[Objective] The aim was to study the characteristics of urban air pollution on the basis of correspondence analysis.[Method] By using the correlated data from China Statistical Yearbook in 2010,a correspondence analys...[Objective] The aim was to study the characteristics of urban air pollution on the basis of correspondence analysis.[Method] By using the correlated data from China Statistical Yearbook in 2010,a correspondence analysis on the air pollution indicators(like respirable particles,SO2 and NO2) of six provincial capitals in central-south China was carried out by means of SPSS software,and the characteristics of air pollution in the cities of China during different industrialization stages were summarized further.[Result] In the cities during early industrialization(like Nanning City and Guiyang City) and mineral resource-based cities(like Taiyuan City),the air was mainly polluted by SO2;for the cities in the middle industrialization(such as Changsha City,Wuhan City,Zhengzhou City and Chengdu City),the air was polluted by respirable particles chiefly;in the cities in late industrialization(like Guangzhou City and Shenzhen City) or completing industrialization(like Shanghai City),the air was mainly polluted by NO2;for the cities in pre-industrial stage(like Haikou City and Lhasa City),the characteristic of air pollution wasn't obvious.[Conclusion] The study could provide references for the control of urban air pollution in China in the further.展开更多
In order to ensure food security, the selection of pesticide must take into account the controlling effect and economy in the chemical control of food crop diseases and pests. Although China has registered a large num...In order to ensure food security, the selection of pesticide must take into account the controlling effect and economy in the chemical control of food crop diseases and pests. Although China has registered a large number of pesticides and fungicides on food crops, traditional statistical methods cannot treat the complex relationships between crops, pests and diseases, as well as pesticides. To this end, the correspondence analysis was used to mine the data of pesticides being registered after January 1, 2010 for the prevention and control of pests and diseases on wheat, corn, and rice in China, in order to reveal the general rules of pesticide use for the prevention and control of grain crop pests and diseases and to provide scientifically recommended pesticide regimens.(1) Recommended pesticides for wheat diseases and pests: For underground pest control, phoxim, diazinon or clothianidin is recommended;imidacloprid is recommended for aphid control;avermectin is recommended for mite control;chlorpyrifos is recommended for midge control;the pesticides for rust control could be selected according to the order of epoxiconazole>flutriafol>kresoxim-methyl>cyproconazole≈hexaconazole;tebuconazole is recommended for the prevention and control of smut;difenoconazole is recommended for the simultaneous occurrence of take-all, smut and sheath blight;it is recommended to use carbendazim or thiophanate-methyl for the control of scab;and triazolone or pyraclostrobin is recommended for the control of powdery mildew.(2) Recommended pesticides for corn diseases and pests: For the control of underground pests, fipronil, carbosulfan or chlorpyrifos are recommended;thiamethoxam is recommended for control of planthoppers and corn aphids;Bacillus thuringiensis or phoxim is recommended for control of corn borers;pyraclostrobin is recommended for the control of northern leaf blight;tebuconazole is recommended for the control of head smut;and fludioxonil+metalaxyl-M is recommended for the control of corn stalk rot.(3) Recommended pesticides for rice diseases and pests: It is recommended to use triazophos, avermectin analogs or methoxyfenozide for the control of borers;for rice planthoppers, the pesticides could be selected in order of pymetrozine>imidacloprid>thiamethoxam>thiazide>nitenpyram;avermectin analogs are recommended for the control of rice leaf rollers;tebuconazole is recommended for the control of rice false smut;prochloraz and its manganese salts are recommended for the control of bakanae disease;hymexazol is recommended for the control of wilt disease;thifluzamide or hexaconazole is recommended for the control of sheath blight;and the pesticides for the control of rice blast are in order of tricyclazole>kasugamycin>fenoxanil>isoprothiolane>Bacillus subtilis. In addition, potential applications of correspondence analysis in other fields of plant protection are discussed.展开更多
BACKGROUND Grouping eating disorders(ED)patients into subtypes could help improve the establishment of more effective diagnostic and treatment strategies.AIM To identify clinically meaningful subgroups among subjects ...BACKGROUND Grouping eating disorders(ED)patients into subtypes could help improve the establishment of more effective diagnostic and treatment strategies.AIM To identify clinically meaningful subgroups among subjects with ED using multiple correspondence analysis(MCA).METHODS A prospective cohort study was conducted of all outpatients diagnosed for an ED at an Eating Disorders Outpatient Clinic to characterize groups of patients with ED into subtypes according to sociodemographic and psychosocial impairment data,and to validate the results using several illustrative variables.In all,176(72.13%)patients completed five questionnaires(clinical impairment assessment,eating attitudes test-12,ED-short form health-related quality of life,metacognitions questionnaire,Penn State Worry Questionnaire)and sociodemographic data.ED patient groups were defined using MCA and cluster analysis.Results were validated using key outcomes of subtypes of ED.RESULTS Four ED subgroups were identified based on the sociodemographic and psychosocial impairment data.CONCLUSION ED patients were differentiated into well-defined outcome groups according to specific clusters of compensating behaviours.展开更多
To understand the status of phytoplankton community of the Genhe River in the summer of 2015,we investigated the phytoplankton in Genhe River. We identified 5 phyla and 36 species,among which Bacillariophyta(23) were ...To understand the status of phytoplankton community of the Genhe River in the summer of 2015,we investigated the phytoplankton in Genhe River. We identified 5 phyla and 36 species,among which Bacillariophyta(23) were the most,followed by Chlorophyta(10),Cyanophyta(1),Chrysophyta(1),Pyrrophyta(1). The phytoplankton abundance was(15. 6-810) × 104 ind·L^(-1); the biomass was(0. 07-2. 876) mg·L-1; Shannon-wiener index was 1. 05-3. 24; Pielou evenness index was 0. 27-0. 96. Using Shannon-wiener index and Pielou index,the water quality of Genhe River was assessed,and the results showed that the water quality was the best at 5# sampling point,the water quality was good in 3#,4#,7#,8#,9# sampling points,and there was a state of pollution at other sampling points. Canonical correspondence analysis and Pearson correlation analysis showed that iron ion,transparency,p H value,water depth and water temperature were important environmental factors that affect the distribution of phytoplankton,and copper ion,nitrite ion and COD also significantly affected the distribution of phytoplankton.展开更多
The aim of this paper is to examine the causes of road accidents in Cameroon. The Douala-Yaoundé highway was chosen as the case of study. Available field data recorded from the year 2006 to 2011, have enabled the...The aim of this paper is to examine the causes of road accidents in Cameroon. The Douala-Yaoundé highway was chosen as the case of study. Available field data recorded from the year 2006 to 2011, have enabled the analysis of each accident. The method used here is the factorial correspondence analysis;which aims to bring in a small number of dimensions, most of the initial </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">information, focusing not on the absolute values, but the correspondence between t</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">he variables, that is to say the relative values. From this analysis, it appears that, of the 906 accidents recorded during this period, top five causes account for nearly 83% of the information provided by the set of variables on the occurrence of road accidents. These causes are: driver inattention, lack of control, over speeding, improper overtaking and tire puncture. These results </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">require involvement in the construction of road safety policies through training,</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> sensitization and adequate repressions as well as administrative reforms and research policy in road safety.展开更多
The following analysis is based on a multidimensional understanding of poverty using a nonmonetary basic needs approach. It is ground on data from the first survey on household living conditions for poverty assessment...The following analysis is based on a multidimensional understanding of poverty using a nonmonetary basic needs approach. It is ground on data from the first survey on household living conditions for poverty assessment, conducted by the National Institute of Statistics of Congo in 2005. Multiple Correspondence Analysis is applied to construct a composite indicator by aggregating several attributes likely to reflect the poverty of individuals or households. The application shows that Congolese households are not affected by the same type of poverty. Three types of non-monetary poverty are identified: infrastructure poverty, vulnerability of human existence and poverty of comfort. These households were then classified according to the composite indicator of Poverty. The results show that the incidence of poverty corresponds to the weight of poor class of about 70.67%.展开更多
In this paper we investigate the potential of Subset Multiple Correspondence Analysis (s-MCA), a variant of MCA, to visually explore two-mode networks. We discuss how s-MCA can be useful to focus the analysis on inter...In this paper we investigate the potential of Subset Multiple Correspondence Analysis (s-MCA), a variant of MCA, to visually explore two-mode networks. We discuss how s-MCA can be useful to focus the analysis on interesting subsets of events in an affiliation network while preserving the properties of the analysis of the complete network. This unique characteristic of the method is also particularly relevant to address the problem of missing data, where it can be used to partial out their influence and reveal the more substantive relational patterns. Similar to ordinary MCA, s- MCA can also alleviate the problem of overcrowded visualizations and can effectively identify associations between observed relational patterns and exogenous variables. All of these properties are illustrated on a student course-taking affiliation network.展开更多
Oman Sea is connecting belt between the Indian Ocean and Persian Gulf.Because it strategic and environmental aim,presence of natural radionuclide ^(226)Ra,^(232)Th,^(40)K and ^(137)Cs as man-made element is considered...Oman Sea is connecting belt between the Indian Ocean and Persian Gulf.Because it strategic and environmental aim,presence of natural radionuclide ^(226)Ra,^(232)Th,^(40)K and ^(137)Cs as man-made element is considered.Water samples were taken from 36 marine spots at the coastal strip from Hormoz canyon to Goatr seaport in the northern coast of Oman Sea.Correspondence analysis is used to identify variation and relationship between samples(Q-mood analysis)and variable(R-mood analysis)based on approximate χ^(2)distances.Radioactive elements(^(226)Ra,^(232)Th and^( 40)K),physical(temperature,pH,turbidity,conductivity,special density)and chemical(salinity,oxygen and chlorophyll)parameters of water for 36 samples handled by correspondence analysis,there are two outstanding result,(1)Radioactive elements show high correlation in factors by greater eigenvalue,and (2)some of the samples such as W13,W24 and rather W02,W05 and W12 show highest activity from Radioactive elements and also temperature and conductivity show nearest relation with them in many factors.展开更多
Turbocharging is an efficient approach for addressing power reduction and oil consumption increase in aviation piston engines during high-altitude flights.However,a turbocharger significantly increases the complexity ...Turbocharging is an efficient approach for addressing power reduction and oil consumption increase in aviation piston engines during high-altitude flights.However,a turbocharger significantly increases the complexity of a power system,and its considerably complex matching relation with the engine results in a coupling of failure modes.Conventional analytical methods are hard to identify failure-inducing factors.Consequently,safety issues are becoming increasingly prominent.This study focuses on methods for identifying failure-inducing factors.A whole-machine system model is established and validated through experimentation.The response surface method is employed to further abstract the system simulation model to a surrogate model(average error:~3%)in order to reduce the computational cost while ensuring accuracy.On this basis,an improved Correspondence Analysis(CA)-Polar Angle(PA)-based Classification(PAC)is proposed to identify the key factors affecting the failure mode of turbochargers.This identification method is based on the row profile coordinates G varying with the numerical deviations of the key factors,and is capable of effectively identifying the key factors affecting the failure.In a validation example,this method identifies the diameter of the exhaust valve(e_(2))as the primary factor affecting the safety margin for each work boundary.展开更多
The aim was to clarify the environmental driving factors of soil fertility indicators in artificial forests of Guangxi and comprehensively evaluate the soil fertility level.By collecting data on the current status of ...The aim was to clarify the environmental driving factors of soil fertility indicators in artificial forests of Guangxi and comprehensively evaluate the soil fertility level.By collecting data on the current status of soil in artificial forests,the spatial distribution of major soil fertility indicators was analyzed,and the distribution map of the fertility index of artificial forests in the entire region and the comprehensive fertility index of artificial forests of different soil types were obtained.Canonical correspondence analysis method was used to analyze soil fertility indicators and environmental factors,and the environmental driving factors of soil fertility indicators for artificial forests of the main soil types in Guangxi were obtained.The results showed that over 90%of the soil fertility index of artificial forests in the entire region was between 0.20 and 0.50.The order of soil fertility index of different soil types of artificial forests from high to low was yellow brown soil>yellow red soil>yellow soil>red soil>limestone soil>latosolic red soil>laterite.In artificial forests of latosolic red soil,the correlation between soil alkaline nitrogen and organic matter,annual average temperature was high,while the correlation between soil available phosphorus and organic matter,pH was high,and the correlation between soil available potassium and environmental factors such as slope,altitude,rainfall,accumulated temperature,and slope aspect was high.In artificial forests of red soil,the correlation between soil alkaline nitrogen and slope,altitude was high,while the correlation between soil available phosphorus and accumulated temperature,rainfall was high,and the correlation between soil available potassium and pH was high.In artificial forests of limestone soil,there was a high correlation between soil alkaline nitrogen and slope,organic matter,a high correlation between soil available phosphorus and accumulated temperature,rainfall,and a high correlation between soil available potassium and pH.展开更多
The Elogo region has been subjected to craft industry and semi-industrial mining for gold-bearing placers, since the colonial times. It is actually undergoing an intensive exploration for a primary gold deposit. The g...The Elogo region has been subjected to craft industry and semi-industrial mining for gold-bearing placers, since the colonial times. It is actually undergoing an intensive exploration for a primary gold deposit. The goal of this study is to contribute to the exploration of the primary gold deposit in the Elogo Region (North-West of Congo Republic). The methodology consisted of characterization of placers deposits by their lithology, mineralogy and the gold grains shape, in order to constrain the source of gold with the respect to the local geology. The results obtained show that alluviums are polygenic and yields seventeen mineral species composed of zircon, olivine, magnetite, ilmenite, gold, garnet, rutile, coltan, cassiterite, monazite, apatite, amphibole, tourmaline, pyrite, limonite, chromite, and amphibole. The morphoscopy of gold grain shows single grains and grains with quartz inclusions that suggest their relationship with quartz veins. The gold grains are flattened, sub-flattened, and rounded. The northern region of Elogo characterized by a dominance of coarser quartz-included gold grains indicates a proximal proparte origin (less than 50 m), while the southern region, showing less coarse and more evolved grains with choc marks, appears to be associated with a distal pro-parte origin (more than 300 m). The multivariate statistical analysis shows seven classes of samples corresponding to the mineralogical paragenesis suggesting various sources, consisting of high-grade metamorphic, granitoids, pegmatites, basic and ultrabasic rocks, and BIFs that provided minerals to the placers. Gold mainly comes from hydrothermal quartz veins and probably from the peptization of gold from the weathering of sulfides occurring in the BIF. In the Elogo region, gold exploration for primary deposits should look for and follow the hydrothermal system developed in this region. Chemical analysis for the gold grains and associated minerals is necessary to better guide the proposed geochemical prospecting.展开更多
To examine the phytoplankton assemblages and the effect of diluted waters on them,a research cruise was conducted from July 19 to August 7,2015 in the Zhujiang(Pearl)River estuary in the northern South China Sea(21...To examine the phytoplankton assemblages and the effect of diluted waters on them,a research cruise was conducted from July 19 to August 7,2015 in the Zhujiang(Pearl)River estuary in the northern South China Sea(21°N–23.5°N,111°E–117°E).Samples were collected from 65 stations including one for time-series sampling.A total of 212 phytoplankton taxa were identified from 61 genera belonging to 4 phyla.Among them,122 species identified from 42 genera of Bacillariophyta and 83 species from 15 genera of Pyrrophyta.Chain-forming diatoms dominated the phytoplankton community where Pseudonitzschia delicatissima,Guinardia striata,Thalassionema nitzschioides,and P.pungens comprised about 52%of the total abundance.However,higher cell abundances concentrated on both sides of the estuary,because of low salinity and high nutrients brought by diluted water.In addition,Canonical Correspondence Analysis revealed that salinity and dissolved inorganic nitrogen shaped the species composition in the study area.Furthermore,the Jaccard similarity index showed prevailing high similarity in the distribution of species in low-salinity diluted waters,and the Bray-Curtis similarity depicted distinguished grouping for phytoplankton assemblages along the salinity gradient.However,phytoplankton diel vertical cycles showed maximum abundance occurred at 2:00 am,which was mainly contributed by benthic phytoplankton species Pseudo-nitzschia spp.and T.nitzschioides.展开更多
The entire fermentation process of traditional Chinese broad bean paste with chili comprises three individual stages:Tianbanzi,chili pei,and paste fermentation(Tianbanzi-chili pei mixture).Three stages share average 7...The entire fermentation process of traditional Chinese broad bean paste with chili comprises three individual stages:Tianbanzi,chili pei,and paste fermentation(Tianbanzi-chili pei mixture).Three stages share average 77.53%of all bacteria(89 genera),indicating that the similar environment leads to the similar bacterial communities.One,one,and three genera are exclusive to Tianbanzi,chili pei,and paste stages,respectively,due to the special physical and chemical properties for each stage.Total acidity,pH,and NaCl are important endogenous factors that promote the succession of bacterial communities.According to the dynamics of organic acids,reducing sugars,amino acids,and volatile compounds,60-,210-,and 180-day are considered the best fermentation periods for Tianbanzi,chili pei,and paste,respectively,to balance time cost and product quality.Three(Tetragenococcus,Lactobacillus,and Pseudomonas),four(Tetragenococcus,Lactobacillus,Bacillus,and Pseudomonas),and five(Tetragenococcus,Lactobacillus,Bacillus,Pseudomonas,and Pediococcus)genera are considered the core functional bacteria of Tianbanzi,chili pei,and paste fermentation,respectively.展开更多
Topography and soil factors are known to play crucial roles in the species composition of plant communities in subtropical evergreen-deciduous broadleaved mixed forests.In this study,we used a systematic quantitative ...Topography and soil factors are known to play crucial roles in the species composition of plant communities in subtropical evergreen-deciduous broadleaved mixed forests.In this study,we used a systematic quantitative approach to classify plant community types in the subtropical forests of Hubei Province(central China),and then quantified the relative contribution of drivers responsible for variation in species composition and diversity.We classified the subtropical forests in the study area into 12 community types.Of these,species diversity indices of three communities were significantly higher than those of others.In each community type,species richness,abundance,basal area and importance values of evergreen and deciduous species were different.In most community types,deciduous species richness was higher than that of evergreen species.Linear regression analysis showed that the dominant factors that affect species composition in each community type are elevation,slope,aspect,soil nitrogen content,and soil phosphorus content.Furthermore,structural equation modeling analysis showed that the majority of variance in species composition of plant communities can be explained by elevation,aspect,soil water content,litterfall,total nitrogen,and total phosphorus.Thus,the major factors that affect evergreen and deciduous species distribution across the 12 community types in subtropical evergreendeciduous broadleaved mixed forests include elevation,slope and aspect,soil total nitrogen content,soil total phosphorus content,soil available nitrogen content and soil available phosphorus content.展开更多
The distribution of diatoms in surface sediments in the Minjiang Estuary, southeast China, was investigated in2009. Total 56 species and other species belonging to 25 genera were identified, among them 11 species were...The distribution of diatoms in surface sediments in the Minjiang Estuary, southeast China, was investigated in2009. Total 56 species and other species belonging to 25 genera were identified, among them 11 species were dominant over 5%. Dominant species included Actinocyclus ehrenbergii, Coscinodiscus curvatulus, C. divisus, C.jonesianus, C. radiatus, C. rothii, C. subtilis, Cyclotella stylorum, Epithemia hyndmanii, Hydrosera whampoensis,and Trachyneis aspera. Diatom abundance varied spatially, with the absolute abundance of diatoms ranging from13 valves/g to 11×104 valves/g, and averaging 2.5×104 valves/g. A canonical correspondence analysis(CCA) was used to explain the relationships between diatom distribution and sediment properties in the Minjiang Estuary.CCA revealed that the major elements(Fe_2O_3, Na_2O, CaO, MgO, TiO_2, SiO_2, Al_2O_3, and K_2O) were closely related to diatom abundance. Four diatom assemblages were distinguished, representing different sediment properties,which may assist late Quaternary palaeoceanographic reconstructions of the Minjiang Estuary.展开更多
Understanding the environmental factors that influence tree species composition is essential for successful management of biodiversity and sustainable use of community forest resources.This study aims to assess tree s...Understanding the environmental factors that influence tree species composition is essential for successful management of biodiversity and sustainable use of community forest resources.This study aims to assess tree species composition and distribution in the deciduous Ban Mae Chiang Rai Lum Community Forest in Northern Thailand and to analyze the influence of environmental factors on tree biodiversity in the forest.We conducted a stratified systematic sampling of the forest’s total area of 3925 ha,and twenty-five 0.16 ha survey plots were established in three different stands of the deciduous forests to estimate and characterize the difference in biological diversity among the stands.Canonical correspondence analysis(CCA)was used to investigate the environment factors affecting such differences in biodiversity of the stands.The results showed a high diversity of trees in the forest as 197 species,144 genera,and 62 plant families were recorded.The CCA ordination identified the environmental factors—the most important of which were elevation,distance to streams,soil moisture,organic matter,and distance to communities—that signifi-cantly influenced the diversity and distribution of tree species(p<0.05)in the community forest.Our findings indicate that the implementation of drought reduction measures such as building check dams,fire protection,and monitoring community forest-product usage would be recommended to further biodiversity conservation and the sustainable use of community forest resources.展开更多
[Objectives]This study was conducted to provide scientific basis for rational utilization and sustainable management of agricultural and forestry land resources in southeast Tibet.[Methods]Soil samples were stratified...[Objectives]This study was conducted to provide scientific basis for rational utilization and sustainable management of agricultural and forestry land resources in southeast Tibet.[Methods]Soil samples were stratified by standard sampling method(0-10,10-20,20-40,40-60 and 60-100 cm)in the lower reaches of Niyang River Basin under three different types of land cover of forest,grassland and farmland.The effects of different land use on soil properties were studied.[Results]Soil temperature and humidity affected soil properties together.The pH value and bulk density increased with the increase of soil depth for farmland,grassland and forest soil.Natural forest had the highest soil nutrient contents,followed by farmland,and grassland had the lowest soil nutrient contents.Soil organic carbon and organic nitrogen contents decreased with the increase of soil depth in the three land use patterns,and the surface aggregation of soil organic carbon and organic nitrogen was more obvious.Compared with natural vegetation,the organic carbon content of farmland was significantly reduced by 8.5%-15.3%and the organic nitrogen content by 11.1%-11.7%.[Conclusions]The change of land use is a proper way to benefit the development of soil properties and improve soil properties and quality in Niyang River Basin.展开更多
Commelina species are plant resources full of promise as future food and feed that thrive in diverse ecosystems. They are medicinal plants, leafy vegetables, forage for ruminants, feed for cricket insects, crop protec...Commelina species are plant resources full of promise as future food and feed that thrive in diverse ecosystems. They are medicinal plants, leafy vegetables, forage for ruminants, feed for cricket insects, crop protection, and fuel. However, information regarding factors driving Commelina in agro-ecological zones in Western Kenya is lacking. Therefore, we investigated the diversity of Commelina species, the composition of associated weed species as well as environmental and management factors affecting their diversity and distribution based on 22 variables from 12 production sites. In the survey, 115 species belonging to 30 families were recorded of which 11 Commelina species were identified. Among Commelina species, Commelina diffusa and Commelina benghalensis var. benghalensis (non-hybrid variant) had higher relative density. Multiple linear regressions revealed that the environment (exchangeable sodium percentage, magnesium, soil pH, and total nitrogen) and management (agriculture system type) variables exert a stronger effect on the diversity of Commelina species. Detrended Correspondence Analysis detected different ecological conditions for Commelina species and the composition of associated weed species. The forward selection based on Canonical Correspondence Analysis indicated that the distribution of Commelina species responded significantly to soil pH, available phosphorous, total nitrogen, fertility, and crop spacing. Partitioning variation showed the great importance to the environment than management (10.57% versus 5.97%). The low shared variance (environment × management) was -0.4%, indicating that the two factors have a more individualistic than interactive nature. However, the 83.86% that remained unexplained was attributed to stochastic variation or unmeasured variables. This study suggests that the identified five important variables affecting the distribution of Commelina species will certainly contribute to the prioritization of ecological aspects leading to the growth condition of Commelina species.展开更多
Let <i><span>n</span></i><span> respondents rank order </span><i><span>d</span></i><span> items, and suppose that <img src="Edit_c36450fa-1b61-...Let <i><span>n</span></i><span> respondents rank order </span><i><span>d</span></i><span> items, and suppose that <img src="Edit_c36450fa-1b61-4116-be40-5bede8274d30.bmp" alt="" /></span><span><span>. Our main task is to uncover and display the structure of the observed rank data by an exploratory riffle shuffling procedure which sequentially decomposes the n voters into a finite number of coherent groups plus a noisy group: where the noisy group represents the outlier voters and each coherent group is composed of a finite number of coherent clusters. We consider exploratory riffle shuffling of a set of items to be equivalent to optimal two blocks seriation of the items with crossing of some scores between the two blocks. A riffle shuffled coherent cluster of voters within its coherent group is essentially characterized by the following facts: 1) Voters have identical first TCA factor score, where TCA designates taxicab correspondence analysis, an L</span><sub><span>1</span></sub><span> variant of corresponden</span><span>ce analysis;2) Any preference is easily interpreted as riffle shuffling of its items;3) The nature of different riffle shuffling of items can be seen in the structure of the contingency table of the first-order marginals constructed from the Borda scorings of the voters;4) The first TCA factor scores of the items of a coherent cluster are interpreted as Borda scale of the items. We also introduce a crossing index, which measures the extent of crossing of scores of voters between the two blocks seriation of the items. The novel approach is explained on the benchmarking SUSHI data set, where we show that this data set has a very si</span><span>mple structure, which can also be communicated in a tabular form.</span></span>展开更多
Datong County has been developed for nearly 5 years since it was selected as a comprehensive demonstration county of e-commerce entering rural areas in 2017.In this context,this paper analyzes the development status o...Datong County has been developed for nearly 5 years since it was selected as a comprehensive demonstration county of e-commerce entering rural areas in 2017.In this context,this paper analyzes the development status of e-commerce in rural areas of Datong County,and provides feasible suggestions for the development of e-commerce entering rural areas in demonstration counties.展开更多
文摘[Objective] The aim was to study the characteristics of urban air pollution on the basis of correspondence analysis.[Method] By using the correlated data from China Statistical Yearbook in 2010,a correspondence analysis on the air pollution indicators(like respirable particles,SO2 and NO2) of six provincial capitals in central-south China was carried out by means of SPSS software,and the characteristics of air pollution in the cities of China during different industrialization stages were summarized further.[Result] In the cities during early industrialization(like Nanning City and Guiyang City) and mineral resource-based cities(like Taiyuan City),the air was mainly polluted by SO2;for the cities in the middle industrialization(such as Changsha City,Wuhan City,Zhengzhou City and Chengdu City),the air was polluted by respirable particles chiefly;in the cities in late industrialization(like Guangzhou City and Shenzhen City) or completing industrialization(like Shanghai City),the air was mainly polluted by NO2;for the cities in pre-industrial stage(like Haikou City and Lhasa City),the characteristic of air pollution wasn't obvious.[Conclusion] The study could provide references for the control of urban air pollution in China in the further.
基金Supported by National Science and Technology Innovation Project for High Grain Yield and EfficiencyIntegration and Demonstration of Maize Disaster Reduction and Quality and Efficiency Improvement in Rain-fed Areas of Southern Henan (2018YFD0300706)。
文摘In order to ensure food security, the selection of pesticide must take into account the controlling effect and economy in the chemical control of food crop diseases and pests. Although China has registered a large number of pesticides and fungicides on food crops, traditional statistical methods cannot treat the complex relationships between crops, pests and diseases, as well as pesticides. To this end, the correspondence analysis was used to mine the data of pesticides being registered after January 1, 2010 for the prevention and control of pests and diseases on wheat, corn, and rice in China, in order to reveal the general rules of pesticide use for the prevention and control of grain crop pests and diseases and to provide scientifically recommended pesticide regimens.(1) Recommended pesticides for wheat diseases and pests: For underground pest control, phoxim, diazinon or clothianidin is recommended;imidacloprid is recommended for aphid control;avermectin is recommended for mite control;chlorpyrifos is recommended for midge control;the pesticides for rust control could be selected according to the order of epoxiconazole>flutriafol>kresoxim-methyl>cyproconazole≈hexaconazole;tebuconazole is recommended for the prevention and control of smut;difenoconazole is recommended for the simultaneous occurrence of take-all, smut and sheath blight;it is recommended to use carbendazim or thiophanate-methyl for the control of scab;and triazolone or pyraclostrobin is recommended for the control of powdery mildew.(2) Recommended pesticides for corn diseases and pests: For the control of underground pests, fipronil, carbosulfan or chlorpyrifos are recommended;thiamethoxam is recommended for control of planthoppers and corn aphids;Bacillus thuringiensis or phoxim is recommended for control of corn borers;pyraclostrobin is recommended for the control of northern leaf blight;tebuconazole is recommended for the control of head smut;and fludioxonil+metalaxyl-M is recommended for the control of corn stalk rot.(3) Recommended pesticides for rice diseases and pests: It is recommended to use triazophos, avermectin analogs or methoxyfenozide for the control of borers;for rice planthoppers, the pesticides could be selected in order of pymetrozine>imidacloprid>thiamethoxam>thiazide>nitenpyram;avermectin analogs are recommended for the control of rice leaf rollers;tebuconazole is recommended for the control of rice false smut;prochloraz and its manganese salts are recommended for the control of bakanae disease;hymexazol is recommended for the control of wilt disease;thifluzamide or hexaconazole is recommended for the control of sheath blight;and the pesticides for the control of rice blast are in order of tricyclazole>kasugamycin>fenoxanil>isoprothiolane>Bacillus subtilis. In addition, potential applications of correspondence analysis in other fields of plant protection are discussed.
基金Supported by the Carlos Ⅲ Health Institute Project “Adaptation and Validation of the Clinical Assessment Inventory for Eating Disorders”,No. PI09/90832.
文摘BACKGROUND Grouping eating disorders(ED)patients into subtypes could help improve the establishment of more effective diagnostic and treatment strategies.AIM To identify clinically meaningful subgroups among subjects with ED using multiple correspondence analysis(MCA).METHODS A prospective cohort study was conducted of all outpatients diagnosed for an ED at an Eating Disorders Outpatient Clinic to characterize groups of patients with ED into subtypes according to sociodemographic and psychosocial impairment data,and to validate the results using several illustrative variables.In all,176(72.13%)patients completed five questionnaires(clinical impairment assessment,eating attitudes test-12,ED-short form health-related quality of life,metacognitions questionnaire,Penn State Worry Questionnaire)and sociodemographic data.ED patient groups were defined using MCA and cluster analysis.Results were validated using key outcomes of subtypes of ED.RESULTS Four ED subgroups were identified based on the sociodemographic and psychosocial impairment data.CONCLUSION ED patients were differentiated into well-defined outcome groups according to specific clusters of compensating behaviours.
基金Supported by Supported by the United Nations Environment Program(DXAL-2014-002)
文摘To understand the status of phytoplankton community of the Genhe River in the summer of 2015,we investigated the phytoplankton in Genhe River. We identified 5 phyla and 36 species,among which Bacillariophyta(23) were the most,followed by Chlorophyta(10),Cyanophyta(1),Chrysophyta(1),Pyrrophyta(1). The phytoplankton abundance was(15. 6-810) × 104 ind·L^(-1); the biomass was(0. 07-2. 876) mg·L-1; Shannon-wiener index was 1. 05-3. 24; Pielou evenness index was 0. 27-0. 96. Using Shannon-wiener index and Pielou index,the water quality of Genhe River was assessed,and the results showed that the water quality was the best at 5# sampling point,the water quality was good in 3#,4#,7#,8#,9# sampling points,and there was a state of pollution at other sampling points. Canonical correspondence analysis and Pearson correlation analysis showed that iron ion,transparency,p H value,water depth and water temperature were important environmental factors that affect the distribution of phytoplankton,and copper ion,nitrite ion and COD also significantly affected the distribution of phytoplankton.
文摘The aim of this paper is to examine the causes of road accidents in Cameroon. The Douala-Yaoundé highway was chosen as the case of study. Available field data recorded from the year 2006 to 2011, have enabled the analysis of each accident. The method used here is the factorial correspondence analysis;which aims to bring in a small number of dimensions, most of the initial </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">information, focusing not on the absolute values, but the correspondence between t</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">he variables, that is to say the relative values. From this analysis, it appears that, of the 906 accidents recorded during this period, top five causes account for nearly 83% of the information provided by the set of variables on the occurrence of road accidents. These causes are: driver inattention, lack of control, over speeding, improper overtaking and tire puncture. These results </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">require involvement in the construction of road safety policies through training,</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> sensitization and adequate repressions as well as administrative reforms and research policy in road safety.
文摘The following analysis is based on a multidimensional understanding of poverty using a nonmonetary basic needs approach. It is ground on data from the first survey on household living conditions for poverty assessment, conducted by the National Institute of Statistics of Congo in 2005. Multiple Correspondence Analysis is applied to construct a composite indicator by aggregating several attributes likely to reflect the poverty of individuals or households. The application shows that Congolese households are not affected by the same type of poverty. Three types of non-monetary poverty are identified: infrastructure poverty, vulnerability of human existence and poverty of comfort. These households were then classified according to the composite indicator of Poverty. The results show that the incidence of poverty corresponds to the weight of poor class of about 70.67%.
文摘In this paper we investigate the potential of Subset Multiple Correspondence Analysis (s-MCA), a variant of MCA, to visually explore two-mode networks. We discuss how s-MCA can be useful to focus the analysis on interesting subsets of events in an affiliation network while preserving the properties of the analysis of the complete network. This unique characteristic of the method is also particularly relevant to address the problem of missing data, where it can be used to partial out their influence and reveal the more substantive relational patterns. Similar to ordinary MCA, s- MCA can also alleviate the problem of overcrowded visualizations and can effectively identify associations between observed relational patterns and exogenous variables. All of these properties are illustrated on a student course-taking affiliation network.
文摘Oman Sea is connecting belt between the Indian Ocean and Persian Gulf.Because it strategic and environmental aim,presence of natural radionuclide ^(226)Ra,^(232)Th,^(40)K and ^(137)Cs as man-made element is considered.Water samples were taken from 36 marine spots at the coastal strip from Hormoz canyon to Goatr seaport in the northern coast of Oman Sea.Correspondence analysis is used to identify variation and relationship between samples(Q-mood analysis)and variable(R-mood analysis)based on approximate χ^(2)distances.Radioactive elements(^(226)Ra,^(232)Th and^( 40)K),physical(temperature,pH,turbidity,conductivity,special density)and chemical(salinity,oxygen and chlorophyll)parameters of water for 36 samples handled by correspondence analysis,there are two outstanding result,(1)Radioactive elements show high correlation in factors by greater eigenvalue,and (2)some of the samples such as W13,W24 and rather W02,W05 and W12 show highest activity from Radioactive elements and also temperature and conductivity show nearest relation with them in many factors.
基金supported by the Innovation Team of Complex System Safety and Airworthiness of Aeroengine from the Co-Innovation Center for Advanced Aeroengine of Chinafunded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the Civil Aviation Administration of China(No.U1833109)。
文摘Turbocharging is an efficient approach for addressing power reduction and oil consumption increase in aviation piston engines during high-altitude flights.However,a turbocharger significantly increases the complexity of a power system,and its considerably complex matching relation with the engine results in a coupling of failure modes.Conventional analytical methods are hard to identify failure-inducing factors.Consequently,safety issues are becoming increasingly prominent.This study focuses on methods for identifying failure-inducing factors.A whole-machine system model is established and validated through experimentation.The response surface method is employed to further abstract the system simulation model to a surrogate model(average error:~3%)in order to reduce the computational cost while ensuring accuracy.On this basis,an improved Correspondence Analysis(CA)-Polar Angle(PA)-based Classification(PAC)is proposed to identify the key factors affecting the failure mode of turbochargers.This identification method is based on the row profile coordinates G varying with the numerical deviations of the key factors,and is capable of effectively identifying the key factors affecting the failure.In a validation example,this method identifies the diameter of the exhaust valve(e_(2))as the primary factor affecting the safety margin for each work boundary.
文摘The aim was to clarify the environmental driving factors of soil fertility indicators in artificial forests of Guangxi and comprehensively evaluate the soil fertility level.By collecting data on the current status of soil in artificial forests,the spatial distribution of major soil fertility indicators was analyzed,and the distribution map of the fertility index of artificial forests in the entire region and the comprehensive fertility index of artificial forests of different soil types were obtained.Canonical correspondence analysis method was used to analyze soil fertility indicators and environmental factors,and the environmental driving factors of soil fertility indicators for artificial forests of the main soil types in Guangxi were obtained.The results showed that over 90%of the soil fertility index of artificial forests in the entire region was between 0.20 and 0.50.The order of soil fertility index of different soil types of artificial forests from high to low was yellow brown soil>yellow red soil>yellow soil>red soil>limestone soil>latosolic red soil>laterite.In artificial forests of latosolic red soil,the correlation between soil alkaline nitrogen and organic matter,annual average temperature was high,while the correlation between soil available phosphorus and organic matter,pH was high,and the correlation between soil available potassium and environmental factors such as slope,altitude,rainfall,accumulated temperature,and slope aspect was high.In artificial forests of red soil,the correlation between soil alkaline nitrogen and slope,altitude was high,while the correlation between soil available phosphorus and accumulated temperature,rainfall was high,and the correlation between soil available potassium and pH was high.In artificial forests of limestone soil,there was a high correlation between soil alkaline nitrogen and slope,organic matter,a high correlation between soil available phosphorus and accumulated temperature,rainfall,and a high correlation between soil available potassium and pH.
文摘The Elogo region has been subjected to craft industry and semi-industrial mining for gold-bearing placers, since the colonial times. It is actually undergoing an intensive exploration for a primary gold deposit. The goal of this study is to contribute to the exploration of the primary gold deposit in the Elogo Region (North-West of Congo Republic). The methodology consisted of characterization of placers deposits by their lithology, mineralogy and the gold grains shape, in order to constrain the source of gold with the respect to the local geology. The results obtained show that alluviums are polygenic and yields seventeen mineral species composed of zircon, olivine, magnetite, ilmenite, gold, garnet, rutile, coltan, cassiterite, monazite, apatite, amphibole, tourmaline, pyrite, limonite, chromite, and amphibole. The morphoscopy of gold grain shows single grains and grains with quartz inclusions that suggest their relationship with quartz veins. The gold grains are flattened, sub-flattened, and rounded. The northern region of Elogo characterized by a dominance of coarser quartz-included gold grains indicates a proximal proparte origin (less than 50 m), while the southern region, showing less coarse and more evolved grains with choc marks, appears to be associated with a distal pro-parte origin (more than 300 m). The multivariate statistical analysis shows seven classes of samples corresponding to the mineralogical paragenesis suggesting various sources, consisting of high-grade metamorphic, granitoids, pegmatites, basic and ultrabasic rocks, and BIFs that provided minerals to the placers. Gold mainly comes from hydrothermal quartz veins and probably from the peptization of gold from the weathering of sulfides occurring in the BIF. In the Elogo region, gold exploration for primary deposits should look for and follow the hydrothermal system developed in this region. Chemical analysis for the gold grains and associated minerals is necessary to better guide the proposed geochemical prospecting.
基金Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2015CB954002)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41876134,41676112,41276124)+2 种基金the University Innovation Team Training Program for Tianjin(No.TD12-5003)the Tianjin 131 Innovation Team Program(No.20180314)the Changjiang Scholar Program of Chinese Ministry of Education(No.T2014253)to Jun SUN。
文摘To examine the phytoplankton assemblages and the effect of diluted waters on them,a research cruise was conducted from July 19 to August 7,2015 in the Zhujiang(Pearl)River estuary in the northern South China Sea(21°N–23.5°N,111°E–117°E).Samples were collected from 65 stations including one for time-series sampling.A total of 212 phytoplankton taxa were identified from 61 genera belonging to 4 phyla.Among them,122 species identified from 42 genera of Bacillariophyta and 83 species from 15 genera of Pyrrophyta.Chain-forming diatoms dominated the phytoplankton community where Pseudonitzschia delicatissima,Guinardia striata,Thalassionema nitzschioides,and P.pungens comprised about 52%of the total abundance.However,higher cell abundances concentrated on both sides of the estuary,because of low salinity and high nutrients brought by diluted water.In addition,Canonical Correspondence Analysis revealed that salinity and dissolved inorganic nitrogen shaped the species composition in the study area.Furthermore,the Jaccard similarity index showed prevailing high similarity in the distribution of species in low-salinity diluted waters,and the Bray-Curtis similarity depicted distinguished grouping for phytoplankton assemblages along the salinity gradient.However,phytoplankton diel vertical cycles showed maximum abundance occurred at 2:00 am,which was mainly contributed by benthic phytoplankton species Pseudo-nitzschia spp.and T.nitzschioides.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2016YFD0400505)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2018M640241)+2 种基金Tianjin Postdoctoral Foundation(TJQYBSH2018010)Tianjin Municipal Education Commission(TD13-5013,2018ZD08)Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology,Education Ministry of China(2018KF005)。
文摘The entire fermentation process of traditional Chinese broad bean paste with chili comprises three individual stages:Tianbanzi,chili pei,and paste fermentation(Tianbanzi-chili pei mixture).Three stages share average 77.53%of all bacteria(89 genera),indicating that the similar environment leads to the similar bacterial communities.One,one,and three genera are exclusive to Tianbanzi,chili pei,and paste stages,respectively,due to the special physical and chemical properties for each stage.Total acidity,pH,and NaCl are important endogenous factors that promote the succession of bacterial communities.According to the dynamics of organic acids,reducing sugars,amino acids,and volatile compounds,60-,210-,and 180-day are considered the best fermentation periods for Tianbanzi,chili pei,and paste,respectively,to balance time cost and product quality.Three(Tetragenococcus,Lactobacillus,and Pseudomonas),four(Tetragenococcus,Lactobacillus,Bacillus,and Pseudomonas),and five(Tetragenococcus,Lactobacillus,Bacillus,Pseudomonas,and Pediococcus)genera are considered the core functional bacteria of Tianbanzi,chili pei,and paste fermentation,respectively.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51809250)Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation for Innovation Groups(No.2019CFA019).
文摘Topography and soil factors are known to play crucial roles in the species composition of plant communities in subtropical evergreen-deciduous broadleaved mixed forests.In this study,we used a systematic quantitative approach to classify plant community types in the subtropical forests of Hubei Province(central China),and then quantified the relative contribution of drivers responsible for variation in species composition and diversity.We classified the subtropical forests in the study area into 12 community types.Of these,species diversity indices of three communities were significantly higher than those of others.In each community type,species richness,abundance,basal area and importance values of evergreen and deciduous species were different.In most community types,deciduous species richness was higher than that of evergreen species.Linear regression analysis showed that the dominant factors that affect species composition in each community type are elevation,slope,aspect,soil nitrogen content,and soil phosphorus content.Furthermore,structural equation modeling analysis showed that the majority of variance in species composition of plant communities can be explained by elevation,aspect,soil water content,litterfall,total nitrogen,and total phosphorus.Thus,the major factors that affect evergreen and deciduous species distribution across the 12 community types in subtropical evergreendeciduous broadleaved mixed forests include elevation,slope and aspect,soil total nitrogen content,soil total phosphorus content,soil available nitrogen content and soil available phosphorus content.
基金The Special Fund for Basic Scientific Research Foundation of the Third Institute of Oceanography,State Oceanic Administration,China under contract No.2016015the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 41306083 and 41376050
文摘The distribution of diatoms in surface sediments in the Minjiang Estuary, southeast China, was investigated in2009. Total 56 species and other species belonging to 25 genera were identified, among them 11 species were dominant over 5%. Dominant species included Actinocyclus ehrenbergii, Coscinodiscus curvatulus, C. divisus, C.jonesianus, C. radiatus, C. rothii, C. subtilis, Cyclotella stylorum, Epithemia hyndmanii, Hydrosera whampoensis,and Trachyneis aspera. Diatom abundance varied spatially, with the absolute abundance of diatoms ranging from13 valves/g to 11×104 valves/g, and averaging 2.5×104 valves/g. A canonical correspondence analysis(CCA) was used to explain the relationships between diatom distribution and sediment properties in the Minjiang Estuary.CCA revealed that the major elements(Fe_2O_3, Na_2O, CaO, MgO, TiO_2, SiO_2, Al_2O_3, and K_2O) were closely related to diatom abundance. Four diatom assemblages were distinguished, representing different sediment properties,which may assist late Quaternary palaeoceanographic reconstructions of the Minjiang Estuary.
基金supported by the Southeast Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture(SEARCA)-ASEAN Working Group on Social Forestry Strategic Response Fund(ASRF)under the ASEANSwiss Partnership on Social Forestry and Climate Change and by the R&D Program for Forest Science Technology(Project No.2018113C10-2020-BB01)provided by Korea Forest Service(Korea Forestry Promotion Institute).
文摘Understanding the environmental factors that influence tree species composition is essential for successful management of biodiversity and sustainable use of community forest resources.This study aims to assess tree species composition and distribution in the deciduous Ban Mae Chiang Rai Lum Community Forest in Northern Thailand and to analyze the influence of environmental factors on tree biodiversity in the forest.We conducted a stratified systematic sampling of the forest’s total area of 3925 ha,and twenty-five 0.16 ha survey plots were established in three different stands of the deciduous forests to estimate and characterize the difference in biological diversity among the stands.Canonical correspondence analysis(CCA)was used to investigate the environment factors affecting such differences in biodiversity of the stands.The results showed a high diversity of trees in the forest as 197 species,144 genera,and 62 plant families were recorded.The CCA ordination identified the environmental factors—the most important of which were elevation,distance to streams,soil moisture,organic matter,and distance to communities—that signifi-cantly influenced the diversity and distribution of tree species(p<0.05)in the community forest.Our findings indicate that the implementation of drought reduction measures such as building check dams,fire protection,and monitoring community forest-product usage would be recommended to further biodiversity conservation and the sustainable use of community forest resources.
基金Supported by Natural Science Foundation of Tibet Autonomous Region(XZ2019ZRG-60)。
文摘[Objectives]This study was conducted to provide scientific basis for rational utilization and sustainable management of agricultural and forestry land resources in southeast Tibet.[Methods]Soil samples were stratified by standard sampling method(0-10,10-20,20-40,40-60 and 60-100 cm)in the lower reaches of Niyang River Basin under three different types of land cover of forest,grassland and farmland.The effects of different land use on soil properties were studied.[Results]Soil temperature and humidity affected soil properties together.The pH value and bulk density increased with the increase of soil depth for farmland,grassland and forest soil.Natural forest had the highest soil nutrient contents,followed by farmland,and grassland had the lowest soil nutrient contents.Soil organic carbon and organic nitrogen contents decreased with the increase of soil depth in the three land use patterns,and the surface aggregation of soil organic carbon and organic nitrogen was more obvious.Compared with natural vegetation,the organic carbon content of farmland was significantly reduced by 8.5%-15.3%and the organic nitrogen content by 11.1%-11.7%.[Conclusions]The change of land use is a proper way to benefit the development of soil properties and improve soil properties and quality in Niyang River Basin.
文摘Commelina species are plant resources full of promise as future food and feed that thrive in diverse ecosystems. They are medicinal plants, leafy vegetables, forage for ruminants, feed for cricket insects, crop protection, and fuel. However, information regarding factors driving Commelina in agro-ecological zones in Western Kenya is lacking. Therefore, we investigated the diversity of Commelina species, the composition of associated weed species as well as environmental and management factors affecting their diversity and distribution based on 22 variables from 12 production sites. In the survey, 115 species belonging to 30 families were recorded of which 11 Commelina species were identified. Among Commelina species, Commelina diffusa and Commelina benghalensis var. benghalensis (non-hybrid variant) had higher relative density. Multiple linear regressions revealed that the environment (exchangeable sodium percentage, magnesium, soil pH, and total nitrogen) and management (agriculture system type) variables exert a stronger effect on the diversity of Commelina species. Detrended Correspondence Analysis detected different ecological conditions for Commelina species and the composition of associated weed species. The forward selection based on Canonical Correspondence Analysis indicated that the distribution of Commelina species responded significantly to soil pH, available phosphorous, total nitrogen, fertility, and crop spacing. Partitioning variation showed the great importance to the environment than management (10.57% versus 5.97%). The low shared variance (environment × management) was -0.4%, indicating that the two factors have a more individualistic than interactive nature. However, the 83.86% that remained unexplained was attributed to stochastic variation or unmeasured variables. This study suggests that the identified five important variables affecting the distribution of Commelina species will certainly contribute to the prioritization of ecological aspects leading to the growth condition of Commelina species.
文摘Let <i><span>n</span></i><span> respondents rank order </span><i><span>d</span></i><span> items, and suppose that <img src="Edit_c36450fa-1b61-4116-be40-5bede8274d30.bmp" alt="" /></span><span><span>. Our main task is to uncover and display the structure of the observed rank data by an exploratory riffle shuffling procedure which sequentially decomposes the n voters into a finite number of coherent groups plus a noisy group: where the noisy group represents the outlier voters and each coherent group is composed of a finite number of coherent clusters. We consider exploratory riffle shuffling of a set of items to be equivalent to optimal two blocks seriation of the items with crossing of some scores between the two blocks. A riffle shuffled coherent cluster of voters within its coherent group is essentially characterized by the following facts: 1) Voters have identical first TCA factor score, where TCA designates taxicab correspondence analysis, an L</span><sub><span>1</span></sub><span> variant of corresponden</span><span>ce analysis;2) Any preference is easily interpreted as riffle shuffling of its items;3) The nature of different riffle shuffling of items can be seen in the structure of the contingency table of the first-order marginals constructed from the Borda scorings of the voters;4) The first TCA factor scores of the items of a coherent cluster are interpreted as Borda scale of the items. We also introduce a crossing index, which measures the extent of crossing of scores of voters between the two blocks seriation of the items. The novel approach is explained on the benchmarking SUSHI data set, where we show that this data set has a very si</span><span>mple structure, which can also be communicated in a tabular form.</span></span>
文摘Datong County has been developed for nearly 5 years since it was selected as a comprehensive demonstration county of e-commerce entering rural areas in 2017.In this context,this paper analyzes the development status of e-commerce in rural areas of Datong County,and provides feasible suggestions for the development of e-commerce entering rural areas in demonstration counties.
