The objective of our study is to evaluate the concentration of radon (<sup>86</sup>Rn) inside houses in the town of Koudougou in order to estimate its impact on the health of the population. Indeed, when u...The objective of our study is to evaluate the concentration of radon (<sup>86</sup>Rn) inside houses in the town of Koudougou in order to estimate its impact on the health of the population. Indeed, when uranium-rich minerals are found near the surface of the ground, radon concentrations can reach tens of becquerels per cubic meter in enclosed spaces. Given the nature of the geological base of Burkina Faso, this situation is quite probable and certain places that are sometimes poorly ventilated (house, school, office, etc.) can have radon levels high enough to constitute a health problem for occupants. Thus, twenty-four (24) sample houses were identified. In each house, the Corentium digital detector was between 0.8 m and 2 m for at least one week in a place where the occupants estimate that they spend more time of time and measure the concentration of radon in the long term and short term. The recorded data allowed us to determine the Absorbed Dose and the Annual Effective Dose of radon gas for each house in order to estimate the Risk of Cancer and the probable Number of Cases of Lung Cancer per million inhabitants. Thus, the results indicate that the long-term radon concentration varies between 6 Bq/m<sup>3</sup> and 285 Bq/m<sup>3</sup> respectively in houses 11 and 4 compared to 1 Bq/m<sup>3</sup> to 208 Bq/m<sup>3</sup> in the short term in the same houses. Also, in the long term, in control houses 1, 3 and 4, the radon level is above the recommended threshold interval. For the short term, these are houses 1, 3, 4 and 17 respectively with 110 Bq/m<sup>3</sup>, 142 Bq/m<sup>3</sup>, 208 Bq/m<sup>3</sup> and 105 Bq/m<sup>3</sup>. As for the long-term and short-term effective doses, only houses 1, 3, 4, 17 and 24 have values between 3 - 10 Sv/year. The estimation of the relative risk of lung cancer gives values relatively close to unity and between 1.006 and 1.142 with an average of 1.035 and that of the Number of Lung Cancer Cases per million inhabitants gives values between 8 and 166 with an average of 42. Thus, we can conclude that with the exception of houses 1, 3, 4 and 17, the radon concentrations are relatively low in the twenty-four control houses in the city of Koudougou. The lifestyle of the populations can well explain this situation when we know that people are in the habit of always leaving doors and windows open, especially when they are not sleeping. We can therefore say that the risk of population exposure to radon gas is relatively low in the town of Koudougou.展开更多
Objective:The spectrum and risk of cancer in relatives of BRCA1/2 pathogenic variant carriers in the Chinese population have not been established.Methods:A family history of cancer in 9903 unselected breast cancer pat...Objective:The spectrum and risk of cancer in relatives of BRCA1/2 pathogenic variant carriers in the Chinese population have not been established.Methods:A family history of cancer in 9903 unselected breast cancer patients was retrospectively analyzed.BRCA1/2 status was determined for all patients and relative risks(RRs)were calculated to evaluate cancer risk in relatives of the patients.Results:The incidences of breast cancer in female relatives of BRCA1 carriers,BRCA2 carriers,and non-carriers were 33.0%,32.2%,and 7.7%,respectively.The corresponding incidences of ovarian cancer were 11.5%,2.4%,and 0.5%,respectively.The incidences of pancreatic cancer in male relatives of BRCA1 carriers,BRCA2 carriers,and non-carriers were 1.4%,2.7%,and 0.6%,respectively.The corresponding incidences of prostate cancer were 1.0%,2.1%,and 0.4%,respectively.The risks of breast and ovarian cancers in female relatives of BRCA1 and BRCA2 carriers were significantly higher than female relatives of non-carriers(BRCA1:RR=4.29,P<0.001 and RR=21.95,P<0.001;BRCA2:RR=4.19,P<0.001 and RR=4.65,P<0.001,respectively).Additionally,higher risks of pancreatic and prostate cancers were noted in male relatives of BRCA2 carriers than non-carriers(RR=4.34,P=0.001 and RR=4.86,P=0.001,respectively).Conclusions:Female relatives of BRCA1 and BRCA2 carriers are at increased risk for breast and ovarian cancers,and male relatives of BRCA2 carriers are at increased risk for pancreatic and prostate cancers.展开更多
Kyoto global consensus reports that the current ICD-10 classification for gastritis is obsolete.The Kyoto classification of gastritis states that severe mucosal atrophy has a high risk of gastric cancer,while mild to ...Kyoto global consensus reports that the current ICD-10 classification for gastritis is obsolete.The Kyoto classification of gastritis states that severe mucosal atrophy has a high risk of gastric cancer,while mild to moderate atrophy has a low risk.The updated Kimura-Takemoto classification of atrophic gastritis considers five histological types of multifocal corpus atrophic gastritis according to stages C2 to O3.This method of morphological diagnosis of atrophic gastritis increases sensitivity by 2.4 times for severe atrophy compared to the updated Sydney system.This advantage should be considered when stratifying the high risk of gastric cancer.The updated Kimura-Takemoto classification of atrophic gastritis should be used as a reference standard(gold standard)in studies of morphofunctional relationships to identify serological markers of atrophic gastritis with evidence-based effectiveness.The use of artificial intelligence in the serological screening of atrophic gastritis makes it possible to screen a large number of the population.During serological screening of atrophic gastritis and risk stratification of gastric cancer,it is advisable to use the Kyoto classification of gastritis with updated Kimura-Takemoto classification of atrophic gastritis.展开更多
Discrimination,a major social factor influencing health,can influence both the risk and course of cancer.The medical and psychological mechanisms through which discrimination can impact the onset and spread of cancer ...Discrimination,a major social factor influencing health,can influence both the risk and course of cancer.The medical and psychological mechanisms through which discrimination can impact the onset and spread of cancer are explored in depth in this conceptual evaluation.In addition to investigating the ethical aspects of discrimination in cancer research,it also studies the effects of bias on cancer detection and therapy.In addition,this review provides suggestions for reducing the effect of discrimination on cancer risk and outcomes.Discrimination,in particular,can trigger the growth and spread of cancer via various pathways,including stress,inflammation,and changes in epigenetic patterns.It can also affect the immune system,making the body more vulnerable to the proliferation of cancerous cells.Discrimination can result in hindrances or delays in the process of cancer screening and treatment,and it can influence the quality of care for individuals suffering from cancer.This can contribute to the presence of disparities in terms of cancer vulnerability,occurrence,mortality,and survival rates among different demographic groups.Various measures can be implemented to mitigate the impact of discrimination on cancer vulnerability and outcomes.These measures address the underlying causes of discrimination,ensure that all individuals have access to exceptional cancer care,promote the acquisition of cultural proficiency and anti-bias training by healthcare providers,and develop and implement interventions to reduce discrimination’s impact on cancer vulnerability,screening,and treatment.展开更多
Objective:There are many hereditary breast cancer patients in China,and multigene panel testing has been a new paradigm of genetic testing for these patients and their relatives.However,the magnitude of breast cancer ...Objective:There are many hereditary breast cancer patients in China,and multigene panel testing has been a new paradigm of genetic testing for these patients and their relatives.However,the magnitude of breast cancer risks related to multiple breast cancer susceptibility genes are largely unknown in Chinese women.Methods:We screened pathogenic variants in 15 established or potential breast cancer susceptibility genes from 8,067 consecutive Chinese female breast cancer patients and 13,129 Chinese cancer-free female controls.These breast cancer patients were unselected for age at diagnosis or family history.Results:We found that pathogenic variants in TP53[odds ratio(OR):16.9,95%confidence interval(CI):5.2–55.2];BRCA2(OR:10.4,95%CI:7.6–14.2);BRCA1(OR:9.7,95%CI:6.3–14.8);and PALB2(OR:5.2,95%CI:3.0–8.8)were associated with a high risk of breast cancer.ATM,BARD1,CHEK2,and RAD51D were associated with a moderate risk of breast cancer with ORs ranging from 2-fold to 4-fold.In contrast,pathogenic variants of NBN,RAD50,BRIP1,and RAD51C were not associated with increased risk of breast cancer in Chinese women.The pathogenic variants of PTEN,CDH1,and STK11 were very rare,so they had a limited contribution to Chinese breast cancer.Patients with pathogenic variants of TP53,BRCA1,BRCA2,and PALB2 more often had earlyonset breast cancer,bilateral breast cancer,and a family history of breast cancer and/or any cancer.Conclusions:This study provided breast cancer risk assessment data for multiple genes in Chinese women,which is useful for genetic testing and clinical management of Chinese hereditary breast cancer.展开更多
Background: Prostate cancer is one of the main causes for cancer morbidity and mortality in Western countries. Recently, several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with prostate cancer have been identif...Background: Prostate cancer is one of the main causes for cancer morbidity and mortality in Western countries. Recently, several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with prostate cancer have been identified in genome-wide association studies and multiple variant models have been developed to predict prostate cancer risk. The association between genetic markers and clinico-pathological tumor variables has, however, been inconsistent. Methods and Materials: A total of 32 previously identified prostate cancer-associated risk SNPs were genotyped in 648 prostate cancer cases and 526 age-matched controls. Family history was obtained by questionnaire. Age at diagnosis, clinical tumor variables including pre- and postoperative PSA, Gleason score, and T stage were obtained from prospectively collected clinical data (Aarhus Prostate Cancer Study). The SNPs were genotyped using Sequenom and Taqman assays and associations between SNPs, prostate cancer risk, and clinico-pathological variables were assessed. Results: Seventeen SNPs were successfully replicated in our case-control study and the association estimates were consistent with previous reports. Four markers were excluded from further analysis due to linkage disequilibrium. The cumulative effect of having the disease-associated genotype at five SNPs (rs4430796, rs6983267, rs1859962, rs1447295 and rs16901979) increased the prostate cancer risk with odds ratio 6.02 (95% CI: 2.21 - 16.38;P = 1.0 × 10–4) in patients with any combination of ≥4 markers compared with patients without any of the five SNPs (P for trend = 1.0 × 10–4). Six markers were significantly associated with clinico-pathological variables: SNP rs2735839 (GG) at locus 19q13, which is in the KLK3 gene encoding PSA, was associated with high preoperative PSA (P = 0.04), low Gleason score (P = 0.01) and low T stage (P = 0.02). Variants rs5759167 (GG/GT) (22q13) and rs7679673 (CC/CA) (4q24) were correlated with low risk for biochemical relapse (P = 0.015 and P = 0.009, respectively), whereas rs6983267 (GG) (8q24) was significantly associated with biochemical recurrence (P = 0.045). In addition, variants rs6983267 (GG) and rs5759167 (GG/GT) were significantly associated with negative family history (P = 0.04 and P = 0.02, respectively). Conclusion: We replicated 17 previously identified prostate cancer-associated risk SNPs in a Danish case-control study and found a cumulative and significant association between five SNPs and prostate cancer. Overall, we noted significant associations between several prostate cancer-associated risk genotypes and less aggressive tumor variables, high level of PSA, and low risk for biochemical reccurrence.展开更多
Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System,also known as BI-RADS is a universal system used by radiologists and doctors.It constructs a comprehensive language for the diagnosis of breast cancer.BI-RADS 4 category has a ...Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System,also known as BI-RADS is a universal system used by radiologists and doctors.It constructs a comprehensive language for the diagnosis of breast cancer.BI-RADS 4 category has a wide range of cancer risk since it is divided into 3 categories.Mathematicalmodels play an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.In this study,data of 42 BI-RADS 4 patients taken fromthe Center for Breast Health,Near East University Hospital is utilized.Regarding the analysis,a mathematical model is constructed by dividing the population into 4 compartments.Sensitivity analysis is applied to the parameters with the desired outcome of a reduced range of cancer risk.Numerical simulations of the parameters are demonstrated.The results of the model have revealed that an increase in the lactation rate and earlymenopause have a negative correlation with the chance of being diagnosed with BI-RADS 4 whereas a positive correlation increase in age,the palpable mass,and family history is distinctive.Furthermore,the negative effects of smoking and late menopause on BI-RADS 4C diagnosis are vehemently outlined.Consequently,the model showed that the percentages of parameters play an important role in the diagnosis of BI-RADS 4 subcategories.All things considered,with the assistance of the most effective parameters,the range of cancer risks in BI-RADS 4 subcategories will decrease.展开更多
Currently the fifth generation,5G,for wireless communication is about to be rolled out worldwide.Many persons are concerned about potential health risks from radiofrequency radiation.In September 2017,a letter was sen...Currently the fifth generation,5G,for wireless communication is about to be rolled out worldwide.Many persons are concerned about potential health risks from radiofrequency radiation.In September 2017,a letter was sent to the European Union asking for a moratorium on the deployment until scientific evaluation has been made on potential health risks(http://www.5Gappeal.eu).This appeal has had little success.The Health Council of the Netherlands released on September 2,2020 their evaluation on 5G and health.It was largely based on a World Health Organization draft and report by the Swedish Radiation Safety Authority,both criticized for not being impartial.The guidelines by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection were recommended to be used,although they have been considered to be insufficient to protect against health hazards(http://www.emfscientist.org).The Health Council Committee recommended not to use the 26 GHz frequency band until health risks have been studied.For lower frequencies,the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection guidelines were recommended.The conclusion that there is no reason to stop the use of lower frequencies for 5G is not justified by current evidence on cancer risks as commented in this article.A moratorium is urgently needed on the implementation of 5G for wireless communication.展开更多
The main aim of investigating activity concentrations together with distribution of radionuclides naturally in soil from Kargi was to evaluate radiological health hazard together with environmental radioactivity. Rese...The main aim of investigating activity concentrations together with distribution of radionuclides naturally in soil from Kargi was to evaluate radiological health hazard together with environmental radioactivity. Research shows radionuclides as one source of exposure due to radiation with detrimental effects health wise for populations found in areas considered high background radiation. After collecting 117 soil samples from the area, analysis was done in order to measure their natural radioactivities due to <sup>40</sup>K, <sup>232</sup>Th and <sup>226</sup>Ra radionuclides. Measurements method of gamma spectrometry employing a high purity germanium (HPGe) detector was employed basically to evaluate the radiological hazard of radioactivities. For <sup>40</sup>K, <sup>232</sup>Th and <sup>226</sup>Ra, mean calculated activities were 353.19 ± 110.07, 7.98 ± 3.98 and 7.37 ± 2.60 Bq<span style="white-space:nowrap;">·</span>kg <sup>-1</sup> respectively. Mean values of absorbed and effective dose rates, external and internal hazard indices together with radium equivalent activity were 23.82 ± 6.59 nGy<span style="white-space:nowrap;">·</span>h <sup>-1</sup> and 0.14 ± 0.04 mSv<span style="white-space:nowrap;">·</span>y <sup>-1</sup>, 0.12 ± 0.03 and 0.14 ± 0.04 and 45.90 ± 12.65 Bq<span style="white-space:nowrap;">·</span>kg <sup>-1</sup> respectively. Comparing with approved global values, the values were found to be below the given global limits. Evidence of involvement of metasomatic activity of the radioelements or fractionation during weathering is seen as calculations give a higher value Th/U. Excess cancer risk, calculated from the samples showed lower values as compared to global standard values hence minimal chance of getting cancer disease. The area is safe from cancer causing radionuclides.展开更多
While we studied pharmacokinetics of SM-12502 which was under development as an anti-PAF agent, we found three subjects showing a slow metabolic phenotype in its pharmacokinetics. Analyzing the genes for CYP2A6 from t...While we studied pharmacokinetics of SM-12502 which was under development as an anti-PAF agent, we found three subjects showing a slow metabolic phenotype in its pharmacokinetics. Analyzing the genes for CYP2A6 from the three subjects, we discovered that the three subjects possessed the whole CYP2A6 gene deletion (CYP2A6*4C), a novel genetic polymorphism of the CYP2A6 gene. Genetically engineered Salmonella YG7108 cells expressing human CYP2A6 or CYP2E1 together with the NADPH-CYP reductase were established in our laboratory to compare the mutagen-producing capacity of these enzymes for various N-nitrosamines. We found that CYP2E1 was responsible for the metabolic activation of N-nitrosamines with relatively short alkyl chains, whereas CYP2A6 was involved in the metabolic activation of N-nitrosamines possessing relatively bulky alkyl chains such as a tobacco-specific nitrosamine, NNK, which has been known to cause lung tumor in rodents. Thus, to examine a hypothesis that individuals possessing the CYP2A6*4C have the reduced risk of lung cancer due to the lack of the capacity of the metabolic activation of certain carcinogens in tobacco smoke, a case-control study was performed.展开更多
Thirty-one samples of cigarettes have been collected from local markets of different types of origins. The samples were selected according to a survey distributed to smokers by paper and digital survey to see the most...Thirty-one samples of cigarettes have been collected from local markets of different types of origins. The samples were selected according to a survey distributed to smokers by paper and digital survey to see the most heavily traded among smokers and in addition to a number of questions to see how the awareness and the culture of smokers in diseases caused by smoking and considered this study the first survey in Iraq. The aim of this research is to assess the number of cancer cases due to cigarette smoking. Through the use of High-Purity Germanium system (HPGe) (efficiency 40%) we determinated the radionuclides in cigarette tobacco. The average values were (14.86 ± 3.76, 10.84 ± 3.13, 1050.64 ± 47.57) Bq/kg for Ra-226, Th-232 and K-40, respectively, and the excess lifetime of cancer risk values ranged from 0.54 to 130 at average of 76 per million person per year. Raeq values varied from 18.50 to 87.21.4 Bq/kg with an average value of 39.51 Bq/kg for tobacco samples. The annual effective dose (HE) varies from 16.38 μSv/y to 44.69 μSv/y with an average value of 24.97 μsv/y. The Annual Gonadal Dose Equivalent (AGDE) varies from 0.3 to 0.64 (mSv/y) with an average value of 0.42 for all tobacco samples under investigation.展开更多
In order to develop precision or personalized medicine,identifying new quantitative imaging markers and building machine learning models to predict cancer risk and prognosis has been attracting broad research interest...In order to develop precision or personalized medicine,identifying new quantitative imaging markers and building machine learning models to predict cancer risk and prognosis has been attracting broad research interest recently.Most of these research approaches use the similar concepts of the conventional computer-aided detection schemes of medical images,which include steps in detecting and segmenting suspicious regions or tumors,followed by training machine learning models based on the fusion of multiple image features computed from the segmented regions or tumors.However,due to the heterogeneity and boundary fuzziness of the suspicious regions or tumors,segmenting subtle regions is often difficult and unreliable.Additionally,ignoring global and/or background parenchymal tissue characteristics may also be a limitation of the conventional approaches.In our recent studies,we investigated the feasibility of developing new computer-aided schemes implemented with the machine learning models that are trained by global image features to predict cancer risk and prognosis.We trained and tested several models using images obtained from full-field digital mammography,magnetic resonance imaging,and computed tomography of breast,lung,and ovarian cancers.Study results showed that many of these new models yielded higher performance than other approaches used in current clinical practice.Furthermore,the computed global image features also contain complementary information from the features computed from the segmented regions or tumors in predicting cancer prognosis.Therefore,the global image features can be used alone to develop new case-based prediction models or can be added to current tumor-based models to increase their discriminatory power.展开更多
AIM:To clarify the association between Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)infection and the risk of esophageal carcinoma through a meta-analysis of published data.METHODS:Studies which reported the association between H.pyl...AIM:To clarify the association between Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)infection and the risk of esophageal carcinoma through a meta-analysis of published data.METHODS:Studies which reported the association between H.pylori infection and esophageal cancer published up to June 2013 were included.The odds ratios(ORs)and corresponding 95%CIs of H.pyloriinfection on esophageal cancer with respect to health control groups were evaluated.Data were extracted independently by two investigators and discrepancies were resolved by discussion with a third investigator.The statistical software,STATA(version 12.0),was applied to investigate heterogeneity among individual studies and to summarize the studies.A meta-analysis was performed using a fixed-effect or random-effect method,depending on the absence or presence of significant heterogeneity.RESULTS:No significant association between H.pylori infection and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC)risk was found in the pooled overall population(OR=0.97,95%CI:0.76-1.24).However,significant associations between H.pylori infection and ESCC risk were found in Eastern subjects(OR=0.66,95%CI:0.43-0.89).Similarly,cytotoxin-associated gene-A(CagA)positive strains of infection may decrease the risk of ESCC in Eastern subjects(OR=0.77,95%CI:0.65-0.92),however,these associations were not statistically significant in Western subjects(OR=1.26,95%CI:0.97-1.63).For esophageal adenocarcinoma(EAC)the summary OR for H.pylori infection and CagA positive strains of infection were 0.59(95%CI:0.51-0.68)and 0.56(95%CI:0.45-0.70),respectively.CONCLUSION:H.pylori infection is associated with a decreased risk of ESCC in Eastern populations and a decreased risk of EAC in the overall population.展开更多
AIM:To investigate the association between single nu-cleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and the risk,biological behavior and prognosis of gastric cancer (GC) in Chinese populat...AIM:To investigate the association between single nu-cleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and the risk,biological behavior and prognosis of gastric cancer (GC) in Chinese population.METHODS:The study group consisted of 332 GC patients and 380 healthy controls.Genotyping was performed using polymerase chain reaction and the results were confirmed by sequencing.The associa-tion of ICAM-1 K469E polymorphisms and the risk of GC were studied,and the correlation of ICAM-1 K469E polymorphisms with the clinicopathological parameters and prognosis of the patients with complete clinical and follow-up data was analyzed.RESULTS:Carriers of AA genotype had a significantly increased risk of GC compared with carriers of AG and GG genotypes [odds ratios:1.36;95% confidence in-terval (CI):1.01-1.84;P=0.041].GC patients with AA genotype were more prone to distant metastasis than those carrying AG and GG genotypes (18.9% vs 7.0%,respectively;P=0.002).In addition,patients at stage Ⅳ had significantly more carriers of AA genotype than those of AG and GG genotype (27.4% vs 16.9%,re-spectively;P=0.046).Follow-up study showed that the overall cumulative survival rate was 23.7% in AA geno-type group and 42.9% in AG and GG genotypes group.In univariate analysis,AA genotype was correlated with the overall cumulative survival (P=0.034).But in multi-variate analysis,ICAM-1 polymorphism was not an inde-pendent prognostic factor for the overall survival (relative risk,1.145;95% CI:0.851-1.540;P=0.370).CONCLUSION:Polymorphisms of ICAM-1 K469E can be a useful biomarker for identifying individuals with higher risk of GC,predicting disease progression,and guiding individualized treatment.展开更多
P21(CDKN1A),a key cell cycle regulatory protein that governs cell cycle progression from G1 to S phase,can regulate cell proliferation,growth arrest,and apoptosis.The Ser31Arg polymorphism is located in the highly con...P21(CDKN1A),a key cell cycle regulatory protein that governs cell cycle progression from G1 to S phase,can regulate cell proliferation,growth arrest,and apoptosis.The Ser31Arg polymorphism is located in the highly conserved region of p21 and may encode functionally distinct proteins.Although many epidemiological studies have been conducted to evaluate the association between the p21 Ser31Arg polymorphism and cancer risk,the findings remain conflicting.This meta-analysis with 33 077 cases and 45 013 controls from 44 published case-control studies showed that the variant homozygous 31Arg/Arg genotype was associated with an increased risk of numerous types of cancers in a random-effect model(homozygote comparison:OR = 1.17,95% CI = 0.99 to 1.37,P = 0.0002 for the heterogeneity test;recessive model comparison:OR = 1.16,95% CI = 1.01 to 1.33,P = 0.0001 for the heterogeneity test).Stratified analysis revealed that increased cancer risk associated with the 31Arg/Arg genotype remained significant in subgroups of colorectal cancer,estrogen-related cancer,Caucasians,population-based studies,studies with matching information or a larger sample size.Heterogeneity analysis showed that tumor type contributed to substantial between-study heterogeneity(recessive model comparison:χ2 = 21.83,df = 7,P = 0.003).The results from this large-sample sized meta-analysis suggest that the p21 31Arg/Arg genotype may serve as a potential marker for increased cancer risk.展开更多
AIM To evaluate the National Cancer Institute(NCI)Colorectal Cancer(CRC)Risk Assessment Tool as a predictor for the presence of adenomatous polyps(AP) found during screening or surveillance colonoscopy.METHODS This is...AIM To evaluate the National Cancer Institute(NCI)Colorectal Cancer(CRC)Risk Assessment Tool as a predictor for the presence of adenomatous polyps(AP) found during screening or surveillance colonoscopy.METHODS This is a retrospective single center observational study.We collected data of adenomatous polyps in each colonoscopy and then evaluated the lifetime CRC risk.We calculated the AP prevalence across risk score quintiles,odds ratios of the prevalence of AP across risk score quintiles,area under curves(AUCs)and Youden’s indexes to assess the optimal risk score cut off value for AP prevalence status.RESULTS The prevalence of AP gradually increased throughout the five risk score quintiles:i.e.,27.63%in the first and 51.35%in the fifth quintile.The odd ratios of AP prevalence in the fifth quintile compared to the first and second quintile were 2.76[confidence interval(CI):1.71-4.47]and 2.09(CI:1.32-3.30).The AUC for all patients was 0.62(CI:0.58-0.66).Youden’s Index indicated the optimal risk score cutoff value discriminating AP prevalence status was 3.60.CONCLUSION Patients with the higher NCI risk score have higher risk of AP and subsequent CRC;therefore,measures to increase the effectiveness of CRC detection in these patients include longer withdrawal time,early surveillance colonoscopy,and choosing flexible colonoscopy over other CRC screening modalities.展开更多
Objective:The association between ribonuclease L(RNASEL)gene polymorphisms and prostate cancer risk has been widely reported,but the results of these studies remained controversial and underpowered.We performed a meta...Objective:The association between ribonuclease L(RNASEL)gene polymorphisms and prostate cancer risk has been widely reported,but the results of these studies remained controversial and underpowered.We performed a meta-analysis of 28 studies to evaluate the association between Arg462Gln and Asp541Glu polymorphisms in the RNASEL gene and prostate cancer risk.Methods:Odds ratios(ORs)with 95%confidence intervals(CIs) were estimated to assess the association between RNASEL polymorphisms and prostate cancer risk.Results:A significantly increased prostate cancer risk was found for the Arg462Gln polymorphism in Africans(Gln/Gln vs Arg/Arg:OR=2.50,95%CI=1.28-4.87;Gln/Gln vs Gln/Arg+Arg/Arg:OR=2.54,95%CI=1.30-4.95),but not in Europeans and Asians.Additionally,the Asp541Glu polymorphism was associated with increased total prostate cancer risk(Glu-allele vs Asp-allele:OR=1.04,95%CI=1.01-1.07;Glu/Glu vs Asp/Asp:OR=1.22,95%CI= 1.03-1.46;Glu/Glu vs Glu/Asp+Asp/Asp:OR=1.09,95%CI=1.02-1.16).In the stratified analysis for the Asp541Glu polymorphism,there was a significantly increased prostate cancer risk in Africans and Europeans,and in hospital-based prostate cancer cases.Conclusion:The meta-analysis results showed evidence that RNASEL Arg462Gln and Asp541Glu polymorphisms are associated with prostate cancer risk and could be low-penetrance prostate cancer susceptibility biomarkers.展开更多
文摘The objective of our study is to evaluate the concentration of radon (<sup>86</sup>Rn) inside houses in the town of Koudougou in order to estimate its impact on the health of the population. Indeed, when uranium-rich minerals are found near the surface of the ground, radon concentrations can reach tens of becquerels per cubic meter in enclosed spaces. Given the nature of the geological base of Burkina Faso, this situation is quite probable and certain places that are sometimes poorly ventilated (house, school, office, etc.) can have radon levels high enough to constitute a health problem for occupants. Thus, twenty-four (24) sample houses were identified. In each house, the Corentium digital detector was between 0.8 m and 2 m for at least one week in a place where the occupants estimate that they spend more time of time and measure the concentration of radon in the long term and short term. The recorded data allowed us to determine the Absorbed Dose and the Annual Effective Dose of radon gas for each house in order to estimate the Risk of Cancer and the probable Number of Cases of Lung Cancer per million inhabitants. Thus, the results indicate that the long-term radon concentration varies between 6 Bq/m<sup>3</sup> and 285 Bq/m<sup>3</sup> respectively in houses 11 and 4 compared to 1 Bq/m<sup>3</sup> to 208 Bq/m<sup>3</sup> in the short term in the same houses. Also, in the long term, in control houses 1, 3 and 4, the radon level is above the recommended threshold interval. For the short term, these are houses 1, 3, 4 and 17 respectively with 110 Bq/m<sup>3</sup>, 142 Bq/m<sup>3</sup>, 208 Bq/m<sup>3</sup> and 105 Bq/m<sup>3</sup>. As for the long-term and short-term effective doses, only houses 1, 3, 4, 17 and 24 have values between 3 - 10 Sv/year. The estimation of the relative risk of lung cancer gives values relatively close to unity and between 1.006 and 1.142 with an average of 1.035 and that of the Number of Lung Cancer Cases per million inhabitants gives values between 8 and 166 with an average of 42. Thus, we can conclude that with the exception of houses 1, 3, 4 and 17, the radon concentrations are relatively low in the twenty-four control houses in the city of Koudougou. The lifestyle of the populations can well explain this situation when we know that people are in the habit of always leaving doors and windows open, especially when they are not sleeping. We can therefore say that the risk of population exposure to radon gas is relatively low in the town of Koudougou.
基金supported by grants from National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.81974422,81772824,and 81802635)。
文摘Objective:The spectrum and risk of cancer in relatives of BRCA1/2 pathogenic variant carriers in the Chinese population have not been established.Methods:A family history of cancer in 9903 unselected breast cancer patients was retrospectively analyzed.BRCA1/2 status was determined for all patients and relative risks(RRs)were calculated to evaluate cancer risk in relatives of the patients.Results:The incidences of breast cancer in female relatives of BRCA1 carriers,BRCA2 carriers,and non-carriers were 33.0%,32.2%,and 7.7%,respectively.The corresponding incidences of ovarian cancer were 11.5%,2.4%,and 0.5%,respectively.The incidences of pancreatic cancer in male relatives of BRCA1 carriers,BRCA2 carriers,and non-carriers were 1.4%,2.7%,and 0.6%,respectively.The corresponding incidences of prostate cancer were 1.0%,2.1%,and 0.4%,respectively.The risks of breast and ovarian cancers in female relatives of BRCA1 and BRCA2 carriers were significantly higher than female relatives of non-carriers(BRCA1:RR=4.29,P<0.001 and RR=21.95,P<0.001;BRCA2:RR=4.19,P<0.001 and RR=4.65,P<0.001,respectively).Additionally,higher risks of pancreatic and prostate cancers were noted in male relatives of BRCA2 carriers than non-carriers(RR=4.34,P=0.001 and RR=4.86,P=0.001,respectively).Conclusions:Female relatives of BRCA1 and BRCA2 carriers are at increased risk for breast and ovarian cancers,and male relatives of BRCA2 carriers are at increased risk for pancreatic and prostate cancers.
文摘Kyoto global consensus reports that the current ICD-10 classification for gastritis is obsolete.The Kyoto classification of gastritis states that severe mucosal atrophy has a high risk of gastric cancer,while mild to moderate atrophy has a low risk.The updated Kimura-Takemoto classification of atrophic gastritis considers five histological types of multifocal corpus atrophic gastritis according to stages C2 to O3.This method of morphological diagnosis of atrophic gastritis increases sensitivity by 2.4 times for severe atrophy compared to the updated Sydney system.This advantage should be considered when stratifying the high risk of gastric cancer.The updated Kimura-Takemoto classification of atrophic gastritis should be used as a reference standard(gold standard)in studies of morphofunctional relationships to identify serological markers of atrophic gastritis with evidence-based effectiveness.The use of artificial intelligence in the serological screening of atrophic gastritis makes it possible to screen a large number of the population.During serological screening of atrophic gastritis and risk stratification of gastric cancer,it is advisable to use the Kyoto classification of gastritis with updated Kimura-Takemoto classification of atrophic gastritis.
文摘Discrimination,a major social factor influencing health,can influence both the risk and course of cancer.The medical and psychological mechanisms through which discrimination can impact the onset and spread of cancer are explored in depth in this conceptual evaluation.In addition to investigating the ethical aspects of discrimination in cancer research,it also studies the effects of bias on cancer detection and therapy.In addition,this review provides suggestions for reducing the effect of discrimination on cancer risk and outcomes.Discrimination,in particular,can trigger the growth and spread of cancer via various pathways,including stress,inflammation,and changes in epigenetic patterns.It can also affect the immune system,making the body more vulnerable to the proliferation of cancerous cells.Discrimination can result in hindrances or delays in the process of cancer screening and treatment,and it can influence the quality of care for individuals suffering from cancer.This can contribute to the presence of disparities in terms of cancer vulnerability,occurrence,mortality,and survival rates among different demographic groups.Various measures can be implemented to mitigate the impact of discrimination on cancer vulnerability and outcomes.These measures address the underlying causes of discrimination,ensure that all individuals have access to exceptional cancer care,promote the acquisition of cultural proficiency and anti-bias training by healthcare providers,and develop and implement interventions to reduce discrimination’s impact on cancer vulnerability,screening,and treatment.
基金This study was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.81772824,81372832,and 81974422).
文摘Objective:There are many hereditary breast cancer patients in China,and multigene panel testing has been a new paradigm of genetic testing for these patients and their relatives.However,the magnitude of breast cancer risks related to multiple breast cancer susceptibility genes are largely unknown in Chinese women.Methods:We screened pathogenic variants in 15 established or potential breast cancer susceptibility genes from 8,067 consecutive Chinese female breast cancer patients and 13,129 Chinese cancer-free female controls.These breast cancer patients were unselected for age at diagnosis or family history.Results:We found that pathogenic variants in TP53[odds ratio(OR):16.9,95%confidence interval(CI):5.2–55.2];BRCA2(OR:10.4,95%CI:7.6–14.2);BRCA1(OR:9.7,95%CI:6.3–14.8);and PALB2(OR:5.2,95%CI:3.0–8.8)were associated with a high risk of breast cancer.ATM,BARD1,CHEK2,and RAD51D were associated with a moderate risk of breast cancer with ORs ranging from 2-fold to 4-fold.In contrast,pathogenic variants of NBN,RAD50,BRIP1,and RAD51C were not associated with increased risk of breast cancer in Chinese women.The pathogenic variants of PTEN,CDH1,and STK11 were very rare,so they had a limited contribution to Chinese breast cancer.Patients with pathogenic variants of TP53,BRCA1,BRCA2,and PALB2 more often had earlyonset breast cancer,bilateral breast cancer,and a family history of breast cancer and/or any cancer.Conclusions:This study provided breast cancer risk assessment data for multiple genes in Chinese women,which is useful for genetic testing and clinical management of Chinese hereditary breast cancer.
文摘Background: Prostate cancer is one of the main causes for cancer morbidity and mortality in Western countries. Recently, several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with prostate cancer have been identified in genome-wide association studies and multiple variant models have been developed to predict prostate cancer risk. The association between genetic markers and clinico-pathological tumor variables has, however, been inconsistent. Methods and Materials: A total of 32 previously identified prostate cancer-associated risk SNPs were genotyped in 648 prostate cancer cases and 526 age-matched controls. Family history was obtained by questionnaire. Age at diagnosis, clinical tumor variables including pre- and postoperative PSA, Gleason score, and T stage were obtained from prospectively collected clinical data (Aarhus Prostate Cancer Study). The SNPs were genotyped using Sequenom and Taqman assays and associations between SNPs, prostate cancer risk, and clinico-pathological variables were assessed. Results: Seventeen SNPs were successfully replicated in our case-control study and the association estimates were consistent with previous reports. Four markers were excluded from further analysis due to linkage disequilibrium. The cumulative effect of having the disease-associated genotype at five SNPs (rs4430796, rs6983267, rs1859962, rs1447295 and rs16901979) increased the prostate cancer risk with odds ratio 6.02 (95% CI: 2.21 - 16.38;P = 1.0 × 10–4) in patients with any combination of ≥4 markers compared with patients without any of the five SNPs (P for trend = 1.0 × 10–4). Six markers were significantly associated with clinico-pathological variables: SNP rs2735839 (GG) at locus 19q13, which is in the KLK3 gene encoding PSA, was associated with high preoperative PSA (P = 0.04), low Gleason score (P = 0.01) and low T stage (P = 0.02). Variants rs5759167 (GG/GT) (22q13) and rs7679673 (CC/CA) (4q24) were correlated with low risk for biochemical relapse (P = 0.015 and P = 0.009, respectively), whereas rs6983267 (GG) (8q24) was significantly associated with biochemical recurrence (P = 0.045). In addition, variants rs6983267 (GG) and rs5759167 (GG/GT) were significantly associated with negative family history (P = 0.04 and P = 0.02, respectively). Conclusion: We replicated 17 previously identified prostate cancer-associated risk SNPs in a Danish case-control study and found a cumulative and significant association between five SNPs and prostate cancer. Overall, we noted significant associations between several prostate cancer-associated risk genotypes and less aggressive tumor variables, high level of PSA, and low risk for biochemical reccurrence.
文摘Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System,also known as BI-RADS is a universal system used by radiologists and doctors.It constructs a comprehensive language for the diagnosis of breast cancer.BI-RADS 4 category has a wide range of cancer risk since it is divided into 3 categories.Mathematicalmodels play an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.In this study,data of 42 BI-RADS 4 patients taken fromthe Center for Breast Health,Near East University Hospital is utilized.Regarding the analysis,a mathematical model is constructed by dividing the population into 4 compartments.Sensitivity analysis is applied to the parameters with the desired outcome of a reduced range of cancer risk.Numerical simulations of the parameters are demonstrated.The results of the model have revealed that an increase in the lactation rate and earlymenopause have a negative correlation with the chance of being diagnosed with BI-RADS 4 whereas a positive correlation increase in age,the palpable mass,and family history is distinctive.Furthermore,the negative effects of smoking and late menopause on BI-RADS 4C diagnosis are vehemently outlined.Consequently,the model showed that the percentages of parameters play an important role in the diagnosis of BI-RADS 4 subcategories.All things considered,with the assistance of the most effective parameters,the range of cancer risks in BI-RADS 4 subcategories will decrease.
文摘Currently the fifth generation,5G,for wireless communication is about to be rolled out worldwide.Many persons are concerned about potential health risks from radiofrequency radiation.In September 2017,a letter was sent to the European Union asking for a moratorium on the deployment until scientific evaluation has been made on potential health risks(http://www.5Gappeal.eu).This appeal has had little success.The Health Council of the Netherlands released on September 2,2020 their evaluation on 5G and health.It was largely based on a World Health Organization draft and report by the Swedish Radiation Safety Authority,both criticized for not being impartial.The guidelines by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection were recommended to be used,although they have been considered to be insufficient to protect against health hazards(http://www.emfscientist.org).The Health Council Committee recommended not to use the 26 GHz frequency band until health risks have been studied.For lower frequencies,the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection guidelines were recommended.The conclusion that there is no reason to stop the use of lower frequencies for 5G is not justified by current evidence on cancer risks as commented in this article.A moratorium is urgently needed on the implementation of 5G for wireless communication.
文摘The main aim of investigating activity concentrations together with distribution of radionuclides naturally in soil from Kargi was to evaluate radiological health hazard together with environmental radioactivity. Research shows radionuclides as one source of exposure due to radiation with detrimental effects health wise for populations found in areas considered high background radiation. After collecting 117 soil samples from the area, analysis was done in order to measure their natural radioactivities due to <sup>40</sup>K, <sup>232</sup>Th and <sup>226</sup>Ra radionuclides. Measurements method of gamma spectrometry employing a high purity germanium (HPGe) detector was employed basically to evaluate the radiological hazard of radioactivities. For <sup>40</sup>K, <sup>232</sup>Th and <sup>226</sup>Ra, mean calculated activities were 353.19 ± 110.07, 7.98 ± 3.98 and 7.37 ± 2.60 Bq<span style="white-space:nowrap;">·</span>kg <sup>-1</sup> respectively. Mean values of absorbed and effective dose rates, external and internal hazard indices together with radium equivalent activity were 23.82 ± 6.59 nGy<span style="white-space:nowrap;">·</span>h <sup>-1</sup> and 0.14 ± 0.04 mSv<span style="white-space:nowrap;">·</span>y <sup>-1</sup>, 0.12 ± 0.03 and 0.14 ± 0.04 and 45.90 ± 12.65 Bq<span style="white-space:nowrap;">·</span>kg <sup>-1</sup> respectively. Comparing with approved global values, the values were found to be below the given global limits. Evidence of involvement of metasomatic activity of the radioelements or fractionation during weathering is seen as calculations give a higher value Th/U. Excess cancer risk, calculated from the samples showed lower values as compared to global standard values hence minimal chance of getting cancer disease. The area is safe from cancer causing radionuclides.
文摘While we studied pharmacokinetics of SM-12502 which was under development as an anti-PAF agent, we found three subjects showing a slow metabolic phenotype in its pharmacokinetics. Analyzing the genes for CYP2A6 from the three subjects, we discovered that the three subjects possessed the whole CYP2A6 gene deletion (CYP2A6*4C), a novel genetic polymorphism of the CYP2A6 gene. Genetically engineered Salmonella YG7108 cells expressing human CYP2A6 or CYP2E1 together with the NADPH-CYP reductase were established in our laboratory to compare the mutagen-producing capacity of these enzymes for various N-nitrosamines. We found that CYP2E1 was responsible for the metabolic activation of N-nitrosamines with relatively short alkyl chains, whereas CYP2A6 was involved in the metabolic activation of N-nitrosamines possessing relatively bulky alkyl chains such as a tobacco-specific nitrosamine, NNK, which has been known to cause lung tumor in rodents. Thus, to examine a hypothesis that individuals possessing the CYP2A6*4C have the reduced risk of lung cancer due to the lack of the capacity of the metabolic activation of certain carcinogens in tobacco smoke, a case-control study was performed.
文摘Thirty-one samples of cigarettes have been collected from local markets of different types of origins. The samples were selected according to a survey distributed to smokers by paper and digital survey to see the most heavily traded among smokers and in addition to a number of questions to see how the awareness and the culture of smokers in diseases caused by smoking and considered this study the first survey in Iraq. The aim of this research is to assess the number of cancer cases due to cigarette smoking. Through the use of High-Purity Germanium system (HPGe) (efficiency 40%) we determinated the radionuclides in cigarette tobacco. The average values were (14.86 ± 3.76, 10.84 ± 3.13, 1050.64 ± 47.57) Bq/kg for Ra-226, Th-232 and K-40, respectively, and the excess lifetime of cancer risk values ranged from 0.54 to 130 at average of 76 per million person per year. Raeq values varied from 18.50 to 87.21.4 Bq/kg with an average value of 39.51 Bq/kg for tobacco samples. The annual effective dose (HE) varies from 16.38 μSv/y to 44.69 μSv/y with an average value of 24.97 μsv/y. The Annual Gonadal Dose Equivalent (AGDE) varies from 0.3 to 0.64 (mSv/y) with an average value of 0.42 for all tobacco samples under investigation.
基金The studies mentioned in this paper were supported in part by Grants R01 CA160205 and R01 CA197150 from the National Cancer Institute,National Institutes of Health,USAGrant HR15-016 from Oklahoma Center for the Advancement of Science and Technology,USA.
文摘In order to develop precision or personalized medicine,identifying new quantitative imaging markers and building machine learning models to predict cancer risk and prognosis has been attracting broad research interest recently.Most of these research approaches use the similar concepts of the conventional computer-aided detection schemes of medical images,which include steps in detecting and segmenting suspicious regions or tumors,followed by training machine learning models based on the fusion of multiple image features computed from the segmented regions or tumors.However,due to the heterogeneity and boundary fuzziness of the suspicious regions or tumors,segmenting subtle regions is often difficult and unreliable.Additionally,ignoring global and/or background parenchymal tissue characteristics may also be a limitation of the conventional approaches.In our recent studies,we investigated the feasibility of developing new computer-aided schemes implemented with the machine learning models that are trained by global image features to predict cancer risk and prognosis.We trained and tested several models using images obtained from full-field digital mammography,magnetic resonance imaging,and computed tomography of breast,lung,and ovarian cancers.Study results showed that many of these new models yielded higher performance than other approaches used in current clinical practice.Furthermore,the computed global image features also contain complementary information from the features computed from the segmented regions or tumors in predicting cancer prognosis.Therefore,the global image features can be used alone to develop new case-based prediction models or can be added to current tumor-based models to increase their discriminatory power.
基金Supported by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation,No.2012M521189Zhejiang Provincial Postdoctoral Science Foundation,No.Bsh1202064+2 种基金National Natural Science Foundation ofChina,No.81172081Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation,No.LY13H160024Wu Jieping Medical Foundation,No.2011,3206750.11059 and 11091
文摘AIM:To clarify the association between Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)infection and the risk of esophageal carcinoma through a meta-analysis of published data.METHODS:Studies which reported the association between H.pylori infection and esophageal cancer published up to June 2013 were included.The odds ratios(ORs)and corresponding 95%CIs of H.pyloriinfection on esophageal cancer with respect to health control groups were evaluated.Data were extracted independently by two investigators and discrepancies were resolved by discussion with a third investigator.The statistical software,STATA(version 12.0),was applied to investigate heterogeneity among individual studies and to summarize the studies.A meta-analysis was performed using a fixed-effect or random-effect method,depending on the absence or presence of significant heterogeneity.RESULTS:No significant association between H.pylori infection and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC)risk was found in the pooled overall population(OR=0.97,95%CI:0.76-1.24).However,significant associations between H.pylori infection and ESCC risk were found in Eastern subjects(OR=0.66,95%CI:0.43-0.89).Similarly,cytotoxin-associated gene-A(CagA)positive strains of infection may decrease the risk of ESCC in Eastern subjects(OR=0.77,95%CI:0.65-0.92),however,these associations were not statistically significant in Western subjects(OR=1.26,95%CI:0.97-1.63).For esophageal adenocarcinoma(EAC)the summary OR for H.pylori infection and CagA positive strains of infection were 0.59(95%CI:0.51-0.68)and 0.56(95%CI:0.45-0.70),respectively.CONCLUSION:H.pylori infection is associated with a decreased risk of ESCC in Eastern populations and a decreased risk of EAC in the overall population.
基金Supported by Grants from Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission NOVA Program,No.2009BG-02the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China,No.2006AA02A402the Major State Basic Research Program of China,No.2004CB518702
文摘AIM:To investigate the association between single nu-cleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and the risk,biological behavior and prognosis of gastric cancer (GC) in Chinese population.METHODS:The study group consisted of 332 GC patients and 380 healthy controls.Genotyping was performed using polymerase chain reaction and the results were confirmed by sequencing.The associa-tion of ICAM-1 K469E polymorphisms and the risk of GC were studied,and the correlation of ICAM-1 K469E polymorphisms with the clinicopathological parameters and prognosis of the patients with complete clinical and follow-up data was analyzed.RESULTS:Carriers of AA genotype had a significantly increased risk of GC compared with carriers of AG and GG genotypes [odds ratios:1.36;95% confidence in-terval (CI):1.01-1.84;P=0.041].GC patients with AA genotype were more prone to distant metastasis than those carrying AG and GG genotypes (18.9% vs 7.0%,respectively;P=0.002).In addition,patients at stage Ⅳ had significantly more carriers of AA genotype than those of AG and GG genotype (27.4% vs 16.9%,re-spectively;P=0.046).Follow-up study showed that the overall cumulative survival rate was 23.7% in AA geno-type group and 42.9% in AG and GG genotypes group.In univariate analysis,AA genotype was correlated with the overall cumulative survival (P=0.034).But in multi-variate analysis,ICAM-1 polymorphism was not an inde-pendent prognostic factor for the overall survival (relative risk,1.145;95% CI:0.851-1.540;P=0.370).CONCLUSION:Polymorphisms of ICAM-1 K469E can be a useful biomarker for identifying individuals with higher risk of GC,predicting disease progression,and guiding individualized treatment.
文摘P21(CDKN1A),a key cell cycle regulatory protein that governs cell cycle progression from G1 to S phase,can regulate cell proliferation,growth arrest,and apoptosis.The Ser31Arg polymorphism is located in the highly conserved region of p21 and may encode functionally distinct proteins.Although many epidemiological studies have been conducted to evaluate the association between the p21 Ser31Arg polymorphism and cancer risk,the findings remain conflicting.This meta-analysis with 33 077 cases and 45 013 controls from 44 published case-control studies showed that the variant homozygous 31Arg/Arg genotype was associated with an increased risk of numerous types of cancers in a random-effect model(homozygote comparison:OR = 1.17,95% CI = 0.99 to 1.37,P = 0.0002 for the heterogeneity test;recessive model comparison:OR = 1.16,95% CI = 1.01 to 1.33,P = 0.0001 for the heterogeneity test).Stratified analysis revealed that increased cancer risk associated with the 31Arg/Arg genotype remained significant in subgroups of colorectal cancer,estrogen-related cancer,Caucasians,population-based studies,studies with matching information or a larger sample size.Heterogeneity analysis showed that tumor type contributed to substantial between-study heterogeneity(recessive model comparison:χ2 = 21.83,df = 7,P = 0.003).The results from this large-sample sized meta-analysis suggest that the p21 31Arg/Arg genotype may serve as a potential marker for increased cancer risk.
文摘AIM To evaluate the National Cancer Institute(NCI)Colorectal Cancer(CRC)Risk Assessment Tool as a predictor for the presence of adenomatous polyps(AP) found during screening or surveillance colonoscopy.METHODS This is a retrospective single center observational study.We collected data of adenomatous polyps in each colonoscopy and then evaluated the lifetime CRC risk.We calculated the AP prevalence across risk score quintiles,odds ratios of the prevalence of AP across risk score quintiles,area under curves(AUCs)and Youden’s indexes to assess the optimal risk score cut off value for AP prevalence status.RESULTS The prevalence of AP gradually increased throughout the five risk score quintiles:i.e.,27.63%in the first and 51.35%in the fifth quintile.The odd ratios of AP prevalence in the fifth quintile compared to the first and second quintile were 2.76[confidence interval(CI):1.71-4.47]and 2.09(CI:1.32-3.30).The AUC for all patients was 0.62(CI:0.58-0.66).Youden’s Index indicated the optimal risk score cutoff value discriminating AP prevalence status was 3.60.CONCLUSION Patients with the higher NCI risk score have higher risk of AP and subsequent CRC;therefore,measures to increase the effectiveness of CRC detection in these patients include longer withdrawal time,early surveillance colonoscopy,and choosing flexible colonoscopy over other CRC screening modalities.
基金supported by the program of key medical department of Jiangsu Province(No.XK17 200904)
文摘Objective:The association between ribonuclease L(RNASEL)gene polymorphisms and prostate cancer risk has been widely reported,but the results of these studies remained controversial and underpowered.We performed a meta-analysis of 28 studies to evaluate the association between Arg462Gln and Asp541Glu polymorphisms in the RNASEL gene and prostate cancer risk.Methods:Odds ratios(ORs)with 95%confidence intervals(CIs) were estimated to assess the association between RNASEL polymorphisms and prostate cancer risk.Results:A significantly increased prostate cancer risk was found for the Arg462Gln polymorphism in Africans(Gln/Gln vs Arg/Arg:OR=2.50,95%CI=1.28-4.87;Gln/Gln vs Gln/Arg+Arg/Arg:OR=2.54,95%CI=1.30-4.95),but not in Europeans and Asians.Additionally,the Asp541Glu polymorphism was associated with increased total prostate cancer risk(Glu-allele vs Asp-allele:OR=1.04,95%CI=1.01-1.07;Glu/Glu vs Asp/Asp:OR=1.22,95%CI= 1.03-1.46;Glu/Glu vs Glu/Asp+Asp/Asp:OR=1.09,95%CI=1.02-1.16).In the stratified analysis for the Asp541Glu polymorphism,there was a significantly increased prostate cancer risk in Africans and Europeans,and in hospital-based prostate cancer cases.Conclusion:The meta-analysis results showed evidence that RNASEL Arg462Gln and Asp541Glu polymorphisms are associated with prostate cancer risk and could be low-penetrance prostate cancer susceptibility biomarkers.
