To investigate dispersion mechanism of water-based ferrofluid, the effects of electrolytes on the dispersibility of ferrofluid in the dispersing system with different pH values were discussed. The ζ-potential of magn...To investigate dispersion mechanism of water-based ferrofluid, the effects of electrolytes on the dispersibility of ferrofluid in the dispersing system with different pH values were discussed. The ζ-potential of magnetic nano-particles was measured to discover the adsorbent state of oleate group on the surface of magnetite particles. The mechanism that coexisting electrolyte influences the dispersibility was studied. The results show that the electrolyte affects the stability of ferrofluid through an effect on the structure of surfactant bilayer adsorption, which was proved by ζ-potential measured. The associated mechanism of steric and electrostatic is dominant in aqueous ferrofluid.展开更多
Designing and preparing high-performance lignin-based dispersants are crucial steps in realizing the value-added utilization of lignin on an industrial scale.Such process depends heavily on an understanding of the dis...Designing and preparing high-performance lignin-based dispersants are crucial steps in realizing the value-added utilization of lignin on an industrial scale.Such process depends heavily on an understanding of the dispersion mechanism of lignin-based dispersants.Here,atomic force microscopy(AFM)is employed to quantitatively investigate the dispersion mechanism of a lignosulfonate/silica(LS/SiO_(2))system under different pH conditions.The results show that the repulsive force between SiO_(2)particles in LS solution is stronger than it is in water,resulting in better dispersion stability.The Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek(DLVO)formula as well as the DLVO formula combined with steric repulsion is utilized for the fitting of the AFM force/distance(F/D)curves between the SiO_(2)probe and substrate in water and in LS solution.Based on these fitting results,electrostatic and steric repulsive forces are respectively calculated,yielding further evidence that LS provides strong steric repulsion between SiO_(2)particles.Further studies indicate that the adsorbance of LS on SiO_(2)(Q),the normalized interaction constant(A),and the characteristic length(L)are the three critical factors affecting steric repulsion in the LS/SiO_(2)system.Based on the above conclusions,a novel quaternized grafted-sulfonation lignin(QAGSL)dispersant is designed and prepared.The QAGSL dispersant exhibits good dispersing performance for SiO_(2)and real cement particles.This work provides a fundamental and quantitative understanding of the dispersion mechanism in the LS/inorganic particle system and provides important guidance for the development of high-performance lignin-based dispersants.展开更多
The synthesis, properties and dispersion mechanism of sulphonated acetone-formaldehyde superplasticizer （SAF） were presented. This superplasticizer was synthesized by the reaction among acetone, formaldehyde, sodium...The synthesis, properties and dispersion mechanism of sulphonated acetone-formaldehyde superplasticizer （SAF） were presented. This superplasticizer was synthesized by the reaction among acetone, formaldehyde, sodium sulfite and pyrosulfite. The structure and property were respectively characterized by IR and surface tension measurement. Performance of SAF in cement was evaluated by paste flow as well as heat calorimetry. The dispersion mechanism was identified via adsorption and zeta potential measurement. The results show that cement paste mixed with SAF shows good fluidity. SAF exerts little retarding effect on cement paste and it behaves like a typical polycondensate superplasticizer. The main dispersion mechanism of SAF is attributed to electrostatic repulsion.展开更多
This paper presents the effects of both poly vinylidene fluoride(PVDF)/carbon black(CB)ratio(m PVDF:m CB)and mixing time t on the dispersion mechanism of the cathode slurry of lithium-ion battery(LIB).The dispersion m...This paper presents the effects of both poly vinylidene fluoride(PVDF)/carbon black(CB)ratio(m PVDF:m CB)and mixing time t on the dispersion mechanism of the cathode slurry of lithium-ion battery(LIB).The dispersion mechanism is deduced from the electrochemical,morphological and rheological properties of the cathode slurry by using electrical impedance spectroscopy(EIS),scanning electron microscopy and rheology methods,respectively.From the perspective of EIS method,static simulation models are established in the COMSOL Multiphysics software;meanwhile,the simulated results are used to verify the correctness of the electrochemical properties of the cathode slurry.As a result,the following conclusions are able to be obtained.Firstly,in the case of the mass ratio m_(PVDF):m_(CB)=5:10,LiCoO_(2) particles are completely coated by the mixture of CB and PVDF to form a stable polymer gel structure.Higher or lower m_(PVDF):m_(CB) leads to the larger impedance and worse dispersion status for the cathode slurry.Secondly,when t=6 min,a good gel-like conductive network structure is formed by coating the thinner evenly dispersed CB–PVDF double layer around LiCoO_(2) particles.Finally,a strategy regarding to both m_(PVDF):m_(CB) and t in experimental scale is proposed,which has the capability of improving the performance of LIB.展开更多
The ultrafine silver powders were prepared by liquid reduction method using Arabic gum as dispersant.The effects of different dispersants,pH values,and temperature on the morphology and particle size of silver powders...The ultrafine silver powders were prepared by liquid reduction method using Arabic gum as dispersant.The effects of different dispersants,pH values,and temperature on the morphology and particle size of silver powders were investigated.It is found that Arabic gum can better adsorb on silver particles via chemical adsorption,and it shows the best dispersive effect among all the selected dispersants.The particle size of silver powders can be finely tuned from 0.34 to 4.09μm by adjusting pH values,while the morphology of silver powders can be tuned by changing the temperature.The silver powders with high tap density higher than 4.0 g/cm3 were successfully prepared in a wide temperature range of 21.8-70°C.Especially,the tap density is higher than 5.0 g/cm3 when the temperature is optimized to be 50°C.The facile process and high silver concentration of this method make it a promising way to prepare high quality silver powders for electronic paste.展开更多
Seed distribution and deposition patterns around parent trees are strongly aff ected by functional traits and therefore infl uence the development of plant communities.To assess the limitations of seed dispersal and t...Seed distribution and deposition patterns around parent trees are strongly aff ected by functional traits and therefore infl uence the development of plant communities.To assess the limitations of seed dispersal and the extent to which diaspore and neighbouring parental traits explain seed rain,we used a 9-year seed data set based on 150 seed traps in a 25-ha area of a temperate forest in the Changbai Mountain.Among 480,598 seeds belonging to 12 families,17 genera,and 26 species were identifi ed,only 54%of the species with mature trees in the community were represented in seeds collected over the 9 years,indicating a limitation in seed dispersal.Understory species were most limited;overstory species were least limited.Species with wind-dispersed seed had the least limitation,while the lowest similarity in species richness was for animal-dispersed species followed by gravity-dispersed species;fl eshy-fruited species had stronger dispersal limitations than dry-fruited species.Generalized linear mixed models showed that relative basal area had a signifi cant positive eff ect on seed abundance in traps,while the contribution of diaspore traits was low for nearly all groups.These results suggest that tree traits had the strongest contribution to seed dispersal and deposition for all functional groups examined here.These fi ndings strengthen the knowledge that tree traits are key in explaining seed deposition patterns,at least at the primary dispersal stage.This improved knowledge of sources of seeds that are dispersed could facilitate greater understanding of seedling and community dynamics in temperate forests.展开更多
A discrete dislocation plasticity analysis of dispersion strengthening in oxide dispersion strengthened(ODS) steels was described. Parametric dislocation dynamics(PDD) simulation of the interaction between an edge dis...A discrete dislocation plasticity analysis of dispersion strengthening in oxide dispersion strengthened(ODS) steels was described. Parametric dislocation dynamics(PDD) simulation of the interaction between an edge dislocation and randomly distributed spherical dispersoids(Y2O3) in bcc iron was performed for measuring the influence of the dispersoid distribution on the critical resolved shear stress(CRSS). The dispersoid distribution was made using a method mimicking the Ostwald growth mechanism. Then, an edge dislocation was introduced, and was moved under a constant shear stress condition. The CRSS was extracted from the result of dislocation velocity under constant shear stress using the mobility(linear) relationship between the shear stress and the dislocation velocity. The results suggest that the dispersoid distribution gives a significant influence to the CRSS, and the influence of dislocation dipole, which forms just before finishing up the Orowan looping mechanism, is substantial in determining the CRSS, especially for the interaction with small dispersoids. Therefore, the well-known Orowan equation for determining the CRSS cannot give an accurate estimation, because the influence of the dislocation dipole in the process of the Orowan looping mechanism is not accounted for in the equation.展开更多
Carboxylated cellulose nanofibrils(CNFs)have emerged as effective green dispersants for monolayer montmorillonite(MMT)dispersions.However,their dispersion capability is sensitive to the metal ion concentration in aque...Carboxylated cellulose nanofibrils(CNFs)have emerged as effective green dispersants for monolayer montmorillonite(MMT)dispersions.However,their dispersion capability is sensitive to the metal ion concentration in aqueous solutions.Hence,this study investigated the effects of Na^(+) and Ca^(2+) concentrations on the dispersive ability of carboxylated CNFs for monolayer MMTs in water.Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring(QCM-D)and atomic force microscopy(AFM)were utilized to explore the interfacial interactions between the carboxylated CNFs and monolayer MMTs under different Na^(+) and Ca^(2+) concentrations.When the concentration of Na^(+) reached 0.1 mmol/L,the adhesion mass of carboxylated CNFs on MMT-coated wafer peaked at 24.47 mg/m^(2),higher than control sample(carboxylated CNF-dispersed monolayer MMT dispersion without metal ions,16.03 mg/m^(2)).Moreover,the electrostatic shielding effect promoted a better dispersion of monolayer MMTs by carboxylated CNF dispersant.With a further increase in the Na^(+) concentration,the surface charge of CNFs and MMTs would be reversed resulting from the improved electrostatic shielding effect,which weaken the dispersive ability of carboxylated CNFs.The addition of Ca^(2+) reduced the dispersive ability of carboxylated CNFs for monolayer MMTs,because Ca^(2+) required a lower concentration for the onset of charge reversal compared to Na^(+).This study provides interfacial scale insights into the influence of metal ion concentration on carboxylated CNF-dispersed monolayer MMT dispersions.It also provides a strategy to enhance the dispersive ability of carboxylated CNFs for monolayer MMTs.展开更多
Increasing occurrence of intrinsically antimicrobial-resistant,human pathogens and the protective biofilm-mode in which they grow,dictates a need for the alternative control of infectious biofilms.Biofilm bacteria uti...Increasing occurrence of intrinsically antimicrobial-resistant,human pathogens and the protective biofilm-mode in which they grow,dictates a need for the alternative control of infectious biofilms.Biofilm bacteria utilize dispersal mechanisms to detach parts of a biofilm as part of the biofilm life-cycle during times of nutrient scarcity or overpopulation.We here identify recent advances and future challenges in the development of dispersants as a new infection-control strategy.Deoxyribonuclease(DNase)and other extracellular enzymes can disrupt the extracellular matrix of a biofilm to cause dispersal.Also,a variety of small molecules,reactive oxygen species,nitric oxide releasing compounds,peptides and molecules regulating signaling pathways in biofilms have been described as dispersants.On their own,dispersants do not inhibit bacterial growth or kill bacterial pathogens.Both natural,as well as artificial dispersants,are unstable and hydrophobic which necessitate their encapsulation in smart nanocarriers,like p H-responsive micelles,liposomes or hydrogels.Depending on their composition,nanoparticles can also possess intrinsic dispersant properties.Bacteria dispersed from an infectious biofilm end up in the blood circulation where they are cleared by host immune cells.However,this sudden increase in bacterial concentration can also cause sepsis.Simultaneous antibiotic loading of nanoparticles with dispersant properties or combined administration of dispersants and antibiotics can counter this threat.Importantly,biofilm remaining after dispersant administration appears more susceptible to existing antibiotics.Being part of the natural biofilm life-cycle,no signs of"dispersant-resistance"have been observed.Dispersants are therewith promising for the control of infectious biofilms.展开更多
Chinese visceral manifestation theory states that lung dominates qi,regulates breathing,and governs Xuanfa（dispersing）and Sujiang（descending）.Clarifying this theory with modern physiological and pathological knowl...Chinese visceral manifestation theory states that lung dominates qi,regulates breathing,and governs Xuanfa（dispersing）and Sujiang（descending）.Clarifying this theory with modern physiological and pathological knowledge has been considered as an important part of complementary and alternative medicine therapy.Previous studies found that most Xuanfa drugs contained pharmacodynamic ingredients related to adrenergic receptors（ARs）signal transduction.The association of Xuanfa,with the control of breath movement,nutrient transfer,spreading heat to regulate temperature,and helping the heart control blood circulation,coincides with the physiological function of organs dominated by ARs-regulated sympathetic postganglionic fibers.Therefore,we hypothesize that Xuanfa is closely related to ARs-regulated signal transduction.By modern biological knowledge,we tried to evaluate and expound the correlation between the molecular mechanisms of modern physiology or pathology and Xuanfa or Sujiang theory.Ultimately,the research and development of modern drugs should fully expect the guidance from Chinese visceral manifestation theory,and the application of this principle will guide the prevention and clinical treatment of a variety of refractory diseases caused by a change in environment,climate,or lifestyle.展开更多
基金Project(50374083) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(134375215) supported by the Research Fund for Postgraduate Innovation Project of Central South University, China
文摘To investigate dispersion mechanism of water-based ferrofluid, the effects of electrolytes on the dispersibility of ferrofluid in the dispersing system with different pH values were discussed. The ζ-potential of magnetic nano-particles was measured to discover the adsorbent state of oleate group on the surface of magnetite particles. The mechanism that coexisting electrolyte influences the dispersibility was studied. The results show that the electrolyte affects the stability of ferrofluid through an effect on the structure of surfactant bilayer adsorption, which was proved by ζ-potential measured. The associated mechanism of steric and electrostatic is dominant in aqueous ferrofluid.
基金We gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21606089,21878113,and 21878114)the Guangdong Province Science and Technology Research Project of China(2017B090903003)the Guangzhou Science and Technology Research Project of China(201704030126 and 201806010139).
文摘Designing and preparing high-performance lignin-based dispersants are crucial steps in realizing the value-added utilization of lignin on an industrial scale.Such process depends heavily on an understanding of the dispersion mechanism of lignin-based dispersants.Here,atomic force microscopy(AFM)is employed to quantitatively investigate the dispersion mechanism of a lignosulfonate/silica(LS/SiO_(2))system under different pH conditions.The results show that the repulsive force between SiO_(2)particles in LS solution is stronger than it is in water,resulting in better dispersion stability.The Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek(DLVO)formula as well as the DLVO formula combined with steric repulsion is utilized for the fitting of the AFM force/distance(F/D)curves between the SiO_(2)probe and substrate in water and in LS solution.Based on these fitting results,electrostatic and steric repulsive forces are respectively calculated,yielding further evidence that LS provides strong steric repulsion between SiO_(2)particles.Further studies indicate that the adsorbance of LS on SiO_(2)(Q),the normalized interaction constant(A),and the characteristic length(L)are the three critical factors affecting steric repulsion in the LS/SiO_(2)system.Based on the above conclusions,a novel quaternized grafted-sulfonation lignin(QAGSL)dispersant is designed and prepared.The QAGSL dispersant exhibits good dispersing performance for SiO_(2)and real cement particles.This work provides a fundamental and quantitative understanding of the dispersion mechanism in the LS/inorganic particle system and provides important guidance for the development of high-performance lignin-based dispersants.
基金Funded by the Western Region Traffic Construction Technology Program of the Ministry of Communications of China(No.2007319811130)
文摘The synthesis, properties and dispersion mechanism of sulphonated acetone-formaldehyde superplasticizer （SAF） were presented. This superplasticizer was synthesized by the reaction among acetone, formaldehyde, sodium sulfite and pyrosulfite. The structure and property were respectively characterized by IR and surface tension measurement. Performance of SAF in cement was evaluated by paste flow as well as heat calorimetry. The dispersion mechanism was identified via adsorption and zeta potential measurement. The results show that cement paste mixed with SAF shows good fluidity. SAF exerts little retarding effect on cement paste and it behaves like a typical polycondensate superplasticizer. The main dispersion mechanism of SAF is attributed to electrostatic repulsion.
基金support from National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant No.52006176 and 62101438)the Key Research and Development Project of Shaanxi Province(grant No.2022kw-18)+1 种基金the Ministry of Education's“Chunhui Plan”Collaborative Research project(grant No.202200491)Science and Technology Program of Xi'an(grant No.22GXFW0095)。
文摘This paper presents the effects of both poly vinylidene fluoride(PVDF)/carbon black(CB)ratio(m PVDF:m CB)and mixing time t on the dispersion mechanism of the cathode slurry of lithium-ion battery(LIB).The dispersion mechanism is deduced from the electrochemical,morphological and rheological properties of the cathode slurry by using electrical impedance spectroscopy(EIS),scanning electron microscopy and rheology methods,respectively.From the perspective of EIS method,static simulation models are established in the COMSOL Multiphysics software;meanwhile,the simulated results are used to verify the correctness of the electrochemical properties of the cathode slurry.As a result,the following conclusions are able to be obtained.Firstly,in the case of the mass ratio m_(PVDF):m_(CB)=5:10,LiCoO_(2) particles are completely coated by the mixture of CB and PVDF to form a stable polymer gel structure.Higher or lower m_(PVDF):m_(CB) leads to the larger impedance and worse dispersion status for the cathode slurry.Secondly,when t=6 min,a good gel-like conductive network structure is formed by coating the thinner evenly dispersed CB–PVDF double layer around LiCoO_(2) particles.Finally,a strategy regarding to both m_(PVDF):m_(CB) and t in experimental scale is proposed,which has the capability of improving the performance of LIB.
基金Project(2014DFA90520)supported by the International Cooperation Program of Ministry of Science and Technology of ChinaProject(2013A090100003)supported by the Production,Teaching and Research Program of Guangdong Province,ChinaProject(2013DY048)supported by the Science and Technology Cooperation Program of Daye Nonferrous Metals Group,China
文摘The ultrafine silver powders were prepared by liquid reduction method using Arabic gum as dispersant.The effects of different dispersants,pH values,and temperature on the morphology and particle size of silver powders were investigated.It is found that Arabic gum can better adsorb on silver particles via chemical adsorption,and it shows the best dispersive effect among all the selected dispersants.The particle size of silver powders can be finely tuned from 0.34 to 4.09μm by adjusting pH values,while the morphology of silver powders can be tuned by changing the temperature.The silver powders with high tap density higher than 4.0 g/cm3 were successfully prepared in a wide temperature range of 21.8-70°C.Especially,the tap density is higher than 5.0 g/cm3 when the temperature is optimized to be 50°C.The facile process and high silver concentration of this method make it a promising way to prepare high quality silver powders for electronic paste.
基金We gratefully thank Baizhang Song and Xichang He for collecting the seed rain data.This study was funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFC0500300)National Natural Science Foundation of China(31570432,31670632,41671050)by NSF Grant DEB-1745496 awarded to JML.
文摘Seed distribution and deposition patterns around parent trees are strongly aff ected by functional traits and therefore infl uence the development of plant communities.To assess the limitations of seed dispersal and the extent to which diaspore and neighbouring parental traits explain seed rain,we used a 9-year seed data set based on 150 seed traps in a 25-ha area of a temperate forest in the Changbai Mountain.Among 480,598 seeds belonging to 12 families,17 genera,and 26 species were identifi ed,only 54%of the species with mature trees in the community were represented in seeds collected over the 9 years,indicating a limitation in seed dispersal.Understory species were most limited;overstory species were least limited.Species with wind-dispersed seed had the least limitation,while the lowest similarity in species richness was for animal-dispersed species followed by gravity-dispersed species;fl eshy-fruited species had stronger dispersal limitations than dry-fruited species.Generalized linear mixed models showed that relative basal area had a signifi cant positive eff ect on seed abundance in traps,while the contribution of diaspore traits was low for nearly all groups.These results suggest that tree traits had the strongest contribution to seed dispersal and deposition for all functional groups examined here.These fi ndings strengthen the knowledge that tree traits are key in explaining seed deposition patterns,at least at the primary dispersal stage.This improved knowledge of sources of seeds that are dispersed could facilitate greater understanding of seedling and community dynamics in temperate forests.
文摘A discrete dislocation plasticity analysis of dispersion strengthening in oxide dispersion strengthened(ODS) steels was described. Parametric dislocation dynamics(PDD) simulation of the interaction between an edge dislocation and randomly distributed spherical dispersoids(Y2O3) in bcc iron was performed for measuring the influence of the dispersoid distribution on the critical resolved shear stress(CRSS). The dispersoid distribution was made using a method mimicking the Ostwald growth mechanism. Then, an edge dislocation was introduced, and was moved under a constant shear stress condition. The CRSS was extracted from the result of dislocation velocity under constant shear stress using the mobility(linear) relationship between the shear stress and the dislocation velocity. The results suggest that the dispersoid distribution gives a significant influence to the CRSS, and the influence of dislocation dipole, which forms just before finishing up the Orowan looping mechanism, is substantial in determining the CRSS, especially for the interaction with small dispersoids. Therefore, the well-known Orowan equation for determining the CRSS cannot give an accurate estimation, because the influence of the dislocation dipole in the process of the Orowan looping mechanism is not accounted for in the equation.
文摘Carboxylated cellulose nanofibrils(CNFs)have emerged as effective green dispersants for monolayer montmorillonite(MMT)dispersions.However,their dispersion capability is sensitive to the metal ion concentration in aqueous solutions.Hence,this study investigated the effects of Na^(+) and Ca^(2+) concentrations on the dispersive ability of carboxylated CNFs for monolayer MMTs in water.Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring(QCM-D)and atomic force microscopy(AFM)were utilized to explore the interfacial interactions between the carboxylated CNFs and monolayer MMTs under different Na^(+) and Ca^(2+) concentrations.When the concentration of Na^(+) reached 0.1 mmol/L,the adhesion mass of carboxylated CNFs on MMT-coated wafer peaked at 24.47 mg/m^(2),higher than control sample(carboxylated CNF-dispersed monolayer MMT dispersion without metal ions,16.03 mg/m^(2)).Moreover,the electrostatic shielding effect promoted a better dispersion of monolayer MMTs by carboxylated CNF dispersant.With a further increase in the Na^(+) concentration,the surface charge of CNFs and MMTs would be reversed resulting from the improved electrostatic shielding effect,which weaken the dispersive ability of carboxylated CNFs.The addition of Ca^(2+) reduced the dispersive ability of carboxylated CNFs for monolayer MMTs,because Ca^(2+) required a lower concentration for the onset of charge reversal compared to Na^(+).This study provides interfacial scale insights into the influence of metal ion concentration on carboxylated CNF-dispersed monolayer MMT dispersions.It also provides a strategy to enhance the dispersive ability of carboxylated CNFs for monolayer MMTs.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21620102005 and 51933006)。
文摘Increasing occurrence of intrinsically antimicrobial-resistant,human pathogens and the protective biofilm-mode in which they grow,dictates a need for the alternative control of infectious biofilms.Biofilm bacteria utilize dispersal mechanisms to detach parts of a biofilm as part of the biofilm life-cycle during times of nutrient scarcity or overpopulation.We here identify recent advances and future challenges in the development of dispersants as a new infection-control strategy.Deoxyribonuclease(DNase)and other extracellular enzymes can disrupt the extracellular matrix of a biofilm to cause dispersal.Also,a variety of small molecules,reactive oxygen species,nitric oxide releasing compounds,peptides and molecules regulating signaling pathways in biofilms have been described as dispersants.On their own,dispersants do not inhibit bacterial growth or kill bacterial pathogens.Both natural,as well as artificial dispersants,are unstable and hydrophobic which necessitate their encapsulation in smart nanocarriers,like p H-responsive micelles,liposomes or hydrogels.Depending on their composition,nanoparticles can also possess intrinsic dispersant properties.Bacteria dispersed from an infectious biofilm end up in the blood circulation where they are cleared by host immune cells.However,this sudden increase in bacterial concentration can also cause sepsis.Simultaneous antibiotic loading of nanoparticles with dispersant properties or combined administration of dispersants and antibiotics can counter this threat.Importantly,biofilm remaining after dispersant administration appears more susceptible to existing antibiotics.Being part of the natural biofilm life-cycle,no signs of"dispersant-resistance"have been observed.Dispersants are therewith promising for the control of infectious biofilms.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(81173638,81373506)Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education(20120031110042)
文摘Chinese visceral manifestation theory states that lung dominates qi,regulates breathing,and governs Xuanfa（dispersing）and Sujiang（descending）.Clarifying this theory with modern physiological and pathological knowledge has been considered as an important part of complementary and alternative medicine therapy.Previous studies found that most Xuanfa drugs contained pharmacodynamic ingredients related to adrenergic receptors（ARs）signal transduction.The association of Xuanfa,with the control of breath movement,nutrient transfer,spreading heat to regulate temperature,and helping the heart control blood circulation,coincides with the physiological function of organs dominated by ARs-regulated sympathetic postganglionic fibers.Therefore,we hypothesize that Xuanfa is closely related to ARs-regulated signal transduction.By modern biological knowledge,we tried to evaluate and expound the correlation between the molecular mechanisms of modern physiology or pathology and Xuanfa or Sujiang theory.Ultimately,the research and development of modern drugs should fully expect the guidance from Chinese visceral manifestation theory,and the application of this principle will guide the prevention and clinical treatment of a variety of refractory diseases caused by a change in environment,climate,or lifestyle.
