Tea infusion is the main route of human exposure to pollutants in tea,and it is vital to investigate the transfer rate of pollutants from tea leaves to infusion.Carbendazim is a commonly used systemic fungicide,the tr...Tea infusion is the main route of human exposure to pollutants in tea,and it is vital to investigate the transfer rate of pollutants from tea leaves to infusion.Carbendazim is a commonly used systemic fungicide,the transfer behavior of which in Yingshan Yunwu tea is not clear.Hence,this study firstly established the analytical method for determination of carbendazim with great accuracy and precision via modified QuEChERS method and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection(UPLC-FLD).Then,the transfer behavior of carbendazim from tea leaves and infusion was systematically investigated.Results indicated that water temperature and proportion of tea to water ration would obviously increase the transfer rate of carbendazim,but times of infusion repetition showed negative correlation with the transfer rate of carbendazim.In addition,brewing time seemed to have lesser impact on the transfer rate.This study will be helpful for the risk assessment of carbendazim residue and provide the guidance for tea brewing.展开更多
Carbendazim,belonging to fungicides,was commonly used for controlling crop diseases,resulting in frequent residues in fruits and vegetables.Washing was the initial step of household fruit processing for cleaning and r...Carbendazim,belonging to fungicides,was commonly used for controlling crop diseases,resulting in frequent residues in fruits and vegetables.Washing was the initial step of household fruit processing for cleaning and reducing pollutant contents.However,the effect of washing on the removal of carbendazim in apples was not systemically studied.Thus,in this study,an analytical method was firstly established for the determination of carbendazim with great accuracy and precision through quick,simple,cheap,effective and safe(QuEChERS)method and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection(UPLC-FLD).Then,the influencing factors were systematically researched to unveil their effects on the carbendazim residue in apples.The results indicated that water temperature,washing products and washing method could obviously affect the carbendazim content in apples.In addition,the best cleaning scheme for removal of carbendazim was soaking apples for 5 min in a cleaning solution,which was prepared by dissolving 8 g of commercial fruit washing soup with 500 ml of water at 45℃.Under this condition,the removal rate of carbendazim in the washing step reached 73.91%.This study will be helpful for providing guidance for household cleaning methods for controlling pesticide residues.展开更多
Carbendazim is a broad spectrum carbamate fungicide used in the control of various fungal pathogens. The present work studied the effect of carbendazim on the liver of albino rats and the possible protective role of G...Carbendazim is a broad spectrum carbamate fungicide used in the control of various fungal pathogens. The present work studied the effect of carbendazim on the liver of albino rats and the possible protective role of Ginko biloba extract (EGB). Liver of carbendazim-treated animals showed histopathological and histochemical alterations. The histopathological changes include hepatic tissue impairment, cytoplasmic vacuolization of the hepatocytes, and congestion of blood vessels, leucocytic infiltrations and fatty infiltration. Histochemical results showed reduction of carbohydrates and total proteins in hepatic tissues. Moreover, liver function enzymes (ALT, AST) were elevated in sera of carbendazim-treated animals. Coadministration of EGB with Carbendazim improved the hisological and histochemical changes observed in animals treated with carbendazim. In addition, EGB treatment leads to a significant decrease in ALT and AST. According to the present results, it is concluded that EGB can improve the hepatotoxicity of carbendazim and this effect may be attributed to antioxidant properties of Ginko biloba extract.展开更多
This study covers the observation of the factors which influence the resistance development of S. sclerotiorum to carbendazim, the comparison betweeen normal course of infection and infection of hosts by a strain of S...This study covers the observation of the factors which influence the resistance development of S. sclerotiorum to carbendazim, the comparison betweeen normal course of infection and infection of hosts by a strain of S. sclerotiorum when resistance to carbendazim has been developed.展开更多
This paper covers the examination of EC50 of carbendazim to diferent isolates of S. sclerotiorum, the observation of the resistance development in a population of the pathogen,for working out whether carbendazim plays...This paper covers the examination of EC50 of carbendazim to diferent isolates of S. sclerotiorum, the observation of the resistance development in a population of the pathogen,for working out whether carbendazim plays some role in increasing the resistance of the fungus to the chemical.展开更多
Apple bitter rot is a serious agricultural disease caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides.In recent years,carbendazim-resistant C.gloeosporioides strains bearing an E198A point mutation in theβ-tubulin gene(GAG to ...Apple bitter rot is a serious agricultural disease caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides.In recent years,carbendazim-resistant C.gloeosporioides strains bearing an E198A point mutation in theβ-tubulin gene(GAG to GCG)have emerged,threatening global apple production.As such,rapidly detecting the presence of this E198Amutation in C.gloeosporioides isolates is essential in order to monitor the spread of this pathogen and to prevent outbreaks of disease.Herein,we developed a simple loop-mediated isothermal amplification(LAMP)approach to detecting the E198A mutation in C.gloeosporioides isolates from‘Gala’apple samples.This optimized LAMP protocol was sufficient to establish the E198A genotype of a given isolate following a 60min incubation at 63℃ by using four specific primers.The results of this reaction could be interpreted visually based on a fluorescent yellow-green color change upon the addition of the SYBR Green I dye,and were additionally confirmed via gel electrophoresis.Importantly,this LAMP assay was capable of rapidly and reliably detecting apples that were infected with carbendazim-resistant isolates harboring this E198A mutation.In conclusion,this LAMP assay in this study can rapidly,specifically,and sensitively detect cases of apple bitter rot caused by C.gloeosporioides isolates harboring the E198A mutation.展开更多
A spectrofluorimetric method for the direct analysis of carbendazim [methyl 2-benzimidazole carbamate (MBC)] fungicide and its metabolite 2-aminobenzimidazole (2-AB) in natural waters is described. Very low limit of d...A spectrofluorimetric method for the direct analysis of carbendazim [methyl 2-benzimidazole carbamate (MBC)] fungicide and its metabolite 2-aminobenzimidazole (2-AB) in natural waters is described. Very low limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) values of 0.002 - 0.06 ng/mL and 0.006 - 0.2 ng/mL, respectively, were determined by spectrofluorimetric method with small relative standard deviation (RSD) values < 1%. This spectrofluorimetric method was applied to the determination of MBC and 2-AB residues in natural waters, with satisfactory recovery values of (88.5% - 119.2%).展开更多
The effects of chlorothalonil and carbendazim on nitrification and denitrification in six soils in upland and rice paddy environments were investigated. Laboratory aerobic (60% water holding capacity) and anaerobic (f...The effects of chlorothalonil and carbendazim on nitrification and denitrification in six soils in upland and rice paddy environments were investigated. Laboratory aerobic (60% water holding capacity) and anaerobic (flooded) conditions were studied at 25°C and fungicide addition rates of 5.5 mg/kg A. I. (field rate, FR), 20 times (20FR) and 40 times (40FR) field rate, respectively. The results indicated that chlorothalonil at the field rate had a slight inhibitory effect on one soil only, and that soil did not nitrify much in the first place. But chlorothalonil at higher rates inhibited nitrification significantly in all soils. For soils JXP and JXU with a pH of less than 5.0, chlorothalonil almost completely stopped their nitrification at 20FR and 40FR during the whole 14 d incubation period. For soils HNP and HNU with a pH of greater than 8.0, chlorothalonil also significantly inhibit nitrification at 20FR and 40FR (p < 0.05). However, NH4+ that was added to the soil was also almost completely nitrified by the end of the incubation period in these two soils. The effects of chlorothalonil at 20FR and 40FR on the nitrification of JSP and JSU soils, with a pH of 5.4 and 7.2, respectively, were intermediate between the other soil types. Chlorothalonil had no effect on denitrification at the field rate and had little effect at the higher rates of application in some soils. Carbendazim had essentially no effect on nitrification and denitrification in soils assessed.展开更多
The ascomycete fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is a devastating plant pathogen with a wide host range and worldwide distribution. Carbendazim has been widely used to control anthracnose caused by the C. gloeospo...The ascomycete fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is a devastating plant pathogen with a wide host range and worldwide distribution. Carbendazim has been widely used to control anthracnose caused by the C. gloeosporioides complex in China for more than 30 years and resistance to carbendazim has been reported in China. A total of 125 Colletotrichum isolates of strawberry and yam were collected from different geographical regions in Hubei Province, China. Approximately 52.8% of Colletotrichum spp. isolates showed resistance to carbendazim. The isolates tested in this study belong to four species, and the frequencies of resistant isolates differed across Colletotrichum species. Resistant isolates were found in C. siamense and C. fructicola. In contrast, all isolates of C. gloeosporioides and C. aenigma were sensitive to carbendazim. Highly carbendazim-resistant isolates harbored the E198 A mutation in the β-tubulin 2(TUB2) gene, whereas moderately carbendazim-resistant isolates harbored the F200 Y mutation in the TUB2 gene. Carbendazim-sensitive Colletotrichum isolates in this study were not genetically similar enough to form a separate cluster from resistant isolates. The result of this study emphasizes the importance of knowing which Colletotrichum sp. is present, when strategies for disease control are made.展开更多
Carbendazim,a systemic benzimidazole fungicide,is applied repeatedly to control plant diseases including soilborne diseases,over a growing season.Studies were carried out under laboratory conditions to assess the effe...Carbendazim,a systemic benzimidazole fungicide,is applied repeatedly to control plant diseases including soilborne diseases,over a growing season.Studies were carried out under laboratory conditions to assess the effects of repeated carbendazim applications on its persistence and microbial community in soil.The results indicate that dissipation of carbendazim in soil was accelerated with its application frequency.The degradation rate constant of carbendazim was increased significantly from 0.074 d-1 to 0.79 d-1.The corresponding half-life was shorten markedly from 9.3 d to 0.9 d after four repeated applications.No significant inhibitory effect of carbendazim on soil microbial utilization of the carbon sources was observed after first treatment,but a slight increase in average well color development(AWCD) was shown after second,third,and fourth applications.It suggested that soil microorganisms become adapted to carbendazim after repeated application.Simpson and Shannon indexes of soil microbial community from carbendazim treated soil were also similar to those from the control soil,indicating that the richness and dominant character of soil microorganisms remain unchangeable after repeated application.However,after first,second,and third addition of carbendazim,McIntosh indexes on day 21 were significantly higher compared with the control,suggesting that balance of soil microorganisms was altered due to the enrichment of the specific carbendazim-adapting strains in soil.展开更多
The effect of carbendazim applications on the diversity and structure of a soil bacterial community was studied under field conditions using temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE) and partial sequence analysi...The effect of carbendazim applications on the diversity and structure of a soil bacterial community was studied under field conditions using temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE) and partial sequence analysis of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA gene. After four successive introductions of carbendazim at a level of 0.94 kg active ingredient (a.i.)/ha, the genetic diversity (expressed as Shannon index, H ) decreased from 1.43 in the control to 1.29 in treated soil. This harmful effect seems to increase with the concentration of carbendazim. The value of H in the soil treated with carbendazim at 4.70 kg a.i./ha was reduced to 1.05 (P 0.05). The structure of soil bacterial community was also affected after four repeated applications of carbendazim at levels of 0.94, 1.88 and 4.70 kg a.i./ha, as seen in the relative intensities of the individual band. However, the bacterial community in carbendazim-treated soil recovered to that in the control 360 d after the first treatment. The results indicated that repeated applications of carbendazim could reduce soil microbial diversity and alter the bacterial community structure temporarily.展开更多
[Objective]The paper was to understand the resistance of Fusarium graminearum to carbendazim and prochloraz in the main wheat producing areas in Hubei Province.[Method] Totally 350 F. graminearum strains isolated in 2...[Objective]The paper was to understand the resistance of Fusarium graminearum to carbendazim and prochloraz in the main wheat producing areas in Hubei Province.[Method] Totally 350 F. graminearum strains isolated in 2014 were determined to clear their sensitivity to carbendazim and prochloraz. [Result]All isolates were sensitive to carbendazim and prochloraz in Hubei Province,and carbendazim was still valuable in controlling Fusarium head blight. The control effect of prochloraz was better than that of carbendazim,and the combination of prochloraz and carbendazim at the proportion of 1∶ 7 received the best control effect.[Conclusion]Combination of chemical agents will occupy a more and more important position in future prevention and control against Fusarium head blight.展开更多
There is a method for investigating the transformation of resistance gene of carbendazim into Trichoderma harzianum. In order to introduce the resistance to benzimidazole fungicide into bio-control microorganism Trich...There is a method for investigating the transformation of resistance gene of carbendazim into Trichoderma harzianum. In order to introduce the resistance to benzimidazole fungicide into bio-control microorganism Trichoderma harzianum was transformed with the resistance gene. In this study, we investigate resistance level and calculate EC 50 (effective concentration of carbendazim that can survive 50% of Trichoderma harzianum in that concentration) and stability of the resistance for the transformant isolate of Trichoderma harzianum. Results show the transformants can growth on the medium containing more than 1 000 μg/ml carbendazim and the resistance is stabled after 10 times transfer on non-selective medium and have EC 50 average about, 1 200 μg/ml.展开更多
This paper explored the control efficiency of 36% Carbendazim triadimefon SC on wheat powdery mildew,wheat pink mold and rape sclerotinia,and the impact on rape yield through field experiment. The results showed that ...This paper explored the control efficiency of 36% Carbendazim triadimefon SC on wheat powdery mildew,wheat pink mold and rape sclerotinia,and the impact on rape yield through field experiment. The results showed that the control efficiency was the best on the 7thand 14 thday after the application of 36% Carbendazim triadimefon SC in the dosage of 2 250 m L / hm2,and rape yield was improved by 32%.展开更多
为开发25%溴菌腈·多菌灵可湿性粉剂产品,采用干法粉碎工艺,对配方中的润湿分散剂、填料等组分进行筛选。25%溴菌腈·多菌灵可湿性粉剂最优配方:溴菌腈20.0%、多菌灵5.0%、甲基萘磺酸钠甲醛缩合物分散剂(DMF-6)4.0%、改性萘磺...为开发25%溴菌腈·多菌灵可湿性粉剂产品,采用干法粉碎工艺,对配方中的润湿分散剂、填料等组分进行筛选。25%溴菌腈·多菌灵可湿性粉剂最优配方:溴菌腈20.0%、多菌灵5.0%、甲基萘磺酸钠甲醛缩合物分散剂(DMF-6)4.0%、改性萘磺酸甲醛缩合物和阴离子润湿剂混合物(DMF-4)4.0%、白炭黑5.0%、柠檬酸0.15%、消泡剂Defoam X 0.5%,煅烧高岭土ZT补足至100%。田间试验结果显示:所制25%溴菌腈·多菌灵可湿性粉剂对柑橘炭疽病的防治效果较好,在有效成分用量为625和833 mg/kg时,对叶片炭疽病的防效分别为82.25%和85.57%,对果实炭疽病的防效分别为76.56%和81.09%。展开更多
The carbendazim(MBC) hydrolyzing enzyme gene was cloned and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) from a newly isolated MBC-degrading bacterium strain Microbacterium sp. strain djl-6F. High performanc...The carbendazim(MBC) hydrolyzing enzyme gene was cloned and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) from a newly isolated MBC-degrading bacterium strain Microbacterium sp. strain djl-6F. High performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(HPLC-MS)analysis revealed that purified MheI-6F protein catalyzes direct hydrolysis of MBC into2-aminobenzimidazole(2-AB) with a high turnover rate and moderate affinity(Kmof6.69 μmol/L and kcatof 160.88/min) without the need for any cofactors. The optimal catalytic condition of MheI-6F was identified as 45°C, pH 7.0. The enzymatic activity of MheI-6F was found to be diminished by metal ions, and strongly inhibited by sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS).Through generating amino acid mutations in MheI-6F, Cys16 and Cys222 were identified as the catalytic groups that are essential for the hydrolysis of MBC. This is the first report on the biodegradation of MBC at the enzymatice level.展开更多
Carbendazim(MBC)is an effective antifungal and antibacterial pesticide in agricultural applications.However,the MBC-contaminated soil and food are difficult to be restored.In this work,a novel MBC-hydrolase HY-1 encod...Carbendazim(MBC)is an effective antifungal and antibacterial pesticide in agricultural applications.However,the MBC-contaminated soil and food are difficult to be restored.In this work,a novel MBC-hydrolase HY-1 encoded by gene hy-1 from an isolated MBC-degrading bacteria Bacillus amyloliquefaciens has been screened and identified.The 858 bp hydrolase gene was expressed in E.coli BL21 and the 32 kDa hydrolase HY-1 was purified.The purified HY-1 was able to catalyze MBC into 2-aminobenzimidazole(2-AB)without the need for any cofactors.Then bioremediation experiment was conducted and both the strain Car4 and cell crude extract of E.coli(pET-hy1)accelerated MBC degradation in soil.Moreover,purified HY-1 was available in removing MBC residue on the surface of cucumber.This work explored the possibility of microbial and enzymatic bioremediation on MBC-contaminated soil and food,provide a new way for bioremediation of pesticide contaminations.展开更多
基金Supported by Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization,Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Characteristic Resources Exploitation of Dabie Mountains Fund(2021CX06)Teaching and Research Project of Huanggang Normal University(2021CE20).
文摘Tea infusion is the main route of human exposure to pollutants in tea,and it is vital to investigate the transfer rate of pollutants from tea leaves to infusion.Carbendazim is a commonly used systemic fungicide,the transfer behavior of which in Yingshan Yunwu tea is not clear.Hence,this study firstly established the analytical method for determination of carbendazim with great accuracy and precision via modified QuEChERS method and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection(UPLC-FLD).Then,the transfer behavior of carbendazim from tea leaves and infusion was systematically investigated.Results indicated that water temperature and proportion of tea to water ration would obviously increase the transfer rate of carbendazim,but times of infusion repetition showed negative correlation with the transfer rate of carbendazim.In addition,brewing time seemed to have lesser impact on the transfer rate.This study will be helpful for the risk assessment of carbendazim residue and provide the guidance for tea brewing.
基金Supported by Course Construction Project of Huanggang Normal University(2022KC20)Training Program of the Major Research Plan of Huanggang Normal University(202211604).
文摘Carbendazim,belonging to fungicides,was commonly used for controlling crop diseases,resulting in frequent residues in fruits and vegetables.Washing was the initial step of household fruit processing for cleaning and reducing pollutant contents.However,the effect of washing on the removal of carbendazim in apples was not systemically studied.Thus,in this study,an analytical method was firstly established for the determination of carbendazim with great accuracy and precision through quick,simple,cheap,effective and safe(QuEChERS)method and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection(UPLC-FLD).Then,the influencing factors were systematically researched to unveil their effects on the carbendazim residue in apples.The results indicated that water temperature,washing products and washing method could obviously affect the carbendazim content in apples.In addition,the best cleaning scheme for removal of carbendazim was soaking apples for 5 min in a cleaning solution,which was prepared by dissolving 8 g of commercial fruit washing soup with 500 ml of water at 45℃.Under this condition,the removal rate of carbendazim in the washing step reached 73.91%.This study will be helpful for providing guidance for household cleaning methods for controlling pesticide residues.
文摘Carbendazim is a broad spectrum carbamate fungicide used in the control of various fungal pathogens. The present work studied the effect of carbendazim on the liver of albino rats and the possible protective role of Ginko biloba extract (EGB). Liver of carbendazim-treated animals showed histopathological and histochemical alterations. The histopathological changes include hepatic tissue impairment, cytoplasmic vacuolization of the hepatocytes, and congestion of blood vessels, leucocytic infiltrations and fatty infiltration. Histochemical results showed reduction of carbohydrates and total proteins in hepatic tissues. Moreover, liver function enzymes (ALT, AST) were elevated in sera of carbendazim-treated animals. Coadministration of EGB with Carbendazim improved the hisological and histochemical changes observed in animals treated with carbendazim. In addition, EGB treatment leads to a significant decrease in ALT and AST. According to the present results, it is concluded that EGB can improve the hepatotoxicity of carbendazim and this effect may be attributed to antioxidant properties of Ginko biloba extract.
文摘This study covers the observation of the factors which influence the resistance development of S. sclerotiorum to carbendazim, the comparison betweeen normal course of infection and infection of hosts by a strain of S. sclerotiorum when resistance to carbendazim has been developed.
文摘This paper covers the examination of EC50 of carbendazim to diferent isolates of S. sclerotiorum, the observation of the resistance development in a population of the pathogen,for working out whether carbendazim plays some role in increasing the resistance of the fungus to the chemical.
基金This work was funded by Major Scientific and Technological Project of Xinjiang Corps(Grant No.2019AA004)China Agriculture Research System(Grant No.CARS-27).
文摘Apple bitter rot is a serious agricultural disease caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides.In recent years,carbendazim-resistant C.gloeosporioides strains bearing an E198A point mutation in theβ-tubulin gene(GAG to GCG)have emerged,threatening global apple production.As such,rapidly detecting the presence of this E198Amutation in C.gloeosporioides isolates is essential in order to monitor the spread of this pathogen and to prevent outbreaks of disease.Herein,we developed a simple loop-mediated isothermal amplification(LAMP)approach to detecting the E198A mutation in C.gloeosporioides isolates from‘Gala’apple samples.This optimized LAMP protocol was sufficient to establish the E198A genotype of a given isolate following a 60min incubation at 63℃ by using four specific primers.The results of this reaction could be interpreted visually based on a fluorescent yellow-green color change upon the addition of the SYBR Green I dye,and were additionally confirmed via gel electrophoresis.Importantly,this LAMP assay was capable of rapidly and reliably detecting apples that were infected with carbendazim-resistant isolates harboring this E198A mutation.In conclusion,this LAMP assay in this study can rapidly,specifically,and sensitively detect cases of apple bitter rot caused by C.gloeosporioides isolates harboring the E198A mutation.
基金the Service of Cooperation and Cultural Action of the Embassy of France for financial support
文摘A spectrofluorimetric method for the direct analysis of carbendazim [methyl 2-benzimidazole carbamate (MBC)] fungicide and its metabolite 2-aminobenzimidazole (2-AB) in natural waters is described. Very low limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) values of 0.002 - 0.06 ng/mL and 0.006 - 0.2 ng/mL, respectively, were determined by spectrofluorimetric method with small relative standard deviation (RSD) values < 1%. This spectrofluorimetric method was applied to the determination of MBC and 2-AB residues in natural waters, with satisfactory recovery values of (88.5% - 119.2%).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40621001)
文摘The effects of chlorothalonil and carbendazim on nitrification and denitrification in six soils in upland and rice paddy environments were investigated. Laboratory aerobic (60% water holding capacity) and anaerobic (flooded) conditions were studied at 25°C and fungicide addition rates of 5.5 mg/kg A. I. (field rate, FR), 20 times (20FR) and 40 times (40FR) field rate, respectively. The results indicated that chlorothalonil at the field rate had a slight inhibitory effect on one soil only, and that soil did not nitrify much in the first place. But chlorothalonil at higher rates inhibited nitrification significantly in all soils. For soils JXP and JXU with a pH of less than 5.0, chlorothalonil almost completely stopped their nitrification at 20FR and 40FR during the whole 14 d incubation period. For soils HNP and HNU with a pH of greater than 8.0, chlorothalonil also significantly inhibit nitrification at 20FR and 40FR (p < 0.05). However, NH4+ that was added to the soil was also almost completely nitrified by the end of the incubation period in these two soils. The effects of chlorothalonil at 20FR and 40FR on the nitrification of JSP and JSU soils, with a pH of 5.4 and 7.2, respectively, were intermediate between the other soil types. Chlorothalonil had no effect on denitrification at the field rate and had little effect at the higher rates of application in some soils. Carbendazim had essentially no effect on nitrification and denitrification in soils assessed.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31701882)the Competitive Nature Project of the Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences,China(2016JZXJH006)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Center Program of Hubei Province,China(2016-620-000-001-014)
文摘The ascomycete fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is a devastating plant pathogen with a wide host range and worldwide distribution. Carbendazim has been widely used to control anthracnose caused by the C. gloeosporioides complex in China for more than 30 years and resistance to carbendazim has been reported in China. A total of 125 Colletotrichum isolates of strawberry and yam were collected from different geographical regions in Hubei Province, China. Approximately 52.8% of Colletotrichum spp. isolates showed resistance to carbendazim. The isolates tested in this study belong to four species, and the frequencies of resistant isolates differed across Colletotrichum species. Resistant isolates were found in C. siamense and C. fructicola. In contrast, all isolates of C. gloeosporioides and C. aenigma were sensitive to carbendazim. Highly carbendazim-resistant isolates harbored the E198 A mutation in the β-tubulin 2(TUB2) gene, whereas moderately carbendazim-resistant isolates harbored the F200 Y mutation in the TUB2 gene. Carbendazim-sensitive Colletotrichum isolates in this study were not genetically similar enough to form a separate cluster from resistant isolates. The result of this study emphasizes the importance of knowing which Colletotrichum sp. is present, when strategies for disease control are made.
基金supported by the National Natural Sci-ence Foundation of China (No. 30771254)the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation (No. Z306260)+2 种基金the National Key Technology R&D Program of China (No.2006BAI09B03)Hi-Tech Research and Development Program (863) of China (No. 2007AA06Z306 )the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University.
文摘Carbendazim,a systemic benzimidazole fungicide,is applied repeatedly to control plant diseases including soilborne diseases,over a growing season.Studies were carried out under laboratory conditions to assess the effects of repeated carbendazim applications on its persistence and microbial community in soil.The results indicate that dissipation of carbendazim in soil was accelerated with its application frequency.The degradation rate constant of carbendazim was increased significantly from 0.074 d-1 to 0.79 d-1.The corresponding half-life was shorten markedly from 9.3 d to 0.9 d after four repeated applications.No significant inhibitory effect of carbendazim on soil microbial utilization of the carbon sources was observed after first treatment,but a slight increase in average well color development(AWCD) was shown after second,third,and fourth applications.It suggested that soil microorganisms become adapted to carbendazim after repeated application.Simpson and Shannon indexes of soil microbial community from carbendazim treated soil were also similar to those from the control soil,indicating that the richness and dominant character of soil microorganisms remain unchangeable after repeated application.However,after first,second,and third addition of carbendazim,McIntosh indexes on day 21 were significantly higher compared with the control,suggesting that balance of soil microorganisms was altered due to the enrichment of the specific carbendazim-adapting strains in soil.
基金supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program (863) of China(No. 2007AA06Z306)the Major State Basic Research Development Program of China (No. 2009CB119000)+3 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.30771254)the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education (No. 20070335113)the National Key Technology R&D Program of China(No. 2006BAI09B03)the Zhejiang Natural Science Foundation (No. Z306260)
文摘The effect of carbendazim applications on the diversity and structure of a soil bacterial community was studied under field conditions using temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE) and partial sequence analysis of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA gene. After four successive introductions of carbendazim at a level of 0.94 kg active ingredient (a.i.)/ha, the genetic diversity (expressed as Shannon index, H ) decreased from 1.43 in the control to 1.29 in treated soil. This harmful effect seems to increase with the concentration of carbendazim. The value of H in the soil treated with carbendazim at 4.70 kg a.i./ha was reduced to 1.05 (P 0.05). The structure of soil bacterial community was also affected after four repeated applications of carbendazim at levels of 0.94, 1.88 and 4.70 kg a.i./ha, as seen in the relative intensities of the individual band. However, the bacterial community in carbendazim-treated soil recovered to that in the control 360 d after the first treatment. The results indicated that repeated applications of carbendazim could reduce soil microbial diversity and alter the bacterial community structure temporarily.
基金Supported by Key Technologies R&D Program of Hubei(2015BBA152)Innovative Experiment Project of College Students(20150086)Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(2014CFB367)
文摘[Objective]The paper was to understand the resistance of Fusarium graminearum to carbendazim and prochloraz in the main wheat producing areas in Hubei Province.[Method] Totally 350 F. graminearum strains isolated in 2014 were determined to clear their sensitivity to carbendazim and prochloraz. [Result]All isolates were sensitive to carbendazim and prochloraz in Hubei Province,and carbendazim was still valuable in controlling Fusarium head blight. The control effect of prochloraz was better than that of carbendazim,and the combination of prochloraz and carbendazim at the proportion of 1∶ 7 received the best control effect.[Conclusion]Combination of chemical agents will occupy a more and more important position in future prevention and control against Fusarium head blight.
文摘There is a method for investigating the transformation of resistance gene of carbendazim into Trichoderma harzianum. In order to introduce the resistance to benzimidazole fungicide into bio-control microorganism Trichoderma harzianum was transformed with the resistance gene. In this study, we investigate resistance level and calculate EC 50 (effective concentration of carbendazim that can survive 50% of Trichoderma harzianum in that concentration) and stability of the resistance for the transformant isolate of Trichoderma harzianum. Results show the transformants can growth on the medium containing more than 1 000 μg/ml carbendazim and the resistance is stabled after 10 times transfer on non-selective medium and have EC 50 average about, 1 200 μg/ml.
文摘This paper explored the control efficiency of 36% Carbendazim triadimefon SC on wheat powdery mildew,wheat pink mold and rape sclerotinia,and the impact on rape yield through field experiment. The results showed that the control efficiency was the best on the 7thand 14 thday after the application of 36% Carbendazim triadimefon SC in the dosage of 2 250 m L / hm2,and rape yield was improved by 32%.
文摘为开发25%溴菌腈·多菌灵可湿性粉剂产品,采用干法粉碎工艺,对配方中的润湿分散剂、填料等组分进行筛选。25%溴菌腈·多菌灵可湿性粉剂最优配方:溴菌腈20.0%、多菌灵5.0%、甲基萘磺酸钠甲醛缩合物分散剂(DMF-6)4.0%、改性萘磺酸甲醛缩合物和阴离子润湿剂混合物(DMF-4)4.0%、白炭黑5.0%、柠檬酸0.15%、消泡剂Defoam X 0.5%,煅烧高岭土ZT补足至100%。田间试验结果显示:所制25%溴菌腈·多菌灵可湿性粉剂对柑橘炭疽病的防治效果较好,在有效成分用量为625和833 mg/kg时,对叶片炭疽病的防效分别为82.25%和85.57%,对果实炭疽病的防效分别为76.56%和81.09%。
基金supported by the Hi-Tech Research and Development Program(863) of China(No.2012AA101404)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31301700)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Program of BaoJi(No.2013R6-3)the Key Subject Project of Baoji University of Arts and Sciences(No.ZK0919)
文摘The carbendazim(MBC) hydrolyzing enzyme gene was cloned and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) from a newly isolated MBC-degrading bacterium strain Microbacterium sp. strain djl-6F. High performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(HPLC-MS)analysis revealed that purified MheI-6F protein catalyzes direct hydrolysis of MBC into2-aminobenzimidazole(2-AB) with a high turnover rate and moderate affinity(Kmof6.69 μmol/L and kcatof 160.88/min) without the need for any cofactors. The optimal catalytic condition of MheI-6F was identified as 45°C, pH 7.0. The enzymatic activity of MheI-6F was found to be diminished by metal ions, and strongly inhibited by sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS).Through generating amino acid mutations in MheI-6F, Cys16 and Cys222 were identified as the catalytic groups that are essential for the hydrolysis of MBC. This is the first report on the biodegradation of MBC at the enzymatice level.
基金This work was financially supported by Joint Funding of Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation-Beijing Municipal Education Commission(KZ201911417049)National Key R&D Program of China(2017YFD0201105)Premium Funding Project for Academic Human Resources Development in Beijing Union University(BPHR2017DZ07).
文摘Carbendazim(MBC)is an effective antifungal and antibacterial pesticide in agricultural applications.However,the MBC-contaminated soil and food are difficult to be restored.In this work,a novel MBC-hydrolase HY-1 encoded by gene hy-1 from an isolated MBC-degrading bacteria Bacillus amyloliquefaciens has been screened and identified.The 858 bp hydrolase gene was expressed in E.coli BL21 and the 32 kDa hydrolase HY-1 was purified.The purified HY-1 was able to catalyze MBC into 2-aminobenzimidazole(2-AB)without the need for any cofactors.Then bioremediation experiment was conducted and both the strain Car4 and cell crude extract of E.coli(pET-hy1)accelerated MBC degradation in soil.Moreover,purified HY-1 was available in removing MBC residue on the surface of cucumber.This work explored the possibility of microbial and enzymatic bioremediation on MBC-contaminated soil and food,provide a new way for bioremediation of pesticide contaminations.
