The Clean Development Mechanism,a flexibility mechanism contained in the KyotoProtocol, offers China an important tool to attractinvestment in clean energy technology and processesinto its electricity sector. The Chin...The Clean Development Mechanism,a flexibility mechanism contained in the KyotoProtocol, offers China an important tool to attractinvestment in clean energy technology and processesinto its electricity sector. The Chinese electricitysector places centrally in the country’s economy andenvironment, being a significant contributor to theacid rain and air pollution problems that plague manyof China’s cities and regions, and therefore a focusof many related energy and environmental policies.China’s electricity sector has also been the subjectof a number of economic analyses that have showedthat it contains the highest potential for clean energyinvestment through the Clean DevelopmentMechanism of any economic sector in China. Thismechanism, through the active participation frominvestors in more industrialized countries, can helpalleviate the environmental problems attributable toelectricity generation in China through advancingsuch technology as wind electricity generation, cleancoal technology, high efficient natural gas electricitygeneration, or utilization of coal mine methane. Inthis context, the Clean Development Mechanismalso compliments a range of environmental and energypolicies which are strategizing to encourage thesustainable development of China’s economy.展开更多
This paper summarizes the results of the implementation of the CDM in Argentina during the first period of commitment of the Kyoto Protocol. From a total of sixty- five projects ideas, forty-four achieved registration...This paper summarizes the results of the implementation of the CDM in Argentina during the first period of commitment of the Kyoto Protocol. From a total of sixty- five projects ideas, forty-four achieved registration under the CDM EB while the rest remained approved at national level (12), under evaluation (2), suspended (5) or rejected (2). Most of the projects focused on the generation of electricity from renewable energy, mainly wind energy and the use of landfill gas and methane for energy. Emissions reductions achieved 33.4% of the expected CERs up to 2012 with strong differences among sectors. Results demonstrated that under the current Argentina’s energy policy framework, the income by the selling of CERs covered less than 6% of the incremental costs for renewable energy projects. A sensitivity analysis to evaluate the impact of CDM in the coverage of incremental costs for renewable energy based on the prices of both the energy in the local market and the CER demonstrated that the best conditions would only cover 15% of those costs. The contribution of CDM to technology transfer in Argentina was minor considering that 45% of the projects qualified as type III where technological learning and capacity building were limited at the level of operation and maintenance of a foreign technology. Domestic and external barriers that prevented a better performance of CDM projects in terms of GHG mitigation, technology transfer and the contribution to a sustainable development were also analyzed.展开更多
The scaling off is among the most pervasive and severe deterioration types.The scaling off developed on earthen sites in Northwest China has a special and complex binary structure composed of crusted and loose layers....The scaling off is among the most pervasive and severe deterioration types.The scaling off developed on earthen sites in Northwest China has a special and complex binary structure composed of crusted and loose layers.Under the synergistic functions of external environmental elements such as rainfall,temperature,and wind,and rammed earth properties,this deterioration has gradually created the crust on the site’s surface,and has then evolved into exfoliation and finally fallen off,leading to the reciprocating progressive destruction of earthen sites.Therefore,determining the development mechanism of scaling off and implementing targeted protection measures for the scientific conservation of earthen sites has become essential.In this review study,the properties of the building material causing the binary structure and the coupling effects of water,temperature,salt,and wind on the development of scaling off were determined,and the quantitative evaluation system for this deterioration development was elaborated.After interpreting the reasons for the development of the scaling off,protective measures including chemical grouting,electro-osmosis grouting,and overlay applications were stated.This study also pointed out the research hotspots and shortage in the study process on the scaling off.The hotspots generally focused on the development mechanism of binary structure,quantitative assessment of the degree of development,and related scientific consolidation measures.The shortcomings around the above directions include less attention to the development characteristics and mechanism of scaling off on earthen sites under special environment types,optimization and applicability of quantitative evaluation models,and the development and feasibility of reinforcement slurries and methods.This study can be beneficial in providing theoretical support for the scientific conservation and engineering practice of the scaling off on the earthen sites.展开更多
Since the launch of the economic reform and opening to the outside world, China has seen rapid growth in its export of mechanical and electrical products, with its export
There are abundant energy reserves such as oil,natural gas,hydrate,and wind energy in the ocean.Countries around the globe are competing to advance their marine energy development technologies.The exploitation of mari...There are abundant energy reserves such as oil,natural gas,hydrate,and wind energy in the ocean.Countries around the globe are competing to advance their marine energy development technologies.The exploitation of marine resources relies on cutting-edge industrial equipment.After decades of R&D endeavors,China has obtained most of the key technologies for the design,production,testing,and field application of marine energy development equipment(Xie and Zeng,2021).展开更多
According to customs statistics, China’s exports of machinery and electric products in 1996 were worth US$ 48.21 billion, an increase of 9.9 percent over the preceding year, and 8.4 percent higher than the growth rat...According to customs statistics, China’s exports of machinery and electric products in 1996 were worth US$ 48.21 billion, an increase of 9.9 percent over the preceding year, and 8.4 percent higher than the growth rate of the nation’s total exports. The proportion of machinery and electric product exports in the nation’s total foreign trade volume\ increased from 29.5 percent in 1995 to 31.9 percent in 1996, a growth at 2.4 percent.展开更多
Postoperative adhesion(POA)widely occurs in soft tissues and usually leads to chronic pain,dysfunction of adjacent organs and some acute complications,seriously reducing patients’quality of life and even being life-t...Postoperative adhesion(POA)widely occurs in soft tissues and usually leads to chronic pain,dysfunction of adjacent organs and some acute complications,seriously reducing patients’quality of life and even being life-threatening.Except for adhesiolysis,there are few effective methods to release existing adhesion.However,it requires a second operation and inpatient care and usually triggers recurrent adhesion in a great incidence.Hence,preventing POA formation has been regarded as the most effective clinical strategy.Biomaterials have attracted great attention in preventing POA because they can act as both barriers and drug carriers.Nevertheless,even though much reported research has been demonstrated their efficacy on POA inhibition to a certain extent,thoroughly preventing POA formation is still challenging.Meanwhile,most biomaterials for POA prevention were designed based on limited experiences,not a solid theoretical basis,showing blindness.Hence,we aimed to provide guidance for designing anti-adhesion materials applied in different soft tissues based on the mechanisms of POA occurrence and development.We first classified the postoperative adhesions into four categories according to the different components of diverse adhesion tissues,and named them as“membranous adhesion”,“vascular adhesion”,“adhesive adhesion”and“scarred adhesion”,respectively.Then,the process of the occurrence and development of POA were analyzed,and the main influencing factors in different stages were clarified.Further,we proposed seven strategies for POA prevention by using biomaterials according to these influencing factors.Meanwhile,the relevant practices were summarized according to the corresponding strategies and the future perspectives were analyzed.展开更多
This paper shall show an economic feasible approach to implement greenhouse gas（GHG） reduction measures into steel companies. The goal to improve energy consumption is directly linked to the reduction of GHG emissio...This paper shall show an economic feasible approach to implement greenhouse gas（GHG） reduction measures into steel companies. The goal to improve energy consumption is directly linked to the reduction of GHG emissions and therefore directly in correlation with the economic viability. A baseline scenario of the considered reference system and of the respective reference year has to be defined, mapped and analysed. In a second step an analysis of the same operation using available and prospected best available technology （BAT） processes is carried out to generate a basis for a benchmark system. The identified reduction potentials are reported and the GHG emission reductions are put into relation to the investment cost of the new process technologies/process adaption to be implemented.This economic feasibility calculation is necessary to realise a cost efficient GHG reduction roadmap implementation into the company’s business operations. The GHG reduction roadmap is developed using the abatement curve concept to get an indication of ' low hanging fruits' and for establishing a sequence for implementing carbon emission reductions measures. The scope of that approach can be extended by including further important environmental parameters like NOx, SO2,CO,dust,heavy metal emissions in air as well as production residues.That gives in the end a broader picture and more starting points to improve the overall environmental performance of steel producing companies beyond the GHG emissions and energy consumption.展开更多
The railway is an indispensable feature of a nation’s infrastructure,and the gauge isan internal and objective technical regulation of the railway.In the large-scale regional space,the track gauges reflect the develo...The railway is an indispensable feature of a nation’s infrastructure,and the gauge isan internal and objective technical regulation of the railway.In the large-scale regional space,the track gauges reflect the development differences,historical relations and mutual influencesbetween countries and regions.This makes the railway,originally as a regional connection,have special social,political,military and other multiple attributes.Based on this,thepaper,from the perspective of railway gauge,takes the Eurasian continent as the case regionto explore the spatial pattern,formation mechanism and organizational mode of communicationof the Eurasian continental railway geo-system.The results show that 11 kinds of railwaygauge structures exist in Eurasia,which respectively belong to three types of wide-gauge,standard-gauge,and narrow-gauge,but the mainstream gauge only includes 1520 mm,1435mm and 1067 mm.Considerable variation in the coverage length and space range of differentgauges is apparent,which provides a physical and technological basis for railway systemdifferentiation and network fragmentation,which leads to the formation of eight railwaygeo-systems.Due to different modes for railway transport management in different geographicallocations,the geographical pattern and geographical relationship of four transportorganizations are formed.What especially important is the emergence of“1435 gauge space”and“1520 gauge space”,as well as the railway geo-space confrontation between them,onthe Eurasian continent.Besides,we also find that the railway geo-system of Eurasia is mainlyaffected by the technology dissemination,path dependence,geopolitics,national defenseand the colonial expansion of military latitude,and on this basis,five geo-modes of railwaygauge propagation are formed.展开更多
文摘The Clean Development Mechanism,a flexibility mechanism contained in the KyotoProtocol, offers China an important tool to attractinvestment in clean energy technology and processesinto its electricity sector. The Chinese electricitysector places centrally in the country’s economy andenvironment, being a significant contributor to theacid rain and air pollution problems that plague manyof China’s cities and regions, and therefore a focusof many related energy and environmental policies.China’s electricity sector has also been the subjectof a number of economic analyses that have showedthat it contains the highest potential for clean energyinvestment through the Clean DevelopmentMechanism of any economic sector in China. Thismechanism, through the active participation frominvestors in more industrialized countries, can helpalleviate the environmental problems attributable toelectricity generation in China through advancingsuch technology as wind electricity generation, cleancoal technology, high efficient natural gas electricitygeneration, or utilization of coal mine methane. Inthis context, the Clean Development Mechanismalso compliments a range of environmental and energypolicies which are strategizing to encourage thesustainable development of China’s economy.
文摘This paper summarizes the results of the implementation of the CDM in Argentina during the first period of commitment of the Kyoto Protocol. From a total of sixty- five projects ideas, forty-four achieved registration under the CDM EB while the rest remained approved at national level (12), under evaluation (2), suspended (5) or rejected (2). Most of the projects focused on the generation of electricity from renewable energy, mainly wind energy and the use of landfill gas and methane for energy. Emissions reductions achieved 33.4% of the expected CERs up to 2012 with strong differences among sectors. Results demonstrated that under the current Argentina’s energy policy framework, the income by the selling of CERs covered less than 6% of the incremental costs for renewable energy projects. A sensitivity analysis to evaluate the impact of CDM in the coverage of incremental costs for renewable energy based on the prices of both the energy in the local market and the CER demonstrated that the best conditions would only cover 15% of those costs. The contribution of CDM to technology transfer in Argentina was minor considering that 45% of the projects qualified as type III where technological learning and capacity building were limited at the level of operation and maintenance of a foreign technology. Domestic and external barriers that prevented a better performance of CDM projects in terms of GHG mitigation, technology transfer and the contribution to a sustainable development were also analyzed.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42202313 and 41562015)the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2020YFC1521904)+2 种基金the Social Science Fund of Shaanxi Province of China(Grant No.2021G014)the Key Projects of Two Chain Integration of Shaanxi Province of China(Protection and Utilization of Cultural Heritage)(Grant No.2022LL-ZD-01)the High-level Humanities and Social Science Outstanding Achievement Award Cultivation Project of Northwestern Polytechnical University(Grant No.G2022KY0603)。
文摘The scaling off is among the most pervasive and severe deterioration types.The scaling off developed on earthen sites in Northwest China has a special and complex binary structure composed of crusted and loose layers.Under the synergistic functions of external environmental elements such as rainfall,temperature,and wind,and rammed earth properties,this deterioration has gradually created the crust on the site’s surface,and has then evolved into exfoliation and finally fallen off,leading to the reciprocating progressive destruction of earthen sites.Therefore,determining the development mechanism of scaling off and implementing targeted protection measures for the scientific conservation of earthen sites has become essential.In this review study,the properties of the building material causing the binary structure and the coupling effects of water,temperature,salt,and wind on the development of scaling off were determined,and the quantitative evaluation system for this deterioration development was elaborated.After interpreting the reasons for the development of the scaling off,protective measures including chemical grouting,electro-osmosis grouting,and overlay applications were stated.This study also pointed out the research hotspots and shortage in the study process on the scaling off.The hotspots generally focused on the development mechanism of binary structure,quantitative assessment of the degree of development,and related scientific consolidation measures.The shortcomings around the above directions include less attention to the development characteristics and mechanism of scaling off on earthen sites under special environment types,optimization and applicability of quantitative evaluation models,and the development and feasibility of reinforcement slurries and methods.This study can be beneficial in providing theoretical support for the scientific conservation and engineering practice of the scaling off on the earthen sites.
文摘Since the launch of the economic reform and opening to the outside world, China has seen rapid growth in its export of mechanical and electrical products, with its export
文摘There are abundant energy reserves such as oil,natural gas,hydrate,and wind energy in the ocean.Countries around the globe are competing to advance their marine energy development technologies.The exploitation of marine resources relies on cutting-edge industrial equipment.After decades of R&D endeavors,China has obtained most of the key technologies for the design,production,testing,and field application of marine energy development equipment(Xie and Zeng,2021).
文摘According to customs statistics, China’s exports of machinery and electric products in 1996 were worth US$ 48.21 billion, an increase of 9.9 percent over the preceding year, and 8.4 percent higher than the growth rate of the nation’s total exports. The proportion of machinery and electric product exports in the nation’s total foreign trade volume\ increased from 29.5 percent in 1995 to 31.9 percent in 1996, a growth at 2.4 percent.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.32171345,T2288101,U20A20390,and 11827803)Fok Ying Tung Education Foundation(No.141039)+1 种基金International Joint Research Center of Aerospace Biotechnology and Medical Engineering,Ministry of Science and Technology of China,the 111 Project(No.B13003)the Academic Excellence Foundation of BUAA for PhD Students.
文摘Postoperative adhesion(POA)widely occurs in soft tissues and usually leads to chronic pain,dysfunction of adjacent organs and some acute complications,seriously reducing patients’quality of life and even being life-threatening.Except for adhesiolysis,there are few effective methods to release existing adhesion.However,it requires a second operation and inpatient care and usually triggers recurrent adhesion in a great incidence.Hence,preventing POA formation has been regarded as the most effective clinical strategy.Biomaterials have attracted great attention in preventing POA because they can act as both barriers and drug carriers.Nevertheless,even though much reported research has been demonstrated their efficacy on POA inhibition to a certain extent,thoroughly preventing POA formation is still challenging.Meanwhile,most biomaterials for POA prevention were designed based on limited experiences,not a solid theoretical basis,showing blindness.Hence,we aimed to provide guidance for designing anti-adhesion materials applied in different soft tissues based on the mechanisms of POA occurrence and development.We first classified the postoperative adhesions into four categories according to the different components of diverse adhesion tissues,and named them as“membranous adhesion”,“vascular adhesion”,“adhesive adhesion”and“scarred adhesion”,respectively.Then,the process of the occurrence and development of POA were analyzed,and the main influencing factors in different stages were clarified.Further,we proposed seven strategies for POA prevention by using biomaterials according to these influencing factors.Meanwhile,the relevant practices were summarized according to the corresponding strategies and the future perspectives were analyzed.
文摘This paper shall show an economic feasible approach to implement greenhouse gas（GHG） reduction measures into steel companies. The goal to improve energy consumption is directly linked to the reduction of GHG emissions and therefore directly in correlation with the economic viability. A baseline scenario of the considered reference system and of the respective reference year has to be defined, mapped and analysed. In a second step an analysis of the same operation using available and prospected best available technology （BAT） processes is carried out to generate a basis for a benchmark system. The identified reduction potentials are reported and the GHG emission reductions are put into relation to the investment cost of the new process technologies/process adaption to be implemented.This economic feasibility calculation is necessary to realise a cost efficient GHG reduction roadmap implementation into the company’s business operations. The GHG reduction roadmap is developed using the abatement curve concept to get an indication of ' low hanging fruits' and for establishing a sequence for implementing carbon emission reductions measures. The scope of that approach can be extended by including further important environmental parameters like NOx, SO2,CO,dust,heavy metal emissions in air as well as production residues.That gives in the end a broader picture and more starting points to improve the overall environmental performance of steel producing companies beyond the GHG emissions and energy consumption.
基金The Strategic Priority Research Program of the CAS,No.XDA20010101The Key Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,No.ZDRW-ZS-2017-4。
文摘The railway is an indispensable feature of a nation’s infrastructure,and the gauge isan internal and objective technical regulation of the railway.In the large-scale regional space,the track gauges reflect the development differences,historical relations and mutual influencesbetween countries and regions.This makes the railway,originally as a regional connection,have special social,political,military and other multiple attributes.Based on this,thepaper,from the perspective of railway gauge,takes the Eurasian continent as the case regionto explore the spatial pattern,formation mechanism and organizational mode of communicationof the Eurasian continental railway geo-system.The results show that 11 kinds of railwaygauge structures exist in Eurasia,which respectively belong to three types of wide-gauge,standard-gauge,and narrow-gauge,but the mainstream gauge only includes 1520 mm,1435mm and 1067 mm.Considerable variation in the coverage length and space range of differentgauges is apparent,which provides a physical and technological basis for railway systemdifferentiation and network fragmentation,which leads to the formation of eight railwaygeo-systems.Due to different modes for railway transport management in different geographicallocations,the geographical pattern and geographical relationship of four transportorganizations are formed.What especially important is the emergence of“1435 gauge space”and“1520 gauge space”,as well as the railway geo-space confrontation between them,onthe Eurasian continent.Besides,we also find that the railway geo-system of Eurasia is mainlyaffected by the technology dissemination,path dependence,geopolitics,national defenseand the colonial expansion of military latitude,and on this basis,five geo-modes of railwaygauge propagation are formed.
