The concluding observations are comments and recommendations made by the treaty bodies to the country after reviewing the reports of specific State Parties with a view to monitoring the State Parties’compliance.altho...The concluding observations are comments and recommendations made by the treaty bodies to the country after reviewing the reports of specific State Parties with a view to monitoring the State Parties’compliance.although these opinions are not legally binding,they do have a certain authority.When deciding whether to endorse this authority and accept the recommendations,the State party will focus on the legality of the concluding observations.The legality of the concluding observations is influenced by three factors,the first one is the formal relevance between the recommendations and the relevant treaty provisions;the second one is the substantive relevance between them;the third is the extent to which the treaty interpretation rules are followed.For the concluding observations of treaty bodies against china,we should treat them separately.The feasible recommendations that are most closely related to treaty obligations should be adopted as far as possible.appropriate consideration should be given to general policy recommendations,and recommendations that are completely unrelated to treaty obligations can be ignored.展开更多
In 1984,the United Nations adopted the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel,Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment(CAT).It is the first specialized international convention,which provides the prevention an...In 1984,the United Nations adopted the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel,Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment(CAT).It is the first specialized international convention,which provides the prevention and punishment of torture and other inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.China ratified the convention in 1988,and submitted six Sate Party reports.This article introduces how the Chinese government fulfills the obligations under the provisions according to our State Party reports,and,in concluding observations,observes the historical background,the basic framework and the main content of the convention.Meanwhile,it researches the further steps which the government of China might take for the better implementation.展开更多
The UN Human Rights Treaty Bodies have repeatedly raised concerns about the Chinese government’s fulfillment of its obligations to safeguard the right to work of ethnic minorities, including the insufficiency of mate...The UN Human Rights Treaty Bodies have repeatedly raised concerns about the Chinese government’s fulfillment of its obligations to safeguard the right to work of ethnic minorities, including the insufficiency of materials, the asymmetry of employment conditions between migrating Han and other ethnic groups, as well as so-called pervasive discrimination against non-Han ethnic workers. The UN Human Rights Treaty Bodies raised these concerns based on various facts and the rationality of their suggestions differ. China has replied accordingly. China should continue to reply based on the facts, and it should accept those suggestions that are reasonable and on facts.When addressing suggestions that are not based on facts, we should identify the nature of the problems and eliminate misunderstanding by clarifying the facts and encouraging friendly dialogue.展开更多
The abvent of the ASOG and UNIFAC group-contribution methods for the prediction of activity coefficients approximately 15 years ago was a significant boost to the ability of chemical engineers to model chemical proces...The abvent of the ASOG and UNIFAC group-contribution methods for the prediction of activity coefficients approximately 15 years ago was a significant boost to the ability of chemical engineers to model chemical processes. This paper reviews the status and recent progress in the group-contribution approach to predicting liquid-phase activity coefficients.Several different types of liquid mixtures arc considered: non electrolyte mixtures with normal-boiling components; mixtures with dissolved gases; mixtures with polymers; and mixtures including strong electrolytes. It is concluded that in recent years much progress has been made in the development of group-contribution models for the prediction of activity coefficients. It is in addition shown that combining activity coefficient models with equations of state renders the group-contribution approach applicable also to the highpressure region.Due to space limitation, this review emphasizes UNIFAC and related models.展开更多
miR-146 a is an immunoregulatory micro RNA closely associated with viral infection. This study investigated the expression changes of mi R-146 a in peripheral blood monocytes of HCV-infected patients and the mechanism...miR-146 a is an immunoregulatory micro RNA closely associated with viral infection. This study investigated the expression changes of mi R-146 a in peripheral blood monocytes of HCV-infected patients and the mechanism by which the THP-1 cells were stimulated with HCV core protein in vitro. It was found that in the peripheral blood monocytes of HCV-infected patients, mi R-146 a expression was upregulated. After treated by interferon/ribavirin, mi R-146 a expression was decreased when HCV RNA became undetectable. HCV core could directly stimulate THP-1 cells to produce mi R-146 a. Silencing TLR2 and My D88 could significantly inhibit the expression of mi R-146 a. It was concluded that the expression of mi R-146 a in peripheral blood monocytes of HCV-infected patients was abnormally increased. The TLR2-My D88 signaling pathway may take part in the overexpression of mi R-146 a in monocytes stimulated with HCV core protein.展开更多
Condylar hyperplasia（CH） of human temporomandibular joint（TMJ） often occurs unilaterally, and causes occlusal disturbance and facial asymmetry. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of high condylec...Condylar hyperplasia（CH） of human temporomandibular joint（TMJ） often occurs unilaterally, and causes occlusal disturbance and facial asymmetry. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of high condylectomy with and without postsurgical orthodontic treatment. Forty patients were diagnosed as having active CH and treated with high condylectomy. Patients in group A（n=24） took the postsurgical orthodontic therapy immediately after surgery, and those in group B（n=16） did not take orthodontic therapy. For both groups, the mandibular ramus height on the affected side was decreased significantly after surgery. Orthodontic treatment promoted maxillary alveolar remodeling significantly by depressing alveolar bone of the affected side and increasing alveolar bone of the nonaffected side. Better improvement for facial midline deviations was observed in group A than in group B. In both groups, the condylar remodeling was observed and manifested by the smoothening of condylar surface and returning of condyle to normal position in glenoid fossa. It was concluded that high condylectomy in the treatment of active CH of TMJ improved the functional occlusion and facial aesthetic. Postsurgical orthodontic therapy could more effectively enhance maxillary alveolar and condylar remodeling, and more rapidly and meticulously establish the stable occlusal and normal position of condyle than the spontaneous remodeling.展开更多
Soil aggregate stability and organic carbon（OC） are regarded as effective indicators of soil structure and quality. A longterm field experiment was established in 2006 to examine the influence of tillage systems on ...Soil aggregate stability and organic carbon（OC） are regarded as effective indicators of soil structure and quality. A longterm field experiment was established in 2006 to examine the influence of tillage systems on soil aggregation and OC in a sandy loam soil in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain of China. The study involved eight treatments： plowing every year with（TS） and without residue（T）, plowing every 2 years with（2TS） and without residue（2T）, plowing every 4 years with（4TS） and without residue（4T）, and no plowing with（NTS） and without residue（NT）. In 2013, soil samples were collected at depths of 0–5, 5–10 and 10–20 cm, and separated into three aggregate-size classes： macroaggregates（〉250 μm）, microaggregates（53–250 μm） and the silt＋clay fraction（〈53 μm） using wet sieving method. Soil parameters measured were water-stable aggregates, geometric mean diameter（GMD）, mean weight diameter（MWD） and OC concentrations in different aggregate-size fractions and in bulk soil. The tillage treatments significantly（P〈0.05） influenced soil aggregate stability and OC distribution. Higher MWD and GMD were observed in 2TS, 4TS and NTS as compared to T. With increasing soil depth, the amount of macroaggregates and MWD and GMD values were increased, while the proportions of microaggregates and the silt＋clay fraction were declined. The OC concentrations in different aggregate fractions at all soil depths followed the order of macroaggregates〉microaggregates〉silt＋clay fraction. In the 0–5 cm soil layer, concentrations of macroaggregateassociated OC in 2TS, 4TS and NTS were 14, 56 and 83% higher than for T, whereas T had the greatest concentration of OC associated with the silt＋clay fraction in the 10–20 cm layer. Soil OC concentrations under 4TS and NTS were significantly higher（P〈0.05） than that of T in the 0–10 cm layer. Residue retention promoted formation of macroaggregates, increased macroaggregate-associated OC concentrations and thus increased total soil OC stock. The macroaggregate-associated OC was positively correlated（R^2=0.96） with soil OC concentration, while the silt＋clay fraction-associated OC was negatively correlated（R^2=0.82） with soil OC concentration. The concentration of soil OC was positively correlated with MWD（R^2=0.94） and GMD（R^2=0.92）. We concluded that increasing tillage intensity led to a loss of carbon（C）-rich macroaggregates and an increase of C-depleted silt＋clay fraction. The conservation tillage system, especially NTS and 4TS, increased soil aggregate stability and promoted OC accumulation in macroaggregates, provided the potential to improve soil C sequestration and soil structure in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain of China.展开更多
Naval Vessels Combat System is a kind of complex system.The modeling of combat system has become hot issues in the past years.This paper proposed a new method to establish models of combat system based on the theory o...Naval Vessels Combat System is a kind of complex system.The modeling of combat system has become hot issues in the past years.This paper proposed a new method to establish models of combat system based on the theory of Complex Network.The method of modeling considered the operational entities as nodes.It considered flow of information,substance and energy as edges in a network.The research also carries on a simulation to prove the applicability.Ultimately,the paper concluded that this method is applicable and accurate.展开更多
Spermatogonia! stem cells（SSCs） form the foundation for spermatogenesis and sustain male fertility.To explore the regulatory mechanisms of chicken SSCs generation,we obtained highly purified chicken embryonic stem c...Spermatogonia! stem cells（SSCs） form the foundation for spermatogenesis and sustain male fertility.To explore the regulatory mechanisms of chicken SSCs generation,we obtained highly purified chicken embryonic stem cells（ESCs）,primordial germ cells（PGCs） and SSCs by fluorescence-activated cell sorting（FACS）.High-throughput analysis methods（RNA-Seq） were used to sequence the transcriptome level of these cells.Gene ontology and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes（KEGG） pathway enrichment were used to analyze RNA-Seq results.BMP4 was used to induce chicken ESCs differentiation to SSCs-like cells in vitro.The quantitative real-time（qRT）-PCR was used to detect the expression changes of the key genes.The results showed that 22 relevant critical pathways were found by RNA-Seq,one of them was the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription（JAK/STAT） signaling pathway.Total of 103 related genes were detected in this pathway.Protein-protein interactions analysis found that 87 proteins were significantly related to 19 key proteins in this pathway.These 87 proteins were enriched in 21 biological processes and 18 signaling pathways.Moreover,during the differentiation of chicken ESCs to SSCs-like cells induced by BMP4 in vitro,JAK2 and STAT3 were activated.The qRT-PCR results showed that the expression trends of JAK2 and STAT3 were basically the same as in vivo.We concluded that JAK/STAT signaling pathway plays an important role in the process of chicken SSCs generation both in vivo and in vitro;it may achieve its function through multiple biological processes and other related pathways.展开更多
Field experiments were conducted under artificial rainfalls to investigate the processes of soil failures on slope.It is found that the failures were temporally discontinuous and spatially discrete,with a wide range o...Field experiments were conducted under artificial rainfalls to investigate the processes of soil failures on slope.It is found that the failures were temporally discontinuous and spatially discrete,with a wide range of magnitudes,accompanied by variations of soil moisture and pore-water pressure.Specifically,the experiments indicate that soil failures are more likely to occur on slope with high content of fine particles;the pore-pressure varies in response to soil failures in that the failures evidently affect the pore of the underlying soil.Migration of fine particles from upper to lower part of the slope also impacts the pore-water pressure variations in the slope profile.It is concluded that soil heterogeneity has a significant effect on variation in pore-water pressure,and fine particles transportation influences the building of pore-water pressure,as well as the mass depth,initial porosity,which is key to understanding the spatial characteristics of slope failures.展开更多
No data were available on the acute oral toxicity, short-term oral toxicity of vegetable carbon in animals. This study was designed to evaluate the safety of two commercially available dietary bamboo charcoal powders...No data were available on the acute oral toxicity, short-term oral toxicity of vegetable carbon in animals. This study was designed to evaluate the safety of two commercially available dietary bamboo charcoal powders（BCP1 and BCP2）. The size distribution of the two powders was determined by a Mastersizer 2000 laser particle size analyzer prior to the in vivo safety studies. For the acute toxicity study, a single dose of 11.24 g/kg body weight of BCP1 and BCP2 was given once orally to healthy Sprague-Dawley（SD） rats. Mortality and clinical symptoms were observed and recorded for the first 30 min after treatment, at 4 h post-administration, and then at least once daily for 14 days after administration. In the repeated dose 28-day oral toxicity study, BCP1 and BCP2 were administered orally at doses of 2.81, 5.62, and 11.24 g/kg body weight for 28 days to SD rats. Animals were sacrificed and organs and blood samples were analyzed. Results showed that both BCP1 and BCP2 were micro-sized and various in size. In the acute toxicity and the repeated dose 28-day oral toxicity studies, BCP caused neither mortality nor visible signs of toxicity in rats. No significant differences were found in the relative organ weights or in biochemical parameters in BCP treated groups compared to a control group. No treatment-related histological changes were observed in the organs of these animals. Based on these data, it is concluded that the median lethal dose（LD50） of BCP for both male and female rats is more than 11. 24 g/kg body weight and the no-observed-adverse-effect level（NOAEL） is 〉11.24 g/kg body weight for 28 days.展开更多
This article gives a computing method to calculate the geostrophic current. The fact that kinetic energy of geostrophic motion and geostrophic potential energy reach minimum simultaneously, Fomin’s "principle of...This article gives a computing method to calculate the geostrophic current. The fact that kinetic energy of geostrophic motion and geostrophic potential energy reach minimum simultaneously, Fomin’s "principle of minimum kinetic energy" is equivalent to the principle of minimum geostrophic potential energy . We concluded that horizontal geostrophic velocities at different depths are along the same direction . Combining our method with C. Wunsch’s inverse method we can obtain the velocity components along and normal to the hydrographic sections . We used and analysed CTD and current meter data of " Experiment No . 3 " exploration, December 1985-January 1986, in the west Pacific Ocean - Philippine area.展开更多
To the editor,The report on Toxocara infection in gardener is very interesting[1].Esquivel et al.concluded that"gardeners do not have a higher risk for Toxocara infection than subjects of the general population i...To the editor,The report on Toxocara infection in gardener is very interesting[1].Esquivel et al.concluded that"gardeners do not have a higher risk for Toxocara infection than subjects of the general population in Durango City,Mexico"[1].In fact,considering the source of infection of Toxocara,it can be at risk for anyone who contacts it.As an occupation,gardener might have a chance to contact soil.In fact,everyone has to contact soil and the gardener does not live all day but part of展开更多
The present article reports the mutagenicity andteratogenicity studies of the β-carboxyethylger-manium sesquioxide(Ge-132).Mutagenicity of Ge-132was investigated in abattery of short-term test.The test systems employ...The present article reports the mutagenicity andteratogenicity studies of the β-carboxyethylger-manium sesquioxide(Ge-132).Mutagenicity of Ge-132was investigated in abattery of short-term test.The test systems employed were:(1) Ames展开更多
Preliminary investigations showed that do-ves were beatiful object on screening forpollution of the enviroment with mutagensfactors 1) it is a constant inhabitant oftowns,feeding with "human table wastes";
The methods used by light and electronic my-croscopy made possible to conclude that inthe erythrocytes of the human blood and inanimals the micronuclei were connected withthe cell membrane and localized mainly
There is now direct evidence that somatic mutationoccurring in and around genes coding for the V-regions of the Ig-molecules contributes to thegeneration of antibody diversity,and also poten-tially to the generation o...There is now direct evidence that somatic mutationoccurring in and around genes coding for the V-regions of the Ig-molecules contributes to thegeneration of antibody diversity,and also poten-tially to the generation of autoreactivity.There-fore,a strict control of this process has to bepostulated,but so far,the mechanisms of somatichypermutation and its regulation are unknown.展开更多
Non-aligned nations began the 10th summit on September 1 in Jakarta to adapt their movement to the post-Cold War era and lift themselves out of the poverty. Indonesian President Suharto opened the summit. Delegates fr...Non-aligned nations began the 10th summit on September 1 in Jakarta to adapt their movement to the post-Cold War era and lift themselves out of the poverty. Indonesian President Suharto opened the summit. Delegates from its 108 members attended the meeting. The summit concluded on September 6 proposed a new approach designed to promote South-South co-operation. The proposal was contained in the final document.展开更多
The research result of benzoylmetronidazoleteratogenicity and embyrotoxicity effects wereevaluated in mice.Benzoylmetronidazole wereadministered orally at 0.5,1.0,2.0,4.
ⅠEarly this year,the US President Bill Clinton made his first visit to Europesince his inauguration as President.He attended the Nato summit held inBrussels,met with heads of state of the Czech Republic,the Slovak Re...ⅠEarly this year,the US President Bill Clinton made his first visit to Europesince his inauguration as President.He attended the Nato summit held inBrussels,met with heads of state of the Czech Republic,the Slovak Re-public,Poland and Hungary in Prague,and concluded his trip with visits to Russi-a,Ukraine and Byelorussia.During his European tour,he put forward a newstrategy for European security,which consists of the following four basic points:1.To reaffirm that Europe remains the“core”of US security and“central”to US interests(President Clinton).During his European trip,President Clinton made this reaffirmation time andagain.Admittedly,part of the reason for this is to pacify the European allies,making them feel assured.But it is also true that it reflected his real thinking.展开更多
文摘The concluding observations are comments and recommendations made by the treaty bodies to the country after reviewing the reports of specific State Parties with a view to monitoring the State Parties’compliance.although these opinions are not legally binding,they do have a certain authority.When deciding whether to endorse this authority and accept the recommendations,the State party will focus on the legality of the concluding observations.The legality of the concluding observations is influenced by three factors,the first one is the formal relevance between the recommendations and the relevant treaty provisions;the second one is the substantive relevance between them;the third is the extent to which the treaty interpretation rules are followed.For the concluding observations of treaty bodies against china,we should treat them separately.The feasible recommendations that are most closely related to treaty obligations should be adopted as far as possible.appropriate consideration should be given to general policy recommendations,and recommendations that are completely unrelated to treaty obligations can be ignored.
文摘In 1984,the United Nations adopted the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel,Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment(CAT).It is the first specialized international convention,which provides the prevention and punishment of torture and other inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.China ratified the convention in 1988,and submitted six Sate Party reports.This article introduces how the Chinese government fulfills the obligations under the provisions according to our State Party reports,and,in concluding observations,observes the historical background,the basic framework and the main content of the convention.Meanwhile,it researches the further steps which the government of China might take for the better implementation.
文摘The UN Human Rights Treaty Bodies have repeatedly raised concerns about the Chinese government’s fulfillment of its obligations to safeguard the right to work of ethnic minorities, including the insufficiency of materials, the asymmetry of employment conditions between migrating Han and other ethnic groups, as well as so-called pervasive discrimination against non-Han ethnic workers. The UN Human Rights Treaty Bodies raised these concerns based on various facts and the rationality of their suggestions differ. China has replied accordingly. China should continue to reply based on the facts, and it should accept those suggestions that are reasonable and on facts.When addressing suggestions that are not based on facts, we should identify the nature of the problems and eliminate misunderstanding by clarifying the facts and encouraging friendly dialogue.
文摘The abvent of the ASOG and UNIFAC group-contribution methods for the prediction of activity coefficients approximately 15 years ago was a significant boost to the ability of chemical engineers to model chemical processes. This paper reviews the status and recent progress in the group-contribution approach to predicting liquid-phase activity coefficients.Several different types of liquid mixtures arc considered: non electrolyte mixtures with normal-boiling components; mixtures with dissolved gases; mixtures with polymers; and mixtures including strong electrolytes. It is concluded that in recent years much progress has been made in the development of group-contribution models for the prediction of activity coefficients. It is in addition shown that combining activity coefficient models with equations of state renders the group-contribution approach applicable also to the highpressure region.Due to space limitation, this review emphasizes UNIFAC and related models.
基金supported by National Natural Sciences Foundation of China(No.81202321)
文摘miR-146 a is an immunoregulatory micro RNA closely associated with viral infection. This study investigated the expression changes of mi R-146 a in peripheral blood monocytes of HCV-infected patients and the mechanism by which the THP-1 cells were stimulated with HCV core protein in vitro. It was found that in the peripheral blood monocytes of HCV-infected patients, mi R-146 a expression was upregulated. After treated by interferon/ribavirin, mi R-146 a expression was decreased when HCV RNA became undetectable. HCV core could directly stimulate THP-1 cells to produce mi R-146 a. Silencing TLR2 and My D88 could significantly inhibit the expression of mi R-146 a. It was concluded that the expression of mi R-146 a in peripheral blood monocytes of HCV-infected patients was abnormally increased. The TLR2-My D88 signaling pathway may take part in the overexpression of mi R-146 a in monocytes stimulated with HCV core protein.
文摘Condylar hyperplasia（CH） of human temporomandibular joint（TMJ） often occurs unilaterally, and causes occlusal disturbance and facial asymmetry. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of high condylectomy with and without postsurgical orthodontic treatment. Forty patients were diagnosed as having active CH and treated with high condylectomy. Patients in group A（n=24） took the postsurgical orthodontic therapy immediately after surgery, and those in group B（n=16） did not take orthodontic therapy. For both groups, the mandibular ramus height on the affected side was decreased significantly after surgery. Orthodontic treatment promoted maxillary alveolar remodeling significantly by depressing alveolar bone of the affected side and increasing alveolar bone of the nonaffected side. Better improvement for facial midline deviations was observed in group A than in group B. In both groups, the condylar remodeling was observed and manifested by the smoothening of condylar surface and returning of condyle to normal position in glenoid fossa. It was concluded that high condylectomy in the treatment of active CH of TMJ improved the functional occlusion and facial aesthetic. Postsurgical orthodontic therapy could more effectively enhance maxillary alveolar and condylar remodeling, and more rapidly and meticulously establish the stable occlusal and normal position of condyle than the spontaneous remodeling.
基金financially supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(2011CB100504)the Special Fund for Agro-Scientific Research in the Public Interest,China(201203030-06)the Key Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CXJQ120112)
文摘Soil aggregate stability and organic carbon（OC） are regarded as effective indicators of soil structure and quality. A longterm field experiment was established in 2006 to examine the influence of tillage systems on soil aggregation and OC in a sandy loam soil in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain of China. The study involved eight treatments： plowing every year with（TS） and without residue（T）, plowing every 2 years with（2TS） and without residue（2T）, plowing every 4 years with（4TS） and without residue（4T）, and no plowing with（NTS） and without residue（NT）. In 2013, soil samples were collected at depths of 0–5, 5–10 and 10–20 cm, and separated into three aggregate-size classes： macroaggregates（〉250 μm）, microaggregates（53–250 μm） and the silt＋clay fraction（〈53 μm） using wet sieving method. Soil parameters measured were water-stable aggregates, geometric mean diameter（GMD）, mean weight diameter（MWD） and OC concentrations in different aggregate-size fractions and in bulk soil. The tillage treatments significantly（P〈0.05） influenced soil aggregate stability and OC distribution. Higher MWD and GMD were observed in 2TS, 4TS and NTS as compared to T. With increasing soil depth, the amount of macroaggregates and MWD and GMD values were increased, while the proportions of microaggregates and the silt＋clay fraction were declined. The OC concentrations in different aggregate fractions at all soil depths followed the order of macroaggregates〉microaggregates〉silt＋clay fraction. In the 0–5 cm soil layer, concentrations of macroaggregateassociated OC in 2TS, 4TS and NTS were 14, 56 and 83% higher than for T, whereas T had the greatest concentration of OC associated with the silt＋clay fraction in the 10–20 cm layer. Soil OC concentrations under 4TS and NTS were significantly higher（P〈0.05） than that of T in the 0–10 cm layer. Residue retention promoted formation of macroaggregates, increased macroaggregate-associated OC concentrations and thus increased total soil OC stock. The macroaggregate-associated OC was positively correlated（R^2=0.96） with soil OC concentration, while the silt＋clay fraction-associated OC was negatively correlated（R^2=0.82） with soil OC concentration. The concentration of soil OC was positively correlated with MWD（R^2=0.94） and GMD（R^2=0.92）. We concluded that increasing tillage intensity led to a loss of carbon（C）-rich macroaggregates and an increase of C-depleted silt＋clay fraction. The conservation tillage system, especially NTS and 4TS, increased soil aggregate stability and promoted OC accumulation in macroaggregates, provided the potential to improve soil C sequestration and soil structure in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain of China.
基金supported by Science Foundation of Dalian Naval Academy
文摘Naval Vessels Combat System is a kind of complex system.The modeling of combat system has become hot issues in the past years.This paper proposed a new method to establish models of combat system based on the theory of Complex Network.The method of modeling considered the operational entities as nodes.It considered flow of information,substance and energy as edges in a network.The research also carries on a simulation to prove the applicability.Ultimately,the paper concluded that this method is applicable and accurate.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31272429,31472087)the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education,China(20123250120009)+2 种基金the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation Funded Project(2012M511326,2014T70550)the Research and Innovation Program for Graduate Cultivation of Jiangsu Province,China(CXZZ13_0909)the project funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions,China
文摘Spermatogonia! stem cells（SSCs） form the foundation for spermatogenesis and sustain male fertility.To explore the regulatory mechanisms of chicken SSCs generation,we obtained highly purified chicken embryonic stem cells（ESCs）,primordial germ cells（PGCs） and SSCs by fluorescence-activated cell sorting（FACS）.High-throughput analysis methods（RNA-Seq） were used to sequence the transcriptome level of these cells.Gene ontology and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes（KEGG） pathway enrichment were used to analyze RNA-Seq results.BMP4 was used to induce chicken ESCs differentiation to SSCs-like cells in vitro.The quantitative real-time（qRT）-PCR was used to detect the expression changes of the key genes.The results showed that 22 relevant critical pathways were found by RNA-Seq,one of them was the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription（JAK/STAT） signaling pathway.Total of 103 related genes were detected in this pathway.Protein-protein interactions analysis found that 87 proteins were significantly related to 19 key proteins in this pathway.These 87 proteins were enriched in 21 biological processes and 18 signaling pathways.Moreover,during the differentiation of chicken ESCs to SSCs-like cells induced by BMP4 in vitro,JAK2 and STAT3 were activated.The qRT-PCR results showed that the expression trends of JAK2 and STAT3 were basically the same as in vivo.We concluded that JAK/STAT signaling pathway plays an important role in the process of chicken SSCs generation both in vivo and in vitro;it may achieve its function through multiple biological processes and other related pathways.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.41301008 and 41471011)supported by the Key Laboratory of Mountain Hazards and Earth Surface Processes and,CAS,and China Meteorological Administration(2014-6)
文摘Field experiments were conducted under artificial rainfalls to investigate the processes of soil failures on slope.It is found that the failures were temporally discontinuous and spatially discrete,with a wide range of magnitudes,accompanied by variations of soil moisture and pore-water pressure.Specifically,the experiments indicate that soil failures are more likely to occur on slope with high content of fine particles;the pore-pressure varies in response to soil failures in that the failures evidently affect the pore of the underlying soil.Migration of fine particles from upper to lower part of the slope also impacts the pore-water pressure variations in the slope profile.It is concluded that soil heterogeneity has a significant effect on variation in pore-water pressure,and fine particles transportation influences the building of pore-water pressure,as well as the mass depth,initial porosity,which is key to understanding the spatial characteristics of slope failures.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81030053)the Doctoral Foundation of the Chinese Ministry of Education(No.20120181110040)
文摘No data were available on the acute oral toxicity, short-term oral toxicity of vegetable carbon in animals. This study was designed to evaluate the safety of two commercially available dietary bamboo charcoal powders（BCP1 and BCP2）. The size distribution of the two powders was determined by a Mastersizer 2000 laser particle size analyzer prior to the in vivo safety studies. For the acute toxicity study, a single dose of 11.24 g/kg body weight of BCP1 and BCP2 was given once orally to healthy Sprague-Dawley（SD） rats. Mortality and clinical symptoms were observed and recorded for the first 30 min after treatment, at 4 h post-administration, and then at least once daily for 14 days after administration. In the repeated dose 28-day oral toxicity study, BCP1 and BCP2 were administered orally at doses of 2.81, 5.62, and 11.24 g/kg body weight for 28 days to SD rats. Animals were sacrificed and organs and blood samples were analyzed. Results showed that both BCP1 and BCP2 were micro-sized and various in size. In the acute toxicity and the repeated dose 28-day oral toxicity studies, BCP caused neither mortality nor visible signs of toxicity in rats. No significant differences were found in the relative organ weights or in biochemical parameters in BCP treated groups compared to a control group. No treatment-related histological changes were observed in the organs of these animals. Based on these data, it is concluded that the median lethal dose（LD50） of BCP for both male and female rats is more than 11. 24 g/kg body weight and the no-observed-adverse-effect level（NOAEL） is 〉11.24 g/kg body weight for 28 days.
文摘This article gives a computing method to calculate the geostrophic current. The fact that kinetic energy of geostrophic motion and geostrophic potential energy reach minimum simultaneously, Fomin’s "principle of minimum kinetic energy" is equivalent to the principle of minimum geostrophic potential energy . We concluded that horizontal geostrophic velocities at different depths are along the same direction . Combining our method with C. Wunsch’s inverse method we can obtain the velocity components along and normal to the hydrographic sections . We used and analysed CTD and current meter data of " Experiment No . 3 " exploration, December 1985-January 1986, in the west Pacific Ocean - Philippine area.
文摘To the editor,The report on Toxocara infection in gardener is very interesting[1].Esquivel et al.concluded that"gardeners do not have a higher risk for Toxocara infection than subjects of the general population in Durango City,Mexico"[1].In fact,considering the source of infection of Toxocara,it can be at risk for anyone who contacts it.As an occupation,gardener might have a chance to contact soil.In fact,everyone has to contact soil and the gardener does not live all day but part of
文摘The present article reports the mutagenicity andteratogenicity studies of the β-carboxyethylger-manium sesquioxide(Ge-132).Mutagenicity of Ge-132was investigated in abattery of short-term test.The test systems employed were:(1) Ames
文摘Preliminary investigations showed that do-ves were beatiful object on screening forpollution of the enviroment with mutagensfactors 1) it is a constant inhabitant oftowns,feeding with "human table wastes";
文摘The methods used by light and electronic my-croscopy made possible to conclude that inthe erythrocytes of the human blood and inanimals the micronuclei were connected withthe cell membrane and localized mainly
文摘There is now direct evidence that somatic mutationoccurring in and around genes coding for the V-regions of the Ig-molecules contributes to thegeneration of antibody diversity,and also poten-tially to the generation of autoreactivity.There-fore,a strict control of this process has to bepostulated,but so far,the mechanisms of somatichypermutation and its regulation are unknown.
文摘Non-aligned nations began the 10th summit on September 1 in Jakarta to adapt their movement to the post-Cold War era and lift themselves out of the poverty. Indonesian President Suharto opened the summit. Delegates from its 108 members attended the meeting. The summit concluded on September 6 proposed a new approach designed to promote South-South co-operation. The proposal was contained in the final document.
文摘The research result of benzoylmetronidazoleteratogenicity and embyrotoxicity effects wereevaluated in mice.Benzoylmetronidazole wereadministered orally at 0.5,1.0,2.0,4.
文摘ⅠEarly this year,the US President Bill Clinton made his first visit to Europesince his inauguration as President.He attended the Nato summit held inBrussels,met with heads of state of the Czech Republic,the Slovak Re-public,Poland and Hungary in Prague,and concluded his trip with visits to Russi-a,Ukraine and Byelorussia.During his European tour,he put forward a newstrategy for European security,which consists of the following four basic points:1.To reaffirm that Europe remains the“core”of US security and“central”to US interests(President Clinton).During his European trip,President Clinton made this reaffirmation time andagain.Admittedly,part of the reason for this is to pacify the European allies,making them feel assured.But it is also true that it reflected his real thinking.
