Purpose–Facing the diverse needs of large-scale customers,based on available railway service resources and service capabilities,this paper aims to research the design method of railway freight service portfolio,selec...Purpose–Facing the diverse needs of large-scale customers,based on available railway service resources and service capabilities,this paper aims to research the design method of railway freight service portfolio,select optimal service solutions and provide customers with comprehensive and customized freight services.Design/methodology/approach–Based on the characteristics of railway freight services throughout the entire process,the service system is decomposed into independent units of service functions,and a railway freight service combination model is constructed with the goal of minimizing response time,service cost and service time.A model solving algorithm based on adaptive genetic algorithm is proposed.Findings–Using the computational model,an empirical analysis was conducted on the entire process freight service plan for starch sold from Xi’an to Chengdu as an example.The results showed that the proposed optimization model and algorithm can effectively guide the design of freight plans and provide technical support for real-time response to customers’diversified entire process freight service needs.Originality/value–With the continuous optimization and upgrading of railway freight source structure,customer demands are becoming increasingly diverse and personalized.Studying and designing a reasonable railway freight service plan throughout the entire process is of great significance for timely response to customer needs,improving service efficiency and reducing design costs.展开更多
The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic is a global crisis,and medical systems in many countries are overwhelmed with supply shortages and increasing demands to treat patients due to the surge in cases and seve...The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic is a global crisis,and medical systems in many countries are overwhelmed with supply shortages and increasing demands to treat patients due to the surge in cases and severe illnesses.This study aimed to assess COVID-19-related essential clinical resource demands in China,based on different scenarios involving COVID-19 spreads and interventions.We used a susceptible–exposed–infectious–hospitalized/isolated–removed(SEIHR)transmission dynamics model to estimate the number of COVID-19 infections and hospitalizations with corresponding essential healthcare resources needed.We found that,under strict non-pharmaceutical interventions(NPIs)or mass vaccination of the population,China would be able to contain community transmission and local outbreaks rapidly.However,under scenarios involving a low intensity of implemented NPIs and a small proportion of the population vaccinated,the use of a peacetime–wartime transition model would be needed for medical source stockpiles and preparations to ensure a normal functioning healthcare system.The implementation of COVID-19 vaccines and NPIs in different periods can influence the transmission of COVID-19 and subsequently affect the demand for clinical diagnosis and treatment.An increased proportion of asymptomatic infections in simulations will not reduce the demand for medical resources;however,attention must be paid to the increasing difficulty in containing COVID-19 transmission due to asymptomatic cases.This study provides evidence for emergency preparations and the adjustment of prevention and control strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic.It also provides guidance for essential healthcare investment and resource allocation.展开更多
Excavation damage under high in situ stress depends largely upon the potential block size associated with any violent ejection.The size and shape of the dynamic instability are largely controlled by the location,orien...Excavation damage under high in situ stress depends largely upon the potential block size associated with any violent ejection.The size and shape of the dynamic instability are largely controlled by the location,orientation and extent of the pre-existing geological discontinuities.A new methodology is presented in which the rock mass demand can be expressed in terms of the mass in tonnes of unstable rock that is ejected per unit area of the excavation surface where failure occurs.A probabilistic approach has been implemented to estimate the potential rock mass instabilities and their associated static and dynamic demands.The new methodology considers that the strain energy released by the rock mass during violent stress-driven failure is largely converted into kinetic energy of ejection for blocks.The estimated dynamic demand has been favourably compared with observations of rock mass damage in a number of underground excavations.展开更多
The challenges posed by climate change require that the quantity and quality of water resources in Nepal be managed with sustainable development practices. The communities around the Kaligandaki Gorge Hydropower Proje...The challenges posed by climate change require that the quantity and quality of water resources in Nepal be managed with sustainable development practices. The communities around the Kaligandaki Gorge Hydropower Project in the Myagdi District of Nepal depend on river flow for most of their rural and agricultural needs. Without a sustainable development plan, the growing population of the region, confined in an area with declining water resources, will face serious challenges to economic growth. Meteorological data show increasing annual average rainfall at a slight rate of about 0.284 mm/year, with erratic annual percentage change in rainfall in the area. The mean and minimum temperatures show decreasing trends at the rates of 0.05-C and 0.14-C per year, respectively. An assessment of the impacts on water availability for domestic and irrigation usage in the face of competing demands caused by the hydropower development project in the Kaligandaki Gorge was undertaken. The water demand and supply modeling were conducted using the water evaluation and planning (WEAP) model, based on discharge data from the Kaligandaki River, which were obtained from the Department of Hydrology and Meteorology, Nepal. The available data from 2001 to 2003 were used to estimate the model parameters while the stability of these parameters was tested with a validation period from 2004 to 2007. The performance of the model was assessed through statistical measures of calibration with the root mean square error and coefficient of determination, whose values were 0.046% and 0.79, respectively. Two scenarios were created in addition to the base case scenario: the discharge decrement scenario and new irrigation technology scenario. Analysis showed that a prioritization of demands will be necessary in the area in the near future for the purpose of sustainability of water resources, due to climate change impacts.展开更多
Background:Soccer match-play is typically contested over 90 min;however,in some cup and tournament scenarios,when matches are tied,they proceed to an additional 30 min,which is termed "extra-time^(ET).This system...Background:Soccer match-play is typically contested over 90 min;however,in some cup and tournament scenarios,when matches are tied,they proceed to an additional 30 min,which is termed "extra-time^(ET).This systematic review sought to appraise the literature available on 120-min of soccer-specific exercise,with a view to identifying practical recommendations and future research opportunities.Methods:The review was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines.Independent researchers performed a systematic search of PubMed,CINAHL,and PsycINFO in May 2019,with the following keywords entered in various combinations:"soccer","football","extra-time","extra time","extratime","120 minutes","120 min","additional 30 minutes",and "additional 30 min".Results:The search yielded an initial 73 articles.Following the screening process,11 articles were accepted for analyses.Articles were subsequently organized into the following 5 categories:movement demands of ET,performance responses to ET,physiological and neuromuscular response during ET,nutritional interventions,and recovery and ET.The results highlighted that during competitive match-play,players cover5%-12% less distance relative to match duration(i.e.,meters per minute) during ET compared to the preceding 90 min.Reductions in technical performance(i.e.,shot speed,number of passes and dribbles) were also observed during ET.Additionally,carbohydrate provision may attenuate and improve dribbling performance during ET.Moreover,objective and subjective measures of recovery may be further compromised following ET when compared to 90 min.Conclusion:Additional investigations are warranted to further substantiate these findings and identify interventions to improve performance during ET.展开更多
In this paper, we study a class of manufacturing systems which consist of multiple plants and each of the plants has capability of producing multiple distinct products. The production lines of a certain plant may swit...In this paper, we study a class of manufacturing systems which consist of multiple plants and each of the plants has capability of producing multiple distinct products. The production lines of a certain plant may switch between producing different kinds of products in a time-sharing mode. We optimize the capacity configuration of such a system s production lines with the objective to maximize the overall profit in the capacity planning horizon. Uncertain demand is incorporated in the model to achieve a robust configuration solution. The optimization problem is formulated as a nonlinear polynomial stochastic programming problem, which is difficult to be efficiently solved due to demand uncertainties and large search space. We show the NP-hardness of the problem first, and then apply ordinal optimization(OO) method to search for good enough designs with high probability. At lower level, an mixed integer programming(MIP) solving tool is employed to evaluate the performance of a design under given demand profile.展开更多
Population ageing is an inevitable and irreversible demographic reality associated with improvements in health and medical care.While increasing longevity is a matter of celebration;it is linked with multiple morbidit...Population ageing is an inevitable and irreversible demographic reality associated with improvements in health and medical care.While increasing longevity is a matter of celebration;it is linked with multiple morbidities and disabilities.The huge number of suggestions to cope with feasible growth in demand for long-term care in ageing societies can be organized under four headings:(1)improving system enactment;(2)supporting informal caregivers;(3)restructuring of service delivery;and(4)shifting of demographic parameters.Many older women rate their health as poor and experience relatively low mental health status.More than half of all older women indicate signs of mental distress according to measures of subjective wellbeing.They also carry higher burden of both acute and chronic morbidity than their male counterparts due to difference in social status,economic dependency,and cultural barriers.展开更多
In the context of growing problems of part-time farming,farmers' aging and hollow rural areas,and increasing restrictive factors of new professional farmers,based on current situations of agricultural resources in...In the context of growing problems of part-time farming,farmers' aging and hollow rural areas,and increasing restrictive factors of new professional farmers,based on current situations of agricultural resources in Anhui Province,this paper studied feasibility of increasing new professional farmers from the perspectives of urbanization level,labor employment,population development trend,agricultural industrial development and talent demands,current situations of farmers' family management,and agricultural socialized service development trend.Based on decisions,planning,and related data issued by Anhui Provincial Party Committee and Provincial Government,it analyzed and predicted demands of new professional farmers in Anhui Province by industries and types,in the hope of providing references for relevant researches.展开更多
Knowledge transference and ability training are 2 standing points and starting points for the industry demands-oriented talent cultivation of modern higher education.In terms of landscape design knowledge,the landscap...Knowledge transference and ability training are 2 standing points and starting points for the industry demands-oriented talent cultivation of modern higher education.In terms of landscape design knowledge,the landscape design industry requires 3 major knowledge modules,namely basic knowledge and theories,professional knowledge,and relevant knowledge;in terms of ability,it also requires 3 major ability modules,namely computer-aided design(CAD),design performance ability and ability of making conception,and each of them includes many specific knowledge points and ability points.It is important for such teaching processes as real question and proposition teaching,studio teaching and project-led teaching to propose a dual-track talent cultivation scheme focusing on both theoretical knowledge and practical ability according to the needs of landscape design industry.Moreover,it is imperative to arrange relevant courses and curriculum group that reflect knowledge and ability demands,as well as practicing courses or comprehensive design projects based on ability structure.展开更多
The applications for ITM 2009 International Textile Machinery Exhibition are increasing at a high rate resulting in the sale of a large portion of the fairground.ITM 2009 International Textile Machinery Exhibition whi...The applications for ITM 2009 International Textile Machinery Exhibition are increasing at a high rate resulting in the sale of a large portion of the fairground.ITM 2009 International Textile Machinery Exhibition which is to take place between June 6-10, 2009 at Beylikduzu Tuyap Fair Convention展开更多
Accurate estimates of ductility demands on buckling-restrained braced frames (BRBFs) are crucial to performance-based design of BRBFs. An analytical study on the seismic behavior of BRBFs has been conducted at the ATL...Accurate estimates of ductility demands on buckling-restrained braced frames (BRBFs) are crucial to performance-based design of BRBFs. An analytical study on the seismic behavior of BRBFs has been conducted at the ATLSS Center, Lehigh University to prepare for an upcoming experimental program. The analysis program DRAIN-2DX was used to model a one-bay, four-story prototype BRBF including material and geometric nonlinearities. The bucklingrestrained brace (BRB) model incorporates both isotropic and kinematic hardening. Nonlinear static pushover and timehistory analyses were performed on the prototype BRBF. Performance objectives for the BRBs were defined and uscd to evaluate thc time-history analysis results. Particular emphasis was placed on global ductility demands and ductility demands oa the BRBs. These demands were compared with anticipated ductility capacities. The analysis results, along with results from similar previous studics, are used to evaluate the BRBF design provisions that have been recommended for codification in the United States. Thc results show that BRB maximum ductility demands can be as high as 20 to 25. These demands significantly exceed those anticipated by the BRBF recommended provisions. Results from the static pushover and timehistory analyses are used to demonstrate why the ductility demands exceed those anticipated by the recommended provisions.The BRB qualification testing protocol contained in the BRBF recommended provisions is shown to be inadequate because it requires only a maximum ductility demand of at most 7.5. Modifications to the testing protocol are recommended.展开更多
This paper presents a copula technique to develop time-variant seismic fragility curves for corroded bridges at the system level and considers the realistic time-varying dependence among component seismic demands. Bas...This paper presents a copula technique to develop time-variant seismic fragility curves for corroded bridges at the system level and considers the realistic time-varying dependence among component seismic demands. Based on material deterioration mechanisms and incremental dynamic analysis, the time-evolving seismic demands of components were obtained in the form of marginal probability distributions. The time-varying dependences among bridge components were then captured with the best fitting copula function, which was selected from the commonly used copula classes by the empirical distribution based analysis method. The system time-variant fragility curves at different damage states were developed and the effects of time-varying dependences among components on the bridge system fragility were investigated. The results indicate the time-varying dependence among components significantly affects the time-variant fragility of the bridge system. The copula technique captures the nonlinear dependence among component seismic demands accurately and easily by separating the marginal distributions and the dependence among them.展开更多
From the view of information flow, a super-network equilibrium optimization model is proposed to compute the solution of the operation architecture which is made up of a perceptive level, a command level and a firepow...From the view of information flow, a super-network equilibrium optimization model is proposed to compute the solution of the operation architecture which is made up of a perceptive level, a command level and a firepower level. Firstly, the optimized conditions of the perceptive level, command level and firepower level are analyzed respectively based on the demand of information relation,and then the information supply-and-demand equilibrium model of the operation architecture super-network is established. Secondly,a variational inequality transformation(VIT) model for equilibrium optimization of the operation architecture is given. Thirdly, the contraction projection algorithm for solving the operation architecture super-network equilibrium optimization model with fuzzy demands is designed. Finally, numerical examples are given to prove the validity and rationality of the proposed method, and the influence of fuzzy demands on the super-network equilibrium solution of operation architecture is discussed.展开更多
The earthquake is considered one of the most devastating disasters in any area of the world due to its potentially destructive force.Based on the various earthquake-related parameters,the risk assessment is enabled in...The earthquake is considered one of the most devastating disasters in any area of the world due to its potentially destructive force.Based on the various earthquake-related parameters,the risk assessment is enabled in advance to prevent future earthquake disasters.In this paper,for providing the shelter space demands to reduce the damage level and prevention costs,an earthquake risk assessment approach is proposed for deriving the risk index based on multiple spatial parameters in the gridded map.The proposed assessment approach is comprised of pre-processing,methodologymodel,and data visualization.The risk index model derives the earthquake risk index by multiple spatial parameters including indexes of earthquake,danger,shelter,and building for blocks in the quantitative gridded map.The parameters are provided based onmathematicalmodels and combinedwith the risk index that presents the earthquake risk assessment result for each block.Therefore,the gridding approach is proposed to provide the elements of the risk assessment area that are used in the spatial parameters.The gridded map is developed for the selected area to visualize risk index parameters associated with each risk zone.Based on the derived result of the proposed earthquake risk indexmodel,emergency shelter requirements are provided according to the risk index for each location,which supports safety measures in advance to prevent future earthquake disasters.展开更多
As the gold-standard method for single-cell analysis,flow cytometry enables high-throughput and multiple-parameter characterization of individual biological cells.This review highlights the demands for clinical flow c...As the gold-standard method for single-cell analysis,flow cytometry enables high-throughput and multiple-parameter characterization of individual biological cells.This review highlights the demands for clinical flow cytometry in laboratory hematology(e.g.,diagnoses of minimal residual disease and various types of leukemia),summarizes state-of-the-art clinical flow cytometers(e.g.,FACSLyricTMby Becton Dickinson,DxFLEX by Beckman Coulter),then considers innovative technical improvements in flow cytometry(including quantitative,spectral,and imaging approaches)to address the limitations of clinical flow cytometry in hematology diagnosis.Finally,driven by these clinical demands,future developments in clinical flow cytometry are suggested.展开更多
In order to improve the satisfaction degree of customers’individual demands for products and reduce the risk of the product innovation,the characteristics of customer demands for product innovation are analyzed,and t...In order to improve the satisfaction degree of customers’individual demands for products and reduce the risk of the product innovation,the characteristics of customer demands for product innovation are analyzed,and the type and content of customer demands are discussed.Then the framework of customer demands acquisition for product innovation is established.Final- ly,the prototype system of customer demands information acquisition and product customization for product innovation which takes mobile phone as the example is developed successfully.展开更多
In order to improve the satisfaction degree of customers’ individual demands on products and reduce the risk of the product innovation,the characteristics of customer demands for product innovation are analyzed,and t...In order to improve the satisfaction degree of customers’ individual demands on products and reduce the risk of the product innovation,the characteristics of customer demands for product innovation are analyzed,and their type and content are discussed. Then the framework of customer demands acquisition for product innovation is established. Finally,the prototype system of customer demands information acquisition and product customization for product innovation which takes mobile phone as the example is developed successfully.展开更多
Despite the significant annual consumption of honey in Saudi Arabia, information gaps remain with regard to the marketing and market structure of honey along the value chain. This study analyzed the major factors that...Despite the significant annual consumption of honey in Saudi Arabia, information gaps remain with regard to the marketing and market structure of honey along the value chain. This study analyzed the major factors that influenced the consumption, expenditure patterns, and demand of honey in Saudi Arabia. This study forecasted the near-future expected market demands for honey in Saudi Arabia by collecting and analyzing the primary data using questionnaires. A total of 331 respondents from representative regions and large cities were randomly selected and interviewed. The data were analyzed using qualitative and quantitative methods as well as appropriate econometric models. Respondents characterized honey quality using organoleptic words, and these characterizations varied based on the relative significance of perception parameters. Taste, aroma, physical state, and color had aggregated average scores of 4.58, 4.44, 3.54, and 3.28, respectively. In addition to the above parameters, honey source, brand name, and confidence in the producers influenced its perceived quality. The major outlets for honey in Saudi Arabia included producers, specialized honey stores, and auction markets in major cities during the harvesting seasons. Medication, food, and sweetening were the major motivations for buying honey in the Saudi market, with aggregate scores of 4.52, 3.71, and 1.52, respectively. Significant honey price variations were observed within and among different honeys and packaging volumes;this finding might be due to factors such as botanical and geographical origins, package volume size economics (i.e., bulk purchases), honey variety blending, brand names, and producer policies. The average price of locally produced honey was approximately $73 per kg, which is 10 times more than the average price of honey in the US and the EU. The estimated consumption/income elasticity was 0.27. These results suggest that honey is a basic commodity in Saudi Arabia. Based on econometric model forecasts, the Saudi market demand for honey is expected to reach approximately 29,784 tons in 2025.展开更多
Introduction: Nursing is highly demanding and stressful profession. Negative consequences of job demands were widely discussed throughout the literature like;poor quality of care, poor health, burnout, greater intent ...Introduction: Nursing is highly demanding and stressful profession. Negative consequences of job demands were widely discussed throughout the literature like;poor quality of care, poor health, burnout, greater intent to leave and lower level of job satisfaction. Job dissatisfaction among nurses also has been discussed exhaustively in the literature in regards to its negative outcomes represented by burnout, absenteeism, turnover, greater intent to leave and finally leaving nursing profession. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine literature discussing job demands in nursing profession and its associated factors among nurses, and to provide direction as to where research needs to continue to explore and develop evidence in this area. Results: Results showed that job demands are the most influential stressor in nursing profession that associated strongly with many negative consequences on the profession in general and on the nurses on particular. Conclusion: The results supported that job demand is unavoidable stressor that leads to many negative consequences and connects directly to job dissatisfaction. Therefore, there is a need to search for alleviating factors that decrease nursing stressor, its consequences and buffer the correlation between job demand and job satisfaction.展开更多
Onboard resources are limited for multibeam satellite communication systems,while differences exist in traffic demands among users.Since conventional multigroup multicast precoding methods do not take traffic demands ...Onboard resources are limited for multibeam satellite communication systems,while differences exist in traffic demands among users.Since conventional multigroup multicast precoding methods do not take traffic demands for users into consideration,it is difficult to flexibly adjust the offered throughput to users’demands.Users with higher demand may obtain lower throughput while users with lower demand may be over-satisfied,which results in the requested-offered throughput mismatch and resource waste.This paper proposes a fair multigroup multicast precoding design based on traffic demands.To obtain the precoding design,the optimization problem aimed at maximizing the minimum throughput satisfaction ratio,which is defined as the ratio of the offered throughput to the traffic demand,is formulated,so as to provide fair service for all users while satisfying per-feed power constraints and traffic demand constraints.To address this problem,an auxiliary variable is first introduced to equivalently simplify it.Then,the semidefinite relaxation and the bisection search strategies are adopted to further handle the problem.Finally,the optimal precoding vectors are obtained by employing eigenvalue decomposition or Gaussian randomization.Simulation results indicate the effectiveness of the proposed precoding algorithm and demonstrate that it can better adapt to the scenarios with different traffic demands.展开更多
文摘Purpose–Facing the diverse needs of large-scale customers,based on available railway service resources and service capabilities,this paper aims to research the design method of railway freight service portfolio,select optimal service solutions and provide customers with comprehensive and customized freight services.Design/methodology/approach–Based on the characteristics of railway freight services throughout the entire process,the service system is decomposed into independent units of service functions,and a railway freight service combination model is constructed with the goal of minimizing response time,service cost and service time.A model solving algorithm based on adaptive genetic algorithm is proposed.Findings–Using the computational model,an empirical analysis was conducted on the entire process freight service plan for starch sold from Xi’an to Chengdu as an example.The results showed that the proposed optimization model and algorithm can effectively guide the design of freight plans and provide technical support for real-time response to customers’diversified entire process freight service needs.Originality/value–With the continuous optimization and upgrading of railway freight source structure,customer demands are becoming increasingly diverse and personalized.Studying and designing a reasonable railway freight service plan throughout the entire process is of great significance for timely response to customer needs,improving service efficiency and reducing design costs.
基金supported by the following fundings:Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences(CAMS)Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(2020-I2M-1-001,2020-I2M-2-015,and 2016-I2M-1-014)National Social Science Fund of China(20&ZD201).
文摘The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic is a global crisis,and medical systems in many countries are overwhelmed with supply shortages and increasing demands to treat patients due to the surge in cases and severe illnesses.This study aimed to assess COVID-19-related essential clinical resource demands in China,based on different scenarios involving COVID-19 spreads and interventions.We used a susceptible–exposed–infectious–hospitalized/isolated–removed(SEIHR)transmission dynamics model to estimate the number of COVID-19 infections and hospitalizations with corresponding essential healthcare resources needed.We found that,under strict non-pharmaceutical interventions(NPIs)or mass vaccination of the population,China would be able to contain community transmission and local outbreaks rapidly.However,under scenarios involving a low intensity of implemented NPIs and a small proportion of the population vaccinated,the use of a peacetime–wartime transition model would be needed for medical source stockpiles and preparations to ensure a normal functioning healthcare system.The implementation of COVID-19 vaccines and NPIs in different periods can influence the transmission of COVID-19 and subsequently affect the demand for clinical diagnosis and treatment.An increased proportion of asymptomatic infections in simulations will not reduce the demand for medical resources;however,attention must be paid to the increasing difficulty in containing COVID-19 transmission due to asymptomatic cases.This study provides evidence for emergency preparations and the adjustment of prevention and control strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic.It also provides guidance for essential healthcare investment and resource allocation.
基金financial assistance and support provided over many years by various organisations including CODELCO Chile, CRC Mining, Mining3, MMG, DSI and Geobrugg
文摘Excavation damage under high in situ stress depends largely upon the potential block size associated with any violent ejection.The size and shape of the dynamic instability are largely controlled by the location,orientation and extent of the pre-existing geological discontinuities.A new methodology is presented in which the rock mass demand can be expressed in terms of the mass in tonnes of unstable rock that is ejected per unit area of the excavation surface where failure occurs.A probabilistic approach has been implemented to estimate the potential rock mass instabilities and their associated static and dynamic demands.The new methodology considers that the strain energy released by the rock mass during violent stress-driven failure is largely converted into kinetic energy of ejection for blocks.The estimated dynamic demand has been favourably compared with observations of rock mass damage in a number of underground excavations.
文摘The challenges posed by climate change require that the quantity and quality of water resources in Nepal be managed with sustainable development practices. The communities around the Kaligandaki Gorge Hydropower Project in the Myagdi District of Nepal depend on river flow for most of their rural and agricultural needs. Without a sustainable development plan, the growing population of the region, confined in an area with declining water resources, will face serious challenges to economic growth. Meteorological data show increasing annual average rainfall at a slight rate of about 0.284 mm/year, with erratic annual percentage change in rainfall in the area. The mean and minimum temperatures show decreasing trends at the rates of 0.05-C and 0.14-C per year, respectively. An assessment of the impacts on water availability for domestic and irrigation usage in the face of competing demands caused by the hydropower development project in the Kaligandaki Gorge was undertaken. The water demand and supply modeling were conducted using the water evaluation and planning (WEAP) model, based on discharge data from the Kaligandaki River, which were obtained from the Department of Hydrology and Meteorology, Nepal. The available data from 2001 to 2003 were used to estimate the model parameters while the stability of these parameters was tested with a validation period from 2004 to 2007. The performance of the model was assessed through statistical measures of calibration with the root mean square error and coefficient of determination, whose values were 0.046% and 0.79, respectively. Two scenarios were created in addition to the base case scenario: the discharge decrement scenario and new irrigation technology scenario. Analysis showed that a prioritization of demands will be necessary in the area in the near future for the purpose of sustainability of water resources, due to climate change impacts.
文摘Background:Soccer match-play is typically contested over 90 min;however,in some cup and tournament scenarios,when matches are tied,they proceed to an additional 30 min,which is termed "extra-time^(ET).This systematic review sought to appraise the literature available on 120-min of soccer-specific exercise,with a view to identifying practical recommendations and future research opportunities.Methods:The review was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines.Independent researchers performed a systematic search of PubMed,CINAHL,and PsycINFO in May 2019,with the following keywords entered in various combinations:"soccer","football","extra-time","extra time","extratime","120 minutes","120 min","additional 30 minutes",and "additional 30 min".Results:The search yielded an initial 73 articles.Following the screening process,11 articles were accepted for analyses.Articles were subsequently organized into the following 5 categories:movement demands of ET,performance responses to ET,physiological and neuromuscular response during ET,nutritional interventions,and recovery and ET.The results highlighted that during competitive match-play,players cover5%-12% less distance relative to match duration(i.e.,meters per minute) during ET compared to the preceding 90 min.Reductions in technical performance(i.e.,shot speed,number of passes and dribbles) were also observed during ET.Additionally,carbohydrate provision may attenuate and improve dribbling performance during ET.Moreover,objective and subjective measures of recovery may be further compromised following ET when compared to 90 min.Conclusion:Additional investigations are warranted to further substantiate these findings and identify interventions to improve performance during ET.
基金supported by a contract between General Motors Company and Tsinghua University,National Natural Science Foundation of China(61425027,60736027,61021063,61074034,61174105)
文摘In this paper, we study a class of manufacturing systems which consist of multiple plants and each of the plants has capability of producing multiple distinct products. The production lines of a certain plant may switch between producing different kinds of products in a time-sharing mode. We optimize the capacity configuration of such a system s production lines with the objective to maximize the overall profit in the capacity planning horizon. Uncertain demand is incorporated in the model to achieve a robust configuration solution. The optimization problem is formulated as a nonlinear polynomial stochastic programming problem, which is difficult to be efficiently solved due to demand uncertainties and large search space. We show the NP-hardness of the problem first, and then apply ordinal optimization(OO) method to search for good enough designs with high probability. At lower level, an mixed integer programming(MIP) solving tool is employed to evaluate the performance of a design under given demand profile.
文摘Population ageing is an inevitable and irreversible demographic reality associated with improvements in health and medical care.While increasing longevity is a matter of celebration;it is linked with multiple morbidities and disabilities.The huge number of suggestions to cope with feasible growth in demand for long-term care in ageing societies can be organized under four headings:(1)improving system enactment;(2)supporting informal caregivers;(3)restructuring of service delivery;and(4)shifting of demographic parameters.Many older women rate their health as poor and experience relatively low mental health status.More than half of all older women indicate signs of mental distress according to measures of subjective wellbeing.They also carry higher burden of both acute and chronic morbidity than their male counterparts due to difference in social status,economic dependency,and cultural barriers.
文摘In the context of growing problems of part-time farming,farmers' aging and hollow rural areas,and increasing restrictive factors of new professional farmers,based on current situations of agricultural resources in Anhui Province,this paper studied feasibility of increasing new professional farmers from the perspectives of urbanization level,labor employment,population development trend,agricultural industrial development and talent demands,current situations of farmers' family management,and agricultural socialized service development trend.Based on decisions,planning,and related data issued by Anhui Provincial Party Committee and Provincial Government,it analyzed and predicted demands of new professional farmers in Anhui Province by industries and types,in the hope of providing references for relevant researches.
基金Sponsored by 2014 Teaching Reform Program of Sichuan Provincial Department of Education(433)
文摘Knowledge transference and ability training are 2 standing points and starting points for the industry demands-oriented talent cultivation of modern higher education.In terms of landscape design knowledge,the landscape design industry requires 3 major knowledge modules,namely basic knowledge and theories,professional knowledge,and relevant knowledge;in terms of ability,it also requires 3 major ability modules,namely computer-aided design(CAD),design performance ability and ability of making conception,and each of them includes many specific knowledge points and ability points.It is important for such teaching processes as real question and proposition teaching,studio teaching and project-led teaching to propose a dual-track talent cultivation scheme focusing on both theoretical knowledge and practical ability according to the needs of landscape design industry.Moreover,it is imperative to arrange relevant courses and curriculum group that reflect knowledge and ability demands,as well as practicing courses or comprehensive design projects based on ability structure.
文摘The applications for ITM 2009 International Textile Machinery Exhibition are increasing at a high rate resulting in the sale of a large portion of the fairground.ITM 2009 International Textile Machinery Exhibition which is to take place between June 6-10, 2009 at Beylikduzu Tuyap Fair Convention
文摘Accurate estimates of ductility demands on buckling-restrained braced frames (BRBFs) are crucial to performance-based design of BRBFs. An analytical study on the seismic behavior of BRBFs has been conducted at the ATLSS Center, Lehigh University to prepare for an upcoming experimental program. The analysis program DRAIN-2DX was used to model a one-bay, four-story prototype BRBF including material and geometric nonlinearities. The bucklingrestrained brace (BRB) model incorporates both isotropic and kinematic hardening. Nonlinear static pushover and timehistory analyses were performed on the prototype BRBF. Performance objectives for the BRBs were defined and uscd to evaluate thc time-history analysis results. Particular emphasis was placed on global ductility demands and ductility demands oa the BRBs. These demands were compared with anticipated ductility capacities. The analysis results, along with results from similar previous studics, are used to evaluate the BRBF design provisions that have been recommended for codification in the United States. Thc results show that BRB maximum ductility demands can be as high as 20 to 25. These demands significantly exceed those anticipated by the BRBF recommended provisions. Results from the static pushover and timehistory analyses are used to demonstrate why the ductility demands exceed those anticipated by the recommended provisions.The BRB qualification testing protocol contained in the BRBF recommended provisions is shown to be inadequate because it requires only a maximum ductility demand of at most 7.5. Modifications to the testing protocol are recommended.
基金Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.51808376
文摘This paper presents a copula technique to develop time-variant seismic fragility curves for corroded bridges at the system level and considers the realistic time-varying dependence among component seismic demands. Based on material deterioration mechanisms and incremental dynamic analysis, the time-evolving seismic demands of components were obtained in the form of marginal probability distributions. The time-varying dependences among bridge components were then captured with the best fitting copula function, which was selected from the commonly used copula classes by the empirical distribution based analysis method. The system time-variant fragility curves at different damage states were developed and the effects of time-varying dependences among components on the bridge system fragility were investigated. The results indicate the time-varying dependence among components significantly affects the time-variant fragility of the bridge system. The copula technique captures the nonlinear dependence among component seismic demands accurately and easily by separating the marginal distributions and the dependence among them.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (71771216,71701209)Shaanxi Natural Science Foundation (2019 JQ-250)。
文摘From the view of information flow, a super-network equilibrium optimization model is proposed to compute the solution of the operation architecture which is made up of a perceptive level, a command level and a firepower level. Firstly, the optimized conditions of the perceptive level, command level and firepower level are analyzed respectively based on the demand of information relation,and then the information supply-and-demand equilibrium model of the operation architecture super-network is established. Secondly,a variational inequality transformation(VIT) model for equilibrium optimization of the operation architecture is given. Thirdly, the contraction projection algorithm for solving the operation architecture super-network equilibrium optimization model with fuzzy demands is designed. Finally, numerical examples are given to prove the validity and rationality of the proposed method, and the influence of fuzzy demands on the super-network equilibrium solution of operation architecture is discussed.
基金This research was supported in part by the Energy Cloud R&D Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Science,ICT(2019M3F2A1073387)in part by the Basic Science Research Program through the NRF funded by the Ministry of Education(NRF-2019R1I1A1A01062456),Any correspondence related to this paper should be addressed to Dohyeun Kim.
文摘The earthquake is considered one of the most devastating disasters in any area of the world due to its potentially destructive force.Based on the various earthquake-related parameters,the risk assessment is enabled in advance to prevent future earthquake disasters.In this paper,for providing the shelter space demands to reduce the damage level and prevention costs,an earthquake risk assessment approach is proposed for deriving the risk index based on multiple spatial parameters in the gridded map.The proposed assessment approach is comprised of pre-processing,methodologymodel,and data visualization.The risk index model derives the earthquake risk index by multiple spatial parameters including indexes of earthquake,danger,shelter,and building for blocks in the quantitative gridded map.The parameters are provided based onmathematicalmodels and combinedwith the risk index that presents the earthquake risk assessment result for each block.Therefore,the gridding approach is proposed to provide the elements of the risk assessment area that are used in the spatial parameters.The gridded map is developed for the selected area to visualize risk index parameters associated with each risk zone.Based on the derived result of the proposed earthquake risk indexmodel,emergency shelter requirements are provided according to the risk index for each location,which supports safety measures in advance to prevent future earthquake disasters.
基金financial support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.61922079,61825107,and 62121003)the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant Nos.GJJSTD20210004 and Y201927)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2021YFC2500300).
文摘As the gold-standard method for single-cell analysis,flow cytometry enables high-throughput and multiple-parameter characterization of individual biological cells.This review highlights the demands for clinical flow cytometry in laboratory hematology(e.g.,diagnoses of minimal residual disease and various types of leukemia),summarizes state-of-the-art clinical flow cytometers(e.g.,FACSLyricTMby Becton Dickinson,DxFLEX by Beckman Coulter),then considers innovative technical improvements in flow cytometry(including quantitative,spectral,and imaging approaches)to address the limitations of clinical flow cytometry in hematology diagnosis.Finally,driven by these clinical demands,future developments in clinical flow cytometry are suggested.
文摘In order to improve the satisfaction degree of customers’individual demands for products and reduce the risk of the product innovation,the characteristics of customer demands for product innovation are analyzed,and the type and content of customer demands are discussed.Then the framework of customer demands acquisition for product innovation is established.Final- ly,the prototype system of customer demands information acquisition and product customization for product innovation which takes mobile phone as the example is developed successfully.
基金Funded by National Science Foundation of China(E05 50335020)
文摘In order to improve the satisfaction degree of customers’ individual demands on products and reduce the risk of the product innovation,the characteristics of customer demands for product innovation are analyzed,and their type and content are discussed. Then the framework of customer demands acquisition for product innovation is established. Finally,the prototype system of customer demands information acquisition and product customization for product innovation which takes mobile phone as the example is developed successfully.
文摘Despite the significant annual consumption of honey in Saudi Arabia, information gaps remain with regard to the marketing and market structure of honey along the value chain. This study analyzed the major factors that influenced the consumption, expenditure patterns, and demand of honey in Saudi Arabia. This study forecasted the near-future expected market demands for honey in Saudi Arabia by collecting and analyzing the primary data using questionnaires. A total of 331 respondents from representative regions and large cities were randomly selected and interviewed. The data were analyzed using qualitative and quantitative methods as well as appropriate econometric models. Respondents characterized honey quality using organoleptic words, and these characterizations varied based on the relative significance of perception parameters. Taste, aroma, physical state, and color had aggregated average scores of 4.58, 4.44, 3.54, and 3.28, respectively. In addition to the above parameters, honey source, brand name, and confidence in the producers influenced its perceived quality. The major outlets for honey in Saudi Arabia included producers, specialized honey stores, and auction markets in major cities during the harvesting seasons. Medication, food, and sweetening were the major motivations for buying honey in the Saudi market, with aggregate scores of 4.52, 3.71, and 1.52, respectively. Significant honey price variations were observed within and among different honeys and packaging volumes;this finding might be due to factors such as botanical and geographical origins, package volume size economics (i.e., bulk purchases), honey variety blending, brand names, and producer policies. The average price of locally produced honey was approximately $73 per kg, which is 10 times more than the average price of honey in the US and the EU. The estimated consumption/income elasticity was 0.27. These results suggest that honey is a basic commodity in Saudi Arabia. Based on econometric model forecasts, the Saudi market demand for honey is expected to reach approximately 29,784 tons in 2025.
文摘Introduction: Nursing is highly demanding and stressful profession. Negative consequences of job demands were widely discussed throughout the literature like;poor quality of care, poor health, burnout, greater intent to leave and lower level of job satisfaction. Job dissatisfaction among nurses also has been discussed exhaustively in the literature in regards to its negative outcomes represented by burnout, absenteeism, turnover, greater intent to leave and finally leaving nursing profession. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine literature discussing job demands in nursing profession and its associated factors among nurses, and to provide direction as to where research needs to continue to explore and develop evidence in this area. Results: Results showed that job demands are the most influential stressor in nursing profession that associated strongly with many negative consequences on the profession in general and on the nurses on particular. Conclusion: The results supported that job demand is unavoidable stressor that leads to many negative consequences and connects directly to job dissatisfaction. Therefore, there is a need to search for alleviating factors that decrease nursing stressor, its consequences and buffer the correlation between job demand and job satisfaction.
基金the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2020YFB1806800).
文摘Onboard resources are limited for multibeam satellite communication systems,while differences exist in traffic demands among users.Since conventional multigroup multicast precoding methods do not take traffic demands for users into consideration,it is difficult to flexibly adjust the offered throughput to users’demands.Users with higher demand may obtain lower throughput while users with lower demand may be over-satisfied,which results in the requested-offered throughput mismatch and resource waste.This paper proposes a fair multigroup multicast precoding design based on traffic demands.To obtain the precoding design,the optimization problem aimed at maximizing the minimum throughput satisfaction ratio,which is defined as the ratio of the offered throughput to the traffic demand,is formulated,so as to provide fair service for all users while satisfying per-feed power constraints and traffic demand constraints.To address this problem,an auxiliary variable is first introduced to equivalently simplify it.Then,the semidefinite relaxation and the bisection search strategies are adopted to further handle the problem.Finally,the optimal precoding vectors are obtained by employing eigenvalue decomposition or Gaussian randomization.Simulation results indicate the effectiveness of the proposed precoding algorithm and demonstrate that it can better adapt to the scenarios with different traffic demands.
