Wastewater treatment is a process that is vital to protecting both the environment and human health. At present, the most cost-effective way of treating wastewater is with biological treatment processes such as the ac...Wastewater treatment is a process that is vital to protecting both the environment and human health. At present, the most cost-effective way of treating wastewater is with biological treatment processes such as the activated sludge process, despite their long operating times. However, population increases have created a demand for more efficient means of wastewater treatment, Fluidization has been demonstrated to in- crease the efficiency of many processes in chemical and biochemical engineering, but it has not been widely used in large-scale wastewater treatment. At the University of Western Ontario, the circulating fluidized-bed bioreactor （CFBBR） was developed for treating wastewater. In this process, carrier particles develop a biofilm composed of bacteria and other microbes. The excellent mixing and mass transfer characteristics inherent to fluidization make this process very effective at treating both municipal and industrial wastewater. Studies of lab- and pilot-scale systems showed that the CFBBR can remove over 90% of the influent organic matter and 80% of the nitrogen, and produces less than one-third as much biological sludge as the activated sludge process. Due to its high efficiency, the CFBBR can also be used to treat wastewaters with high organic solid concentrations, which are more difficult to treat with conventional methods because they require longer residence times; the CFBBR can also be used to reduce the system size and footprint. In addition, it is much better at handling and recovering from dynamic loadings （i.e., varying influent volume and concentrations） than current systems. Overall, the CFBBR has been shown to be a very effective means of treating wastewa- ter, and to be capable of treating larger volumes of wastewater using a smaller reactor volume and a shorter residence time. In addition, its compact design holds potential for more geographically localized and isolat- ed wastewater treatment systems.展开更多
In this study, the developments in modeling gas-phase catalyzed olefin polymerization fluidized-bed reactors （FBR） using Ziegler-Natta catalyst is presented. The modified mathematical model to account for mass and h...In this study, the developments in modeling gas-phase catalyzed olefin polymerization fluidized-bed reactors （FBR） using Ziegler-Natta catalyst is presented. The modified mathematical model to account for mass and heat transfer between the solid particles and the surrounding gas in the emulsion phase is developed in this work to include site activation reaction. This model developed in the present study is subsequently compared with well-known models, namely, the bubble-growth, well-mixed and the constant bubble size models for porous and non porous catalyst. The results we obtained from the model was very close to the constant bubble size model, well-mixed model and bubble growth model at the beginning of the reaction but its overall behavior changed and is closer to the well-mixed model compared with the bubble growth model and constant bubble size model after half an hour of operation. Neural-network based predictive controller are implemented to control the system and compared with the conventional PID controller, giving acceptable results.展开更多
The catalysis of ionic liquids (ILs) in the traditional stirred reactor suffers from insufficient mass and heat transfer, which always needs a long reaction time and results in a low reaction rate. In this work, highl...The catalysis of ionic liquids (ILs) in the traditional stirred reactor suffers from insufficient mass and heat transfer, which always needs a long reaction time and results in a low reaction rate. In this work, highly efficient synthesis of 1-methoxy-2-propanol via the alcoholysis reaction of propylene oxide (PO) with methanol was proposed and achieved by the combination of micro-tubular circulating reactor with the IL [N4444] [Buty] catalyst. Compared with the stirred reactor, the rate of alcoholysis reaction in a micro-tubular circulating reactor was found to be significantly improved. The reaction time was remarkably shortened to 20 min from 180 min as well as the yield of 1-methoxy-2-propanol reached 92%. Moreover, the kinetic study further demonstrated that the main reaction rate to 1-methoxy-2-propanol (K1) was about 20 times larger than the side reaction rate to byproduct 2-methoxy-1-propanol (K2) in the temperature range of 363–383 K. Such combination of micro-tubular circulating reactor with IL catalysts is believed to be a class of effective process intensification technique for highly efficient synthesis of 1-methoxy-2-propanol.展开更多
Performance of the oxidative coupling of methane in fluidized-bed reactor was experimentally investigated using Mn-Na2WO4/SiO2,La2O3/CaO and La2O3-SrO/CaO catalysts.These catalysts were found to be stable,especially M...Performance of the oxidative coupling of methane in fluidized-bed reactor was experimentally investigated using Mn-Na2WO4/SiO2,La2O3/CaO and La2O3-SrO/CaO catalysts.These catalysts were found to be stable,especially Mn-Na2WO4/SiO2 catalyst.The effect of sodium content of this catalyst was analyzed and the challenge of catalyst agglomeration was addressed using proper catalyst composition of 2%Mn2.2%Na2WO4/SiO2.For other two catalysts,the effect of Lanthanum-Strontium content was analyzed and 10%La2O 3-20%SrO/CaO catalyst was found to provide higher ethylene yield than La2O3/CaO catalyst.Furthermore,the effect of operating parameters such as temperature and methane to oxygen ratio were also reviewed.The highest ethylene and ethane （C2） yield was achieved with the lowest methane to oxygen ratio around 2.40.5% selectivity to ethylene and ethane and 41% methane conversion were achieved over La2O3-SrO/CaO catalyst while over Mn-Na2WO4 /SiO2 catalyst,40% and 48% were recorded,respectively.Moreover,the consecutive effects of nitrogen dilution,ethylene to ethane production ratio and other performance indicators on the down-stream process units were qualitatively discussed and Mn-Na2WO4/SiO2 catalyst showed a better performance in the reactor and process scale analysis.展开更多
Carbon dioxide(CO2),the main gas emitted from fossil burning,is the primary contributor to global warming.Circulating fluidized bed reactor(CFBR)is proved as an energy-efficient method for post-combustion CO2 capture....Carbon dioxide(CO2),the main gas emitted from fossil burning,is the primary contributor to global warming.Circulating fluidized bed reactor(CFBR)is proved as an energy-efficient method for post-combustion CO2 capture.The numerical simulation by computational fluid dynamics(CFD)is believed as a promising tool to study CO2 adsorption process in CFBR.Although three-dimensional(3D)simulations were proved to have better predicting performance with the experimental results,two-dimensional(2D)simulations have been widely reported for qualitative and quantitative studies on gas-solid behavior in CFBR for its higher computational efficiency recently.However,the discrepancies between 2D and 3D simulations have rarely been evaluated by detailed study.Considering that the differences between the 2D and 3D simulations will vary substantially with the changes of independent operating conditions,it is beneficial to lower computational costs to clarify the effects of dimensionality on the numerical CO2 adsorption runs under various operating conditions.In this work,the comparative analysis for CO2 adsorption in 2D and 3D simulations was conducted to enlighten the effects of dimensionality on the hydrodynamics and reaction behaviors,in which the separation rate,species distribution and hydrodynamic characteristics were comparatively studied for both model frames.With both accuracy and computational costs considered,the viable suggestions were provided in selecting appropriate model frame for the studies on optimization of operating conditions,which directly affect the capture and energy efficiencies of cyclic CO2 capture process in CFBR.展开更多
A mathematical model is developed for an industrial acrylonitrile fluidized-bed reactor based on arti-ficial neural networks. A new algorithm, which combines the characteristics of both genetic algorithm (GA) andgener...A mathematical model is developed for an industrial acrylonitrile fluidized-bed reactor based on arti-ficial neural networks. A new algorithm, which combines the characteristics of both genetic algorithm (GA) andgeneralized delta-rule (GDR) is used to train artificial neural network (ANN) in order to avoid search terminatedat a local optimal solution. For searching the global optimum, a new algorithm called SM-GA, incorporating ad-vantages of both simplex method (SM)and GA, is proposed and applied to optimize the operating conditions of anacrylonitrile fluidized-bed reactor in industry.展开更多
Objective To investigate the reduction of chlorination by-products （CBPs） precursors using the fluidized-bed biofdm reactor （FBBR）. Methods Reduction of total organic carbon （TOC）, ultraviolet absorbance （UV254...Objective To investigate the reduction of chlorination by-products （CBPs） precursors using the fluidized-bed biofdm reactor （FBBR）. Methods Reduction of total organic carbon （TOC）, ultraviolet absorbance （UV254）, tfihalomethane （THM） formation potential （THMFP）, haloacetic acid （HAA） formation potential （HAAFP）, and ammonia in FBBR were evaluated in detail. Results The reduction of TOC or UV254 was low, on average 12.6% and 4.7%, respectively, while the reduction of THMFP and HAAFP was significant. The reduction of ammonia was 30%-40% even below 3℃, however, it could quickly rise to over 50% above 3℃. Conclusions The FBBR effectively reduces CBPs and ammonia in drinking water even at low temperature and seems to be a very promising and competitive drinking water reactor for polluted surface source waters, especially in China.展开更多
Short residence time of the sorbent in the gas stream and formation of a dense layer of reaction product surrounding its surface influence the sulfur removal efficiency. A practical means of improving the process perf...Short residence time of the sorbent in the gas stream and formation of a dense layer of reaction product surrounding its surface influence the sulfur removal efficiency. A practical means of improving the process performance is to employ fluidized bed reaction in replacement of entrained bed reaction on normally used in cool side desulfurizaiton. This paper describes cold modeling study of a circulating fluidized bed reactor. Several aspects of the problem are discussed: fluidization behavior of CaO, attrition of the sorbent and solids entrainment from the fluidized bed. Mechanisms and key controlling parameters are identified, and an integral model based on rate of attrition and mass balance is developed for predicting steady state mass flows and particle size distributions of the system. A process flow scheme is finally presented for conducting desulfurization tests in the second stage of the study.展开更多
Different two-equation k-ε models were used to simulate the gas flow field generated by a new type of circulating fluidized bed reactor with venturi gas distributor. The numerical results were compared with the exper...Different two-equation k-ε models were used to simulate the gas flow field generated by a new type of circulating fluidized bed reactor with venturi gas distributor. The numerical results were compared with the experimental data. It has been shown that the simulation results from the standard k-ε model have the best match with the experimental data. Based on this model, the gas flow field in the venturi diffuser and riser was analyzed by the concept of velocity nonuniformity and dead zone percentage. Both the nonuniformity of gas velocity and the dead zone percentage reach the maximum at the venturi outlet due to the effect of the vortex. At the same time, it provides a good platform for the further optimization of the inlet configuration of circulating fluidized bed reactor.展开更多
This paper analyzes the circulating current which is produced by HT-7Usuperconducting toroidal power supply-two sets of two-reverse-star converter with aninterphase-reactor in parallel running on the basis of the outp...This paper analyzes the circulating current which is produced by HT-7Usuperconducting toroidal power supply-two sets of two-reverse-star converter with aninterphase-reactor in parallel running on the basis of the output voltage mathematical equation ofthree-phase semi-wave converter circuit. A new idea of omitting interphase-reactor between twoconverters is proposed, and the parameter design of interphase-reactor of HT-7 toroidal power supplyis presented. Simulated results demonstrate the validity of this new project.展开更多
This research focuses on modeling a multi-zone circulating reactor(MZCR)in the polypropylene production process.In these reactors,designed for polyolefin production,small catalyst particles(20–300μm)initiate polymer...This research focuses on modeling a multi-zone circulating reactor(MZCR)in the polypropylene production process.In these reactors,designed for polyolefin production,small catalyst particles(20–300μm)initiate polymerization in the presence of monomer gas.The reactor consists of two main regions:the riser and the downer.The riser operates in the fast fluidization and the downer is in the moving bed regime.Employing the two-fluid model with the Eulerian-Eulerian approach,the dynamics of both solid and gas phases were modeled by applying Newton's laws of motion and assuming spherical particles.The population balance of particles within the reactor was also coupled with the equations of motion.The simultaneous solution of these equations provides valuable insights into particle and fluid behavior,revealing trends such as the growth of polymer particles.Furthermore,the impact of various operating conditions was explored.This study also examined the effects of design parameters(gas inlet velocity,average inlet diameter,and temperature)on the system performance.For instance,it was shown that in the case where the solid circulation flux is 30 kg/(m^(2) s)the velocity of particles in the bed increases from 0.4 at the inlet to 1.1 m/s in the fully developed zone,when it is 43 kg/(m^(2) s)the velocity of particles increases from 0.3 to 1.4 m/s,and when it is 55 kg/(m^(2) s),it is increased from 0.22 to 1.5 m/s.Additionally,trends in particle size distribution based on temperature adjustments were revealed.This study showed that higher temperatures accelerate the polymerization reaction rate,promoting faster growth kinetics and the formation of larger particles.展开更多
A multi-tube air-lift loop reactor (MT-ALR) is presented in this paper. Based on the energy conservation, a mathematical model describing the liquid circulation flow rate was developed, which was determined by gas vel...A multi-tube air-lift loop reactor (MT-ALR) is presented in this paper. Based on the energy conservation, a mathematical model describing the liquid circulation flow rate was developed, which was determined by gas velocity, the cross areas of riser and downcomer, gas hold-up and the local frictional loss coefficient. The experimental data indicate that either increase of gas flow rate or reduction of the downcomer diameter contributes to higher liquid circulation rate. The correlation between total and the local frictional loss coefficients was also established.Effects of gas flowrate in two risers and diameter of downcomer on the liquid circulation rate were examined. The value of total frictional loss coefficient was measured as a function of the cross area of downcomer and independent of the gas flow rate. The calculated results of liquid circulation rates agreed well with the experimental data with an average relative error of 9.6%.展开更多
Owing to the inherent instability of the natural circulation system,flow instability can easily occur during the operation of a natural circulation lead-cooled fast reactor,especially during the startup phase.A compre...Owing to the inherent instability of the natural circulation system,flow instability can easily occur during the operation of a natural circulation lead-cooled fast reactor,especially during the startup phase.A comprehensive startup scheme for SNCLFR-100,including primary and secondary circuits,is proposed in this paper.It references existing more mature startup schemes in various reactor types.It additionally considers the restriction conditions on the power increase in other schemes and the characteristics of lead-based coolant.On this basis,the multi-scale coupling code ATHLET-OpenFOAM was used to study the flow instability in the startup phase under different power-step amplitudes and power duration times.The results showed that obvious flow instability phenomena were found in the different startup schemes,such as the short-term backflow phenomenon of the core at the initial time of the startup.Moreover,an obvious increase in the flow rate and temperature to the peak value at the later stage of a continuous power rise was observed,as well as continuous oscillations before reaching a steady state.It was determined that the scheme with smaller power-step amplitude and a longer power duration time requires more time to start the reactor.Nevertheless,it will be more conducive to the safe and stable startup of the reactor.展开更多
The start-up of external circulationadded internal circulation(IC) reactor was finished in 26 d, 32 d fewer than that of IC reactor. To evaluate the influence of the added external circulation on the development of gr...The start-up of external circulationadded internal circulation(IC) reactor was finished in 26 d, 32 d fewer than that of IC reactor. To evaluate the influence of the added external circulation on the development of granular sludge, the characteristics of the granular sludge taken from the two tested laboratory-scale reactors during start-up were studied. The results show that the added external circulation can enhance biomass granulation, accelerate granule development and improve sludge characteristics. At the end of start-up, the granular size of sludge in external circulation-added IC reactor greatly increases with a size distribution much better than that of sludge in IC reactor. The granular sludge originated from external circulationadded IC reactor contains more extracellular polymers and has a greater settling velocity than that from IC reactor. Methanogenic activity of the granular sludge from the external circulationadded IC reactor started 26 d ago reaches 358.23mL·g -1 ·d -1 , 1.66 and 1.20 times as great as that of the sludge from the IC reactor started 26 d and 58 d ago respectively.展开更多
In order to guide the inoculums selection for the anaerobic treatment of methanol wastewater in the engineering application,two 7 L bench-scale external circulation (EC) anaerobic reactors were operated to investigate...In order to guide the inoculums selection for the anaerobic treatment of methanol wastewater in the engineering application,two 7 L bench-scale external circulation (EC) anaerobic reactors were operated to investigate the inoculums of anaerobic granular sludge and anaerobic digested sludge,focusing on the efficiency and process stability.The effect of impact concentration and temperature on the performance was studied.The results demonstrated that anaerobic granular sludge as the inoculums could complete the start-up more rapidly than the anaerobic digested sludge,and above 90% COD removal were achieved at the organic loading rate of 10 to 15 kgCOD/(m3·d).The effect of impact COD on the methanogenic activity of sludge was weak and the removal efficiencies recovered gradually in the two reactors.The COD removal efficiencies reduced swiftly to 50%-60% due to the impact temperature.The results indicated that the complex bacterial groups in anaerobic digested sludge benefited to enhance the reactor's capacity for withstanding the temperature shock at some extent.展开更多
This article presents a theoretical investigation on the steady-state natural circulation characteristics of a new type of pressurized water reactor. Through numerically solving the one-dimensional steady-state single...This article presents a theoretical investigation on the steady-state natural circulation characteristics of a new type of pressurized water reactor. Through numerically solving the one-dimensional steady-state single-phase conservative equations for the primary circuit and the steady-state two-phase drift-flux conservative equations for the secondary side of the steam generator, the natural circulation characteristics were studied. On the basis of the pre- liminary calculation analysis, it was found that natural circulation mass flow rate was proportional to the exponential function of the power and that the value of the exponent is related to the operating conditions of the secondary side of the steam generator. The higher the outlet pressure of the secondary side of the steam generator, the higher the pri- mary natural circulation mass flow rate. The larger height difference between the core center and the steam generator center is favorable for the heat removal capacity of the natural circulation.展开更多
文摘Wastewater treatment is a process that is vital to protecting both the environment and human health. At present, the most cost-effective way of treating wastewater is with biological treatment processes such as the activated sludge process, despite their long operating times. However, population increases have created a demand for more efficient means of wastewater treatment, Fluidization has been demonstrated to in- crease the efficiency of many processes in chemical and biochemical engineering, but it has not been widely used in large-scale wastewater treatment. At the University of Western Ontario, the circulating fluidized-bed bioreactor （CFBBR） was developed for treating wastewater. In this process, carrier particles develop a biofilm composed of bacteria and other microbes. The excellent mixing and mass transfer characteristics inherent to fluidization make this process very effective at treating both municipal and industrial wastewater. Studies of lab- and pilot-scale systems showed that the CFBBR can remove over 90% of the influent organic matter and 80% of the nitrogen, and produces less than one-third as much biological sludge as the activated sludge process. Due to its high efficiency, the CFBBR can also be used to treat wastewaters with high organic solid concentrations, which are more difficult to treat with conventional methods because they require longer residence times; the CFBBR can also be used to reduce the system size and footprint. In addition, it is much better at handling and recovering from dynamic loadings （i.e., varying influent volume and concentrations） than current systems. Overall, the CFBBR has been shown to be a very effective means of treating wastewa- ter, and to be capable of treating larger volumes of wastewater using a smaller reactor volume and a shorter residence time. In addition, its compact design holds potential for more geographically localized and isolat- ed wastewater treatment systems.
文摘In this study, the developments in modeling gas-phase catalyzed olefin polymerization fluidized-bed reactors （FBR） using Ziegler-Natta catalyst is presented. The modified mathematical model to account for mass and heat transfer between the solid particles and the surrounding gas in the emulsion phase is developed in this work to include site activation reaction. This model developed in the present study is subsequently compared with well-known models, namely, the bubble-growth, well-mixed and the constant bubble size models for porous and non porous catalyst. The results we obtained from the model was very close to the constant bubble size model, well-mixed model and bubble growth model at the beginning of the reaction but its overall behavior changed and is closer to the well-mixed model compared with the bubble growth model and constant bubble size model after half an hour of operation. Neural-network based predictive controller are implemented to control the system and compared with the conventional PID controller, giving acceptable results.
基金We thank the National Natural Science Foundations of China(Nos.21566011,31570560)the Jiangxi Province Sponsored Programs for Distinguished Young Scholars(No.20162BCB23026)and the Science&Technology Programs of Jiangxi Province Department of Education(No.GJJ160272)for financial support.
文摘The catalysis of ionic liquids (ILs) in the traditional stirred reactor suffers from insufficient mass and heat transfer, which always needs a long reaction time and results in a low reaction rate. In this work, highly efficient synthesis of 1-methoxy-2-propanol via the alcoholysis reaction of propylene oxide (PO) with methanol was proposed and achieved by the combination of micro-tubular circulating reactor with the IL [N4444] [Buty] catalyst. Compared with the stirred reactor, the rate of alcoholysis reaction in a micro-tubular circulating reactor was found to be significantly improved. The reaction time was remarkably shortened to 20 min from 180 min as well as the yield of 1-methoxy-2-propanol reached 92%. Moreover, the kinetic study further demonstrated that the main reaction rate to 1-methoxy-2-propanol (K1) was about 20 times larger than the side reaction rate to byproduct 2-methoxy-1-propanol (K2) in the temperature range of 363–383 K. Such combination of micro-tubular circulating reactor with IL catalysts is believed to be a class of effective process intensification technique for highly efficient synthesis of 1-methoxy-2-propanol.
基金supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)
文摘Performance of the oxidative coupling of methane in fluidized-bed reactor was experimentally investigated using Mn-Na2WO4/SiO2,La2O3/CaO and La2O3-SrO/CaO catalysts.These catalysts were found to be stable,especially Mn-Na2WO4/SiO2 catalyst.The effect of sodium content of this catalyst was analyzed and the challenge of catalyst agglomeration was addressed using proper catalyst composition of 2%Mn2.2%Na2WO4/SiO2.For other two catalysts,the effect of Lanthanum-Strontium content was analyzed and 10%La2O 3-20%SrO/CaO catalyst was found to provide higher ethylene yield than La2O3/CaO catalyst.Furthermore,the effect of operating parameters such as temperature and methane to oxygen ratio were also reviewed.The highest ethylene and ethane （C2） yield was achieved with the lowest methane to oxygen ratio around 2.40.5% selectivity to ethylene and ethane and 41% methane conversion were achieved over La2O3-SrO/CaO catalyst while over Mn-Na2WO4 /SiO2 catalyst,40% and 48% were recorded,respectively.Moreover,the consecutive effects of nitrogen dilution,ethylene to ethane production ratio and other performance indicators on the down-stream process units were qualitatively discussed and Mn-Na2WO4/SiO2 catalyst showed a better performance in the reactor and process scale analysis.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21506181,21506179)Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(2020JJ3033,2019JJ40281,2018SK2027,2018RS3088,2019SK2112)+1 种基金Research Foundation of Education Bureau of Hunan Province(18B088)Hunan Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Chemical Process Integration and Hunan 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Engineering&Technology with Environmental Benignity and Effective Resource Utilization,State Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering(2020-KF-11).
文摘Carbon dioxide(CO2),the main gas emitted from fossil burning,is the primary contributor to global warming.Circulating fluidized bed reactor(CFBR)is proved as an energy-efficient method for post-combustion CO2 capture.The numerical simulation by computational fluid dynamics(CFD)is believed as a promising tool to study CO2 adsorption process in CFBR.Although three-dimensional(3D)simulations were proved to have better predicting performance with the experimental results,two-dimensional(2D)simulations have been widely reported for qualitative and quantitative studies on gas-solid behavior in CFBR for its higher computational efficiency recently.However,the discrepancies between 2D and 3D simulations have rarely been evaluated by detailed study.Considering that the differences between the 2D and 3D simulations will vary substantially with the changes of independent operating conditions,it is beneficial to lower computational costs to clarify the effects of dimensionality on the numerical CO2 adsorption runs under various operating conditions.In this work,the comparative analysis for CO2 adsorption in 2D and 3D simulations was conducted to enlighten the effects of dimensionality on the hydrodynamics and reaction behaviors,in which the separation rate,species distribution and hydrodynamic characteristics were comparatively studied for both model frames.With both accuracy and computational costs considered,the viable suggestions were provided in selecting appropriate model frame for the studies on optimization of operating conditions,which directly affect the capture and energy efficiencies of cyclic CO2 capture process in CFBR.
文摘A mathematical model is developed for an industrial acrylonitrile fluidized-bed reactor based on arti-ficial neural networks. A new algorithm, which combines the characteristics of both genetic algorithm (GA) andgeneralized delta-rule (GDR) is used to train artificial neural network (ANN) in order to avoid search terminatedat a local optimal solution. For searching the global optimum, a new algorithm called SM-GA, incorporating ad-vantages of both simplex method (SM)and GA, is proposed and applied to optimize the operating conditions of anacrylonitrile fluidized-bed reactor in industry.
基金This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 50408006).
文摘Objective To investigate the reduction of chlorination by-products （CBPs） precursors using the fluidized-bed biofdm reactor （FBBR）. Methods Reduction of total organic carbon （TOC）, ultraviolet absorbance （UV254）, tfihalomethane （THM） formation potential （THMFP）, haloacetic acid （HAA） formation potential （HAAFP）, and ammonia in FBBR were evaluated in detail. Results The reduction of TOC or UV254 was low, on average 12.6% and 4.7%, respectively, while the reduction of THMFP and HAAFP was significant. The reduction of ammonia was 30%-40% even below 3℃, however, it could quickly rise to over 50% above 3℃. Conclusions The FBBR effectively reduces CBPs and ammonia in drinking water even at low temperature and seems to be a very promising and competitive drinking water reactor for polluted surface source waters, especially in China.
文摘Short residence time of the sorbent in the gas stream and formation of a dense layer of reaction product surrounding its surface influence the sulfur removal efficiency. A practical means of improving the process performance is to employ fluidized bed reaction in replacement of entrained bed reaction on normally used in cool side desulfurizaiton. This paper describes cold modeling study of a circulating fluidized bed reactor. Several aspects of the problem are discussed: fluidization behavior of CaO, attrition of the sorbent and solids entrainment from the fluidized bed. Mechanisms and key controlling parameters are identified, and an integral model based on rate of attrition and mass balance is developed for predicting steady state mass flows and particle size distributions of the system. A process flow scheme is finally presented for conducting desulfurization tests in the second stage of the study.
文摘Different two-equation k-ε models were used to simulate the gas flow field generated by a new type of circulating fluidized bed reactor with venturi gas distributor. The numerical results were compared with the experimental data. It has been shown that the simulation results from the standard k-ε model have the best match with the experimental data. Based on this model, the gas flow field in the venturi diffuser and riser was analyzed by the concept of velocity nonuniformity and dead zone percentage. Both the nonuniformity of gas velocity and the dead zone percentage reach the maximum at the venturi outlet due to the effect of the vortex. At the same time, it provides a good platform for the further optimization of the inlet configuration of circulating fluidized bed reactor.
基金The project supported by the National Meg-Science Engineering Project of the Chinese Government
文摘This paper analyzes the circulating current which is produced by HT-7Usuperconducting toroidal power supply-two sets of two-reverse-star converter with aninterphase-reactor in parallel running on the basis of the output voltage mathematical equation ofthree-phase semi-wave converter circuit. A new idea of omitting interphase-reactor between twoconverters is proposed, and the parameter design of interphase-reactor of HT-7 toroidal power supplyis presented. Simulated results demonstrate the validity of this new project.
文摘This research focuses on modeling a multi-zone circulating reactor(MZCR)in the polypropylene production process.In these reactors,designed for polyolefin production,small catalyst particles(20–300μm)initiate polymerization in the presence of monomer gas.The reactor consists of two main regions:the riser and the downer.The riser operates in the fast fluidization and the downer is in the moving bed regime.Employing the two-fluid model with the Eulerian-Eulerian approach,the dynamics of both solid and gas phases were modeled by applying Newton's laws of motion and assuming spherical particles.The population balance of particles within the reactor was also coupled with the equations of motion.The simultaneous solution of these equations provides valuable insights into particle and fluid behavior,revealing trends such as the growth of polymer particles.Furthermore,the impact of various operating conditions was explored.This study also examined the effects of design parameters(gas inlet velocity,average inlet diameter,and temperature)on the system performance.For instance,it was shown that in the case where the solid circulation flux is 30 kg/(m^(2) s)the velocity of particles in the bed increases from 0.4 at the inlet to 1.1 m/s in the fully developed zone,when it is 43 kg/(m^(2) s)the velocity of particles increases from 0.3 to 1.4 m/s,and when it is 55 kg/(m^(2) s),it is increased from 0.22 to 1.5 m/s.Additionally,trends in particle size distribution based on temperature adjustments were revealed.This study showed that higher temperatures accelerate the polymerization reaction rate,promoting faster growth kinetics and the formation of larger particles.
基金Supported by Liaoning Provincial Natural Science Foundation(No.972050).
文摘A multi-tube air-lift loop reactor (MT-ALR) is presented in this paper. Based on the energy conservation, a mathematical model describing the liquid circulation flow rate was developed, which was determined by gas velocity, the cross areas of riser and downcomer, gas hold-up and the local frictional loss coefficient. The experimental data indicate that either increase of gas flow rate or reduction of the downcomer diameter contributes to higher liquid circulation rate. The correlation between total and the local frictional loss coefficients was also established.Effects of gas flowrate in two risers and diameter of downcomer on the liquid circulation rate were examined. The value of total frictional loss coefficient was measured as a function of the cross area of downcomer and independent of the gas flow rate. The calculated results of liquid circulation rates agreed well with the experimental data with an average relative error of 9.6%.
文摘Owing to the inherent instability of the natural circulation system,flow instability can easily occur during the operation of a natural circulation lead-cooled fast reactor,especially during the startup phase.A comprehensive startup scheme for SNCLFR-100,including primary and secondary circuits,is proposed in this paper.It references existing more mature startup schemes in various reactor types.It additionally considers the restriction conditions on the power increase in other schemes and the characteristics of lead-based coolant.On this basis,the multi-scale coupling code ATHLET-OpenFOAM was used to study the flow instability in the startup phase under different power-step amplitudes and power duration times.The results showed that obvious flow instability phenomena were found in the different startup schemes,such as the short-term backflow phenomenon of the core at the initial time of the startup.Moreover,an obvious increase in the flow rate and temperature to the peak value at the later stage of a continuous power rise was observed,as well as continuous oscillations before reaching a steady state.It was determined that the scheme with smaller power-step amplitude and a longer power duration time requires more time to start the reactor.Nevertheless,it will be more conducive to the safe and stable startup of the reactor.
文摘The start-up of external circulationadded internal circulation(IC) reactor was finished in 26 d, 32 d fewer than that of IC reactor. To evaluate the influence of the added external circulation on the development of granular sludge, the characteristics of the granular sludge taken from the two tested laboratory-scale reactors during start-up were studied. The results show that the added external circulation can enhance biomass granulation, accelerate granule development and improve sludge characteristics. At the end of start-up, the granular size of sludge in external circulation-added IC reactor greatly increases with a size distribution much better than that of sludge in IC reactor. The granular sludge originated from external circulationadded IC reactor contains more extracellular polymers and has a greater settling velocity than that from IC reactor. Methanogenic activity of the granular sludge from the external circulationadded IC reactor started 26 d ago reaches 358.23mL·g -1 ·d -1 , 1.66 and 1.20 times as great as that of the sludge from the IC reactor started 26 d and 58 d ago respectively.
基金Sponsored by the National High Technology Research Development Plan of China (Grant No.2007AA06A411)
文摘In order to guide the inoculums selection for the anaerobic treatment of methanol wastewater in the engineering application,two 7 L bench-scale external circulation (EC) anaerobic reactors were operated to investigate the inoculums of anaerobic granular sludge and anaerobic digested sludge,focusing on the efficiency and process stability.The effect of impact concentration and temperature on the performance was studied.The results demonstrated that anaerobic granular sludge as the inoculums could complete the start-up more rapidly than the anaerobic digested sludge,and above 90% COD removal were achieved at the organic loading rate of 10 to 15 kgCOD/(m3·d).The effect of impact COD on the methanogenic activity of sludge was weak and the removal efficiencies recovered gradually in the two reactors.The COD removal efficiencies reduced swiftly to 50%-60% due to the impact temperature.The results indicated that the complex bacterial groups in anaerobic digested sludge benefited to enhance the reactor's capacity for withstanding the temperature shock at some extent.
文摘This article presents a theoretical investigation on the steady-state natural circulation characteristics of a new type of pressurized water reactor. Through numerically solving the one-dimensional steady-state single-phase conservative equations for the primary circuit and the steady-state two-phase drift-flux conservative equations for the secondary side of the steam generator, the natural circulation characteristics were studied. On the basis of the pre- liminary calculation analysis, it was found that natural circulation mass flow rate was proportional to the exponential function of the power and that the value of the exponent is related to the operating conditions of the secondary side of the steam generator. The higher the outlet pressure of the secondary side of the steam generator, the higher the pri- mary natural circulation mass flow rate. The larger height difference between the core center and the steam generator center is favorable for the heat removal capacity of the natural circulation.
