As a good measure to tackle the challenges from energy shortages and environmental pollution,Electric Vehicles(EVs)have entered a period of rapid growth.Battery swapping station is a very important way of energy suppl...As a good measure to tackle the challenges from energy shortages and environmental pollution,Electric Vehicles(EVs)have entered a period of rapid growth.Battery swapping station is a very important way of energy supply to EVs,and it is urgently needed to explore a coordinated control strategy to effectively smooth the load fluctuation in order to adopt the large-scale EVs.Considering bidirectional power flow between the station and power grid,this paper proposed a SFLA-based control strategy to smooth the load profile.Finally,compared simulations were performed according to the related data.Compared to particle swarm optimization(PSO)method,the presented SFLA-based strategy can effectively lower the peak-valley difference with the faster convergence rate and higher convergence precision.It is important for the swapping station that energy exchanging mode can supply energy for large-scale EVs with a smoother load profile than one-way charging mode.展开更多
Combined with the perspective of State Grid Corporation of China （SGCC）, the paper researches the EV battery swapping mode and its advantages, analyses standards requirements of battery swapping system and propos...Combined with the perspective of State Grid Corporation of China （SGCC）, the paper researches the EV battery swapping mode and its advantages, analyses standards requirements of battery swapping system and proposes the corresponding standards system展开更多
Green shipping and electrification have been the main topics in the shipping industry.In this process,the pure battery-powered ship is developed,which is zero-emission and well-suited for inland shipping.Currently,bat...Green shipping and electrification have been the main topics in the shipping industry.In this process,the pure battery-powered ship is developed,which is zero-emission and well-suited for inland shipping.Currently,battery swapping stations and ships are being explored since battery charging ships may not be feasible for inland long-distance trips.However,improper infrastructure planning for battery swapping stations and ships will increase costs and decrease operation efficiency.Therefore,a bilevel optimal infrastructure planning method is proposed in this paper for battery swapping stations and ships.First,the energy consumption model for the battery swapping ship is established considering the influence of the sailing environment.Second,a bilevel optimization model is proposed to minimize the total cost.Specifically,the battery swapping station(BSS)location problem is investigated at the upper level.The optimization of battery size in each battery swapping station and ship and battery swapping scheme are studied at the lower level based on speed and energy optimization.Finally,the bilevel self-adaptive differential evolution algorithm(BlSaDE)is proposed to solve this problem.The simulation results show that total cost could be reduced by 5.9%compared to the original results,and the effectiveness of the proposed method is confirmed.展开更多
Insufficiencies in charging facilities limit the broad application of electric vehicles(EVs).In addition,EV can hardly represent a green option if its electricity primarily depends on fossil energy.Considering these t...Insufficiencies in charging facilities limit the broad application of electric vehicles(EVs).In addition,EV can hardly represent a green option if its electricity primarily depends on fossil energy.Considering these two problems,this paper studies a battery swapping-charging system based on wind farms(hereinafter referred to as W-BSCS).In a W-BSCS,the wind farms not only supply electricity to the power grid but also cooperate with a centralized charge station(CCS),which can centrally charge EV batteries and then distribute them to multiple battery swapping stations(BSSs).The operational framework of the W-BSCS is analyzed,and some preprocessing technologies are developed to reduce complexity in modeling.Then,a joint optimal scheduling model involving a wind power generation plan,battery swapping demand,battery charging and discharging,and a vehicle routing problem(VRP)is established.Then a heuristic method based on the exhaustive search and the Genetic Algorithm is employed to solve the formulated NP-hard problem.Numerical results verify the effectiveness of the joint optimal scheduling model,and they also show that the W-BSCS has great potential to promote EVs and wind power.展开更多
To realize optimal day-ahead operation of battery swapping and charging systems(BSCSs),a closed loop supply chain(CLSC)based management scheme is proposed,where the game theory is adopted for benefits allocation.The C...To realize optimal day-ahead operation of battery swapping and charging systems(BSCSs),a closed loop supply chain(CLSC)based management scheme is proposed,where the game theory is adopted for benefits allocation.The CLSC is used to depict the battery-swapping-charging process between the battery charging stations(BCSs)and battery swapping stations(BSSs).The arrival,departure and swapping service of electric vehicles(EVs)at BSSs is modeled as distinct queues based on the network calculus theory.The depleted batteries(DBs)and well-charging batteries(WBs)based interaction among BCSs and BSSs is formulated as a Stackelberg game.In the game,one BCS acts as the leader and the BSSs act as the followers.The BCS sets optimized prices to maximize its utility and the BSSs optimally demand WBs,supply DBs and provide battery swapping services to maximize their own utilities while guaranteeing the quality of service(QoS)needed for battery swapping.The existence of Stackelberg equilibriums(SEs)of the proposed game is proved.A differential evaluation based hybrid algorithm is proposed to compute an SE.The effectiveness of proposed method has been demonstrated by the simulation results,guaranteeing the QoS and balancing benefits among the BCS and BSSs while maximizing social welfare.展开更多
Electric vehicles(EVs)are widely deployed throughout the world,and photovoltaic(PV)charging stations have emerged for satisfying the charging demands of EV users.This paper proposes a multi-objective optimal operation...Electric vehicles(EVs)are widely deployed throughout the world,and photovoltaic(PV)charging stations have emerged for satisfying the charging demands of EV users.This paper proposes a multi-objective optimal operation method for the centralized battery swap charging system(CBSCS),in order to enhance the economic efficiency while reducing its adverse effects on power grid.The proposed method involves a multi-objective optimization scheduling model,which minimizes the total operation cost and smoothes load fluctuations,simultaneously.Afterwards,we modify a recently proposed multi-objective optimization algorithm of non-sorting genetic algorithm III(NSGA-III)for solving this scheduling problem.Finally,simulation studies verify the effectiveness of the proposed multi-objective operation method.展开更多
Integration of electric vehicles(EVs),demand response and renewable energy will bring multiple opportunities for low carbon power system.A promising integration will be EV battery swapping station(BSS)bundled with PV(...Integration of electric vehicles(EVs),demand response and renewable energy will bring multiple opportunities for low carbon power system.A promising integration will be EV battery swapping station(BSS)bundled with PV(photovoltaic)power.Optimizing the configuration and operation of BSS is the key problem to maximize benefit of this integration.The main objective of this paper is to solve infrastructure configuration of BSS.The principle challenge of such an objective is to enhance the swapping ability and save corresponding investment and operation cost under uncertainties of PV generation and swapping demand.Consequently this paper mainly concentrates on combining operation optimization with optimal investment strategies for BSS considering multiscenarios PV power generation and swapping demand.A stochastic programming model is developed by using state flow method to express different states of batteries and its objective is to maximize the station’s net profit.The model is formulated as a mixed-integer linear program to guarantee the efficiency and stability of the optimization.Case studies validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach and demonstrate that ignoring the uncertainties of PV generation and swapping demand may lead to an inappropriate batteries,chargers and swapping robots configuration for BSS.展开更多
Towards the analysis of the developmental situation of wind power generation and electric vehicles,a novel idea for stabilizing the fl uctuation of wind farms’output by the use of battery swapping stations of electri...Towards the analysis of the developmental situation of wind power generation and electric vehicles,a novel idea for stabilizing the fl uctuation of wind farms’output by the use of battery swapping stations of electric vehicles is put forward in this paper,to effectively alleviate the impact of grid-connected operation of wind farms on the power system while promoting the fi eld operation of charging and battery swapping stations.A battery swapping station is treated as a capacity-variable energy storage power station,connected to the output terminal of a wind farm.A combined operation model for wind farm and battery swapping station is established based on the MATLAB/SIMULINK simulation platform and the control strategy is proposed for the operation of battery swapping stations.The simulation results show that the introduction of a battery swapping station can effectively stabilize the fl uctuation of wind farm output.展开更多
An operation strategy of the electric vehicle （EV） battery charging and swapping station is proposed in the paper. The strategy is established based on comprehensively consideration of the EV charging behaviors and ...An operation strategy of the electric vehicle （EV） battery charging and swapping station is proposed in the paper. The strategy is established based on comprehensively consideration of the EV charging behaviors and the possible mutual actions between battery charging and swapping. Three energy management strategies can be used in the station： charging period shifting, energy exchange between EVs, and energy supporting from surplus swapping batteries. Then an optimization model which minimizes the total energy management costs of the station is built. The Monte Carlo simulation is applied to analyze the characteristics of the EV battery charging load, and a heuristic algorithm is used to solve the strategy providing the relevant information of EVs and the battery charging and swapping station. The operation strategy can efficiently reduce battery charging during the high electricity price periods and make more reasonable use of the resources. Simulations prove the feasibility and rationality of the strategy.展开更多
Based on the Baa S model,a new energy vehicle supply chain game model composed of battery-swapping operators and vehicle manufacturers was constructed,and the corresponding optimal decisions of the supply chain member...Based on the Baa S model,a new energy vehicle supply chain game model composed of battery-swapping operators and vehicle manufacturers was constructed,and the corresponding optimal decisions of the supply chain members were obtained.The influence of related parameters on the equilibrium results was analyzed,and the Matlab was used for example analysis.The results show that:(1)The increase in the average consumer commuter mileage over the life of the vehicle can promote the increase in the demand for new energy vehicles and the profits of the supply chain members,which has a driving effect on the development of the battery swap industry.(2)Consumer sensitivity coefficient to the price of battery swap has a negative impact on battery-swapping price,new energy vehicle price,market demand for new energy vehicles,and profits of vehicle manufacturers and battery-swapping operators.展开更多
Traditional material handling vehicles often use internal combustion engines as their power source, which results in exhaust emissions that pollute the environment. In contrast, automated material handling vehicles ha...Traditional material handling vehicles often use internal combustion engines as their power source, which results in exhaust emissions that pollute the environment. In contrast, automated material handling vehicles have the advantages of zero emissions, low noise, and low vibration, thus avoiding exhaust pollution and providing a more comfortable working environment for operators. In order to achieve the goals of “peaking carbon emissions by 2030 and achieving carbon neutrality by 2060”, the use of environmentally friendly autonomous material handling vehicles for material transportation is an inevitable trend. To maximize the amount of transported materials, consider peak-to-valley electricity pricing, battery pack procurement, and the construction of charging and swapping stations while achieving “minimum daily transportation volume” and “lowest investment and operational cost over a 3-year settlement period” with the shortest overall travel distance for all material handling vehicles, this paper examines two different scenarios and establishes goal programming models. The appropriate locations for material handling vehicle swapping stations and vehicle battery pack scheduling schemes are then developed using the NSGA-II algorithm and ant colony optimization algorithm. The results show that, while ensuring a daily transportation volume of no less than 300 vehicles, the lowest investment and operational cost over a 3-year settlement period is approximately 24.1 million Yuan. The material handling vehicles follow the shortest path of 119.2653 km passing through the designated retrieval points and have two shortest routes. Furthermore, the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed models are analyzed, followed by an evaluation, deepening, and potential extension of the models. Finally, future research directions in this field are suggested.展开更多
Charging infrastructure supports the rapid development of China's new energy vehicle industry.It not only plays a decisive role in providing accessible and convenient services for electric vehicle(EV)users but als...Charging infrastructure supports the rapid development of China's new energy vehicle industry.It not only plays a decisive role in providing accessible and convenient services for electric vehicle(EV)users but also,in one of the seven new infrastructure areas,plays an important role in stabilizing growth and unleashing economic potential during the new coronavirus(COVID-19)pandemic,impacting China's economy.In this study,the system dynamics model was used to predict the development of the EV industry and the demand for charging infrastructure,while considering the influence of policy,increase in EV mileage,and consumer purchase intention index.Furthermore,using the matching of EVs and charging infrastructure in Beijing and policy oriented sensitivity analysis,a simulation of the construction of battery swap taxis and power stations under three policy scenarios was conducted.This research shows that with policies implemented to support charging infrastructure and swapping compatible taxis,Beijing can achieve its goal of replacing all EVs with fast-swap batteries and fast-charging functions within three years.展开更多
文摘As a good measure to tackle the challenges from energy shortages and environmental pollution,Electric Vehicles(EVs)have entered a period of rapid growth.Battery swapping station is a very important way of energy supply to EVs,and it is urgently needed to explore a coordinated control strategy to effectively smooth the load fluctuation in order to adopt the large-scale EVs.Considering bidirectional power flow between the station and power grid,this paper proposed a SFLA-based control strategy to smooth the load profile.Finally,compared simulations were performed according to the related data.Compared to particle swarm optimization(PSO)method,the presented SFLA-based strategy can effectively lower the peak-valley difference with the faster convergence rate and higher convergence precision.It is important for the swapping station that energy exchanging mode can supply energy for large-scale EVs with a smoother load profile than one-way charging mode.
文摘Combined with the perspective of State Grid Corporation of China （SGCC）, the paper researches the EV battery swapping mode and its advantages, analyses standards requirements of battery swapping system and proposes the corresponding standards system
基金supported by the Foundation of National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology(No.614221722040401)Green Intelligent Ship Standardization Leading Project(No.CBG4N21-4-2).
文摘Green shipping and electrification have been the main topics in the shipping industry.In this process,the pure battery-powered ship is developed,which is zero-emission and well-suited for inland shipping.Currently,battery swapping stations and ships are being explored since battery charging ships may not be feasible for inland long-distance trips.However,improper infrastructure planning for battery swapping stations and ships will increase costs and decrease operation efficiency.Therefore,a bilevel optimal infrastructure planning method is proposed in this paper for battery swapping stations and ships.First,the energy consumption model for the battery swapping ship is established considering the influence of the sailing environment.Second,a bilevel optimization model is proposed to minimize the total cost.Specifically,the battery swapping station(BSS)location problem is investigated at the upper level.The optimization of battery size in each battery swapping station and ship and battery swapping scheme are studied at the lower level based on speed and energy optimization.Finally,the bilevel self-adaptive differential evolution algorithm(BlSaDE)is proposed to solve this problem.The simulation results show that total cost could be reduced by 5.9%compared to the original results,and the effectiveness of the proposed method is confirmed.
基金This work was supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2572020BF04).
文摘Insufficiencies in charging facilities limit the broad application of electric vehicles(EVs).In addition,EV can hardly represent a green option if its electricity primarily depends on fossil energy.Considering these two problems,this paper studies a battery swapping-charging system based on wind farms(hereinafter referred to as W-BSCS).In a W-BSCS,the wind farms not only supply electricity to the power grid but also cooperate with a centralized charge station(CCS),which can centrally charge EV batteries and then distribute them to multiple battery swapping stations(BSSs).The operational framework of the W-BSCS is analyzed,and some preprocessing technologies are developed to reduce complexity in modeling.Then,a joint optimal scheduling model involving a wind power generation plan,battery swapping demand,battery charging and discharging,and a vehicle routing problem(VRP)is established.Then a heuristic method based on the exhaustive search and the Genetic Algorithm is employed to solve the formulated NP-hard problem.Numerical results verify the effectiveness of the joint optimal scheduling model,and they also show that the W-BSCS has great potential to promote EVs and wind power.
基金This work was supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2014XS09)the China Scholarship Council of the Ministry of Education.
文摘To realize optimal day-ahead operation of battery swapping and charging systems(BSCSs),a closed loop supply chain(CLSC)based management scheme is proposed,where the game theory is adopted for benefits allocation.The CLSC is used to depict the battery-swapping-charging process between the battery charging stations(BCSs)and battery swapping stations(BSSs).The arrival,departure and swapping service of electric vehicles(EVs)at BSSs is modeled as distinct queues based on the network calculus theory.The depleted batteries(DBs)and well-charging batteries(WBs)based interaction among BCSs and BSSs is formulated as a Stackelberg game.In the game,one BCS acts as the leader and the BSSs act as the followers.The BCS sets optimized prices to maximize its utility and the BSSs optimally demand WBs,supply DBs and provide battery swapping services to maximize their own utilities while guaranteeing the quality of service(QoS)needed for battery swapping.The existence of Stackelberg equilibriums(SEs)of the proposed game is proved.A differential evaluation based hybrid algorithm is proposed to compute an SE.The effectiveness of proposed method has been demonstrated by the simulation results,guaranteeing the QoS and balancing benefits among the BCS and BSSs while maximizing social welfare.
基金This work was supported by the Key Scientific and Technological Research Project of State Grid Corporation of China(No.5400-202022113A-0-0-00).
文摘Electric vehicles(EVs)are widely deployed throughout the world,and photovoltaic(PV)charging stations have emerged for satisfying the charging demands of EV users.This paper proposes a multi-objective optimal operation method for the centralized battery swap charging system(CBSCS),in order to enhance the economic efficiency while reducing its adverse effects on power grid.The proposed method involves a multi-objective optimization scheduling model,which minimizes the total operation cost and smoothes load fluctuations,simultaneously.Afterwards,we modify a recently proposed multi-objective optimization algorithm of non-sorting genetic algorithm III(NSGA-III)for solving this scheduling problem.Finally,simulation studies verify the effectiveness of the proposed multi-objective operation method.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51207050).
文摘Integration of electric vehicles(EVs),demand response and renewable energy will bring multiple opportunities for low carbon power system.A promising integration will be EV battery swapping station(BSS)bundled with PV(photovoltaic)power.Optimizing the configuration and operation of BSS is the key problem to maximize benefit of this integration.The main objective of this paper is to solve infrastructure configuration of BSS.The principle challenge of such an objective is to enhance the swapping ability and save corresponding investment and operation cost under uncertainties of PV generation and swapping demand.Consequently this paper mainly concentrates on combining operation optimization with optimal investment strategies for BSS considering multiscenarios PV power generation and swapping demand.A stochastic programming model is developed by using state flow method to express different states of batteries and its objective is to maximize the station’s net profit.The model is formulated as a mixed-integer linear program to guarantee the efficiency and stability of the optimization.Case studies validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach and demonstrate that ignoring the uncertainties of PV generation and swapping demand may lead to an inappropriate batteries,chargers and swapping robots configuration for BSS.
文摘Towards the analysis of the developmental situation of wind power generation and electric vehicles,a novel idea for stabilizing the fl uctuation of wind farms’output by the use of battery swapping stations of electric vehicles is put forward in this paper,to effectively alleviate the impact of grid-connected operation of wind farms on the power system while promoting the fi eld operation of charging and battery swapping stations.A battery swapping station is treated as a capacity-variable energy storage power station,connected to the output terminal of a wind farm.A combined operation model for wind farm and battery swapping station is established based on the MATLAB/SIMULINK simulation platform and the control strategy is proposed for the operation of battery swapping stations.The simulation results show that the introduction of a battery swapping station can effectively stabilize the fl uctuation of wind farm output.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.51007047
文摘An operation strategy of the electric vehicle （EV） battery charging and swapping station is proposed in the paper. The strategy is established based on comprehensively consideration of the EV charging behaviors and the possible mutual actions between battery charging and swapping. Three energy management strategies can be used in the station： charging period shifting, energy exchange between EVs, and energy supporting from surplus swapping batteries. Then an optimization model which minimizes the total energy management costs of the station is built. The Monte Carlo simulation is applied to analyze the characteristics of the EV battery charging load, and a heuristic algorithm is used to solve the strategy providing the relevant information of EVs and the battery charging and swapping station. The operation strategy can efficiently reduce battery charging during the high electricity price periods and make more reasonable use of the resources. Simulations prove the feasibility and rationality of the strategy.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.72161003)。
文摘Based on the Baa S model,a new energy vehicle supply chain game model composed of battery-swapping operators and vehicle manufacturers was constructed,and the corresponding optimal decisions of the supply chain members were obtained.The influence of related parameters on the equilibrium results was analyzed,and the Matlab was used for example analysis.The results show that:(1)The increase in the average consumer commuter mileage over the life of the vehicle can promote the increase in the demand for new energy vehicles and the profits of the supply chain members,which has a driving effect on the development of the battery swap industry.(2)Consumer sensitivity coefficient to the price of battery swap has a negative impact on battery-swapping price,new energy vehicle price,market demand for new energy vehicles,and profits of vehicle manufacturers and battery-swapping operators.
文摘Traditional material handling vehicles often use internal combustion engines as their power source, which results in exhaust emissions that pollute the environment. In contrast, automated material handling vehicles have the advantages of zero emissions, low noise, and low vibration, thus avoiding exhaust pollution and providing a more comfortable working environment for operators. In order to achieve the goals of “peaking carbon emissions by 2030 and achieving carbon neutrality by 2060”, the use of environmentally friendly autonomous material handling vehicles for material transportation is an inevitable trend. To maximize the amount of transported materials, consider peak-to-valley electricity pricing, battery pack procurement, and the construction of charging and swapping stations while achieving “minimum daily transportation volume” and “lowest investment and operational cost over a 3-year settlement period” with the shortest overall travel distance for all material handling vehicles, this paper examines two different scenarios and establishes goal programming models. The appropriate locations for material handling vehicle swapping stations and vehicle battery pack scheduling schemes are then developed using the NSGA-II algorithm and ant colony optimization algorithm. The results show that, while ensuring a daily transportation volume of no less than 300 vehicles, the lowest investment and operational cost over a 3-year settlement period is approximately 24.1 million Yuan. The material handling vehicles follow the shortest path of 119.2653 km passing through the designated retrieval points and have two shortest routes. Furthermore, the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed models are analyzed, followed by an evaluation, deepening, and potential extension of the models. Finally, future research directions in this field are suggested.
基金This research was funded by the National Social Science Fund of China[Grant number.16AGL004].
文摘Charging infrastructure supports the rapid development of China's new energy vehicle industry.It not only plays a decisive role in providing accessible and convenient services for electric vehicle(EV)users but also,in one of the seven new infrastructure areas,plays an important role in stabilizing growth and unleashing economic potential during the new coronavirus(COVID-19)pandemic,impacting China's economy.In this study,the system dynamics model was used to predict the development of the EV industry and the demand for charging infrastructure,while considering the influence of policy,increase in EV mileage,and consumer purchase intention index.Furthermore,using the matching of EVs and charging infrastructure in Beijing and policy oriented sensitivity analysis,a simulation of the construction of battery swap taxis and power stations under three policy scenarios was conducted.This research shows that with policies implemented to support charging infrastructure and swapping compatible taxis,Beijing can achieve its goal of replacing all EVs with fast-swap batteries and fast-charging functions within three years.
