in vitro SAM development, while the addition of 2, 4-D was effective for promoting in vitro RAM development. 5) The detailed autofluorescence properties of the outer regions of culm and node tissues were also identified using an inverted fluorescent microscope under B- and U-excitation lights with RGB and HSB (hue, saturation, and brightness) digital imaging analysis.
基金funded by the Natural Science Foundation of China (30800879)
文摘Bamboo shoots grow quickly through the rapid elongation of intemodes. In order to veri~ whether DNA methylation affects bamboo shoot elongation, we compared DNA methylation levels at five develop- mental stages of bamboo （Phyllostachys praecox）, including young bamboo shoot of 40-cm at length （S1）, bamboo shoot of 2-cm at length （S2）, young leaf （Y1）, leaf （Y2）, and aging leaf （M）, by using amplified fragment length polymorphism （AFLP） based on KpnI/MseI and Acc65I/MseI platforms. The polymorphism ratio of methylated to un- methylated DNA sites in bamboo shoot （$1 and $2） was higher than that in leaf （Y1, Y2 and M）. The polymorphism ratio of methylated to un- methylated DNA sites in $2 was highest （32%）. Our results suggest that DNA methylation changed greatly at bamboo growing stages, especially in stage of rapid elongation of intemodes.
