To address the low accuracy and stability when applying classical control theory in distribution networks with distributed generation,a control method involving flexible multistate switches(FMSs)is proposed in this st...To address the low accuracy and stability when applying classical control theory in distribution networks with distributed generation,a control method involving flexible multistate switches(FMSs)is proposed in this study.This approach is based on an improved double-loop recursive fuzzy neural network(DRFNN)sliding mode,which is intended to stably achieve multiterminal power interaction and adaptive arc suppression for single-phase ground faults.First,an improved DRFNN sliding mode control(SMC)method is proposed to overcome the chattering and transient overshoot inherent in the classical SMC and reduce the reliance on a precise mathematical model of the control system.To improve the robustness of the system,an adaptive parameter-adjustment strategy for the DRFNN is designed,where its dynamic mapping capabilities are leveraged to improve the transient compensation control.Additionally,a quasi-continuous second-order sliding mode controller with a calculus-driven sliding mode surface is developed to improve the current monitoring accuracy and enhance the system stability.The stability of the proposed method and the convergence of the network parameters are verified using the Lyapunov theorem.A simulation model of the three-port FMS with its control system is constructed in MATLAB/Simulink.The simulation result confirms the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed control strategy based on a comparative analysis.展开更多
Double-loop is a very popular structure in loop network topology. Areconfigurable hi-directional double--loop structure is recently developed. It has a newstructure which is different from any existing double-loop str...Double-loop is a very popular structure in loop network topology. Areconfigurable hi-directional double--loop structure is recently developed. It has a newstructure which is different from any existing double-loop structure and no previousmethods can be used to evaluate its fault tolerance which is demanded for all freshideas. This paper provides an easy approach to offset this deficiency. A network issegmented first based on its block connection and then analyzed in a recursive way.The calculation using this method requires linear time and very small memory capac-ity. This method can be used in analyzing the fault tolerance of other topologicallysegmental loop networks.展开更多
A new, general type of planar linkages is presented, which extends the classical linkages developed by Kempe consisting of two single-looped kinematic chains of linkages, interconnected by revolute hinges. Together wi...A new, general type of planar linkages is presented, which extends the classical linkages developed by Kempe consisting of two single-looped kinematic chains of linkages, interconnected by revolute hinges. Together with a locking device, these new linkages have only one degree of freedom (DOF), which makes them ideal for serving as deployable structures for different purposes. Here, we start with a fresh matrix method of analysis for double-loop planar linkages, using 2D transformation matrices and a new symbolic notation. Further inspection for one case of Kempe’s linkages is provided. Basing on the inspection, by means of some novel algebraic and geometric techniques, one particularly fascinating solution was found. Physical models were built to show that the derivation in this paper is valid and the new mechanisms are correct.展开更多
In order to control the lateral motion of a jet trencher which is important for stable trenching operation,the oscillation characteristics of the jet trencher are researched. The jet trencher is simplified into a sing...In order to control the lateral motion of a jet trencher which is important for stable trenching operation,the oscillation characteristics of the jet trencher are researched. The jet trencher is simplified into a single degree of freedom model with restoring and damping force. The nonlinear mathematical model of the trencher laterally oscillating in ocean currents is established,and its approximate analytical solution is obtained.Results show that the analytical solution has small differences with numerical solution based on the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method and can effectively describe the underwater oscillation. A double-loop PID controller is designed to control the lateral motion displacement of the trencher to return to the center of the pipeline route which is effective and robust for the propulsion system.展开更多
This paper presents a new inverter based on three-phase Boost/Buck-boost single-stage inverter. The basic configuration of the new topology and their fundamental principle are firstly introduced, the method of design ...This paper presents a new inverter based on three-phase Boost/Buck-boost single-stage inverter. The basic configuration of the new topology and their fundamental principle are firstly introduced, the method of design double-loop controller and sliding mode controller are clarified, analyzed and compared in the following. Finally the validity and feasibility of the new topology are tested by simulation. The results indicate that regulation of the voltage transfer ratio and output frequency can be realized optionally by the new converter, furthermore the harmonic distortion of waveform is low. So the inherent drawback of low voltage transfer ratio of traditional converter is effectively settled. This study may provide inspiration for further engineering application.展开更多
A newly designed pneumatic spring with two separate chambers is promoted and double-loop active control is introduced to overcome the following drawbacks of passive pneumatic isolation： ① The low frequency resonance...A newly designed pneumatic spring with two separate chambers is promoted and double-loop active control is introduced to overcome the following drawbacks of passive pneumatic isolation： ① The low frequency resonances introduced into the system; ② Conflict between lower isolation frequency and stiffness high enough to limit quasi-static stroke;③ Inconsistent isolation level with different force load. The design of two separate chambers is for the purpose of tuning support frequency and force independently and each chamber is controlled by a different valve. The inner one of double-loop structure is pressure control, and in order to obtain good performance, nonlinearities compensation and motion flow rate compensation （MFRC） are added besides the basic cascade compensation, and the influence of tube length is studied. The outer loop has two functions： one is to eliminate the resonance caused by isolation support and to broaden the isolation frequency band by payload velocity feedback and base velocity feed forward, and the other is to tune support force and support stiffness simultaneously and independently, which means the support force will have no effect on support stiffness. Theoretical analysis and experiment results show that the three drawbacks are overcome simultaneously.展开更多
The oscillation phenomena associated with the control of voltage source converters(VSCs)are concerning,making it crucial to locate the sources of such oscillations and suppress the oscillations.Therefore,this paper pr...The oscillation phenomena associated with the control of voltage source converters(VSCs)are concerning,making it crucial to locate the sources of such oscillations and suppress the oscillations.Therefore,this paper presents a location scheme based on the energy structure and nonlinearity detection.The energy structure,which conforms to the principle of the energy-based method and dissipativity theory,is developed to describe the transient energy flow for VSCs,based on which a defined characteristic quantity is implemented to narrow the scope for locating the sources of oscillations.Moreover,based on the self-sustained oscillation characteristics of VsCs,an index for nonlinearity detection is applied to locate the VSCs that produce the oscillation energy.The combination of the energy structure and nonlinearity detection distinguishes the contribu-tions of different VSCs to the oscillation.The results of a case study implemented by the PSCAD/EMTDC simulation validate theproposed scheme.展开更多
A quad-rotor aircraft is an under-actuated,strongly coupled nonlinear system with parameter uncertainty and un-modeled disturbance.In order to make the aircraft track the desired trajectory,a nested double-loops contr...A quad-rotor aircraft is an under-actuated,strongly coupled nonlinear system with parameter uncertainty and un-modeled disturbance.In order to make the aircraft track the desired trajectory,a nested double-loops control system is adopted in this paper.A position error proportional-derivative(PD) controller is designed as the outer-loop controller based on the coupling action between rotational and translational movement,and an adaptive backstepping sliding mode control algorithm is used to stabilize the attitude.Finally,both the numerical simulation and prototype experiment are utilized to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control system.展开更多
With Nb-Ti-stabilized 430 ferritic stainless steel（NTS430FSS） and SUS 430 ferritic stainless steel（SUS430FSS） as experimental materials, the influence of precipitation on intergranular corrosion resistance was inv...With Nb-Ti-stabilized 430 ferritic stainless steel（NTS430FSS） and SUS 430 ferritic stainless steel（SUS430FSS） as experimental materials, the influence of precipitation on intergranular corrosion resistance was investigated. A series of aging treatment were carried out. The free-exposure corrosion test and double loop electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation（DL-EPR） test with a scan rate of 1.67 m V/s at 26 °C were applied to evaluate the intergranular corrosion（IGC） resistance. Metallographic observation, scanning electron microscope（SEM）, transmission electron microscope（TEM） with energy dispersive spectroscopy（EDS） and X-ray diffraction（XRD） analysis were conducted. The results show that IGC occurred in SUS430 FSS aged above 700 °C, while it occurred in NTS430 FSS as the temperature was improved to 1 050 °C. The critical degree of sensitization Ir/Ia reaches 0.305 in SUS430 FSS, which is higher than that of NTS430 FSS, i.e. 0.010, aged at 950 °C for 2 h. The TEM, EDS and XRD results show that a large amount of Cr23C6 precipitates with size of 60 nm×22 nm are located at the SUS430 FSS grain boundaries as chains. With the addition of Nb and Ti and reduction of C, the amount of precipitates reduces significantly in NTS430 FSS. A majority of Cr23C6 were replaced by Ti C and Nb C. Only a small amount of spherical Ti C（R=186 nm） and square Ti N（312 nm×192 nm） with Nb and Cr adsorbed are left along grain boundaries. Due to the dual stabilization of Nb and Ti, the precipitation of Cr23C6 is restrained, the chromium depleted region is avoided and accordingly the resistance to the intergranular corrosion is improved.展开更多
Purpose–The quad-rotor is an under-actuation,strong coupled nonlinear system with parameters uncertainty,unmodeled disturbance and drive capability boundedness.The purpose of the paper is to design a flight control s...Purpose–The quad-rotor is an under-actuation,strong coupled nonlinear system with parameters uncertainty,unmodeled disturbance and drive capability boundedness.The purpose of the paper is to design a flight control system to regulate the aircraft track the desired trajectory and keep the attitude angles stable on account of these issues.Design/methodology/approach–Considering the dynamics of a quad-rotor,the closed-loop flight control system is divided into two nested loops:the translational outer-loop and the attitude inner-loop.In the outer-loop,the translational controller,which exports the desired attitude angles to the inner-loop,is designed based on bounded control technique.In consideration of the influence of uncertain rotational inertia and external disturbance,the backstepping sliding mode approach with adaptive gains is used in the inner-loop.The switching control strategy based on the sign functions of sliding surface is introduced into the design procedure with respect to the input saturation.Findings–The validity of the proposed flight control system was verified through numerical simulation and prototype flight experiment in this paper.Furthermore,with relation to the flying,the motor speed is kept in the predetermined scope.Originality/value–This article introduces a new flight control system designed for a quad-rotor.展开更多
Double commutative-step digraph generalizes the double-loop digraph. A double commutative-step digraph can be represented by an L-shaped tile, which periodically tessellates the plane. Given an initial tile L（l, h, x...Double commutative-step digraph generalizes the double-loop digraph. A double commutative-step digraph can be represented by an L-shaped tile, which periodically tessellates the plane. Given an initial tile L（l, h, x, y）, Aguil5 et al. define a discrete iteration L（p） = L（l ＋ 2p, h ＋ 2p, x ＋ p, y ＋ p）, p = 0, 1, 2,..., over L-shapes （equivalently over double commutative-step digraphs）, and obtain an orbit generated by L（l, h, x,y）, which is said to be a procreating k-tight tile if L（p）（p = 0, 1, 2, ~ ~ ~ ） are all k-tight tiles. They classify the set of L-shaped tiles by its behavior under the above-mentioned discrete dynamics and obtain some procreating tiles of double commutative-step digraphs. In this work, with an approach proposed by Li and Xu et al., we define some new discrete iteration over L-shapes and classify the set of tiles by the procreating condition. We also propose some approaches to find infinite families of realizable k-tight tiles starting from any realizable k-tight L-shaped tile L（l, h, x, y）, 0 ≤ y - x ≤ 2k ＋ 2. As an example, we present an infinite family of 3-tight optimal double-loop networks to illustrate our approaches.展开更多
基金the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian,China(No.2021J01633).
文摘To address the low accuracy and stability when applying classical control theory in distribution networks with distributed generation,a control method involving flexible multistate switches(FMSs)is proposed in this study.This approach is based on an improved double-loop recursive fuzzy neural network(DRFNN)sliding mode,which is intended to stably achieve multiterminal power interaction and adaptive arc suppression for single-phase ground faults.First,an improved DRFNN sliding mode control(SMC)method is proposed to overcome the chattering and transient overshoot inherent in the classical SMC and reduce the reliance on a precise mathematical model of the control system.To improve the robustness of the system,an adaptive parameter-adjustment strategy for the DRFNN is designed,where its dynamic mapping capabilities are leveraged to improve the transient compensation control.Additionally,a quasi-continuous second-order sliding mode controller with a calculus-driven sliding mode surface is developed to improve the current monitoring accuracy and enhance the system stability.The stability of the proposed method and the convergence of the network parameters are verified using the Lyapunov theorem.A simulation model of the three-port FMS with its control system is constructed in MATLAB/Simulink.The simulation result confirms the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed control strategy based on a comparative analysis.
文摘Double-loop is a very popular structure in loop network topology. Areconfigurable hi-directional double--loop structure is recently developed. It has a newstructure which is different from any existing double-loop structure and no previousmethods can be used to evaluate its fault tolerance which is demanded for all freshideas. This paper provides an easy approach to offset this deficiency. A network issegmented first based on its block connection and then analyzed in a recursive way.The calculation using this method requires linear time and very small memory capac-ity. This method can be used in analyzing the fault tolerance of other topologicallysegmental loop networks.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 50638050)the Research Foundation for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China (No. 20050335097)
文摘A new, general type of planar linkages is presented, which extends the classical linkages developed by Kempe consisting of two single-looped kinematic chains of linkages, interconnected by revolute hinges. Together with a locking device, these new linkages have only one degree of freedom (DOF), which makes them ideal for serving as deployable structures for different purposes. Here, we start with a fresh matrix method of analysis for double-loop planar linkages, using 2D transformation matrices and a new symbolic notation. Further inspection for one case of Kempe’s linkages is provided. Basing on the inspection, by means of some novel algebraic and geometric techniques, one particularly fascinating solution was found. Physical models were built to show that the derivation in this paper is valid and the new mechanisms are correct.
基金Sponsored by the High Technology Ship Research and Program of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People's Republic of China(Grant No.539[2012])the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China(Grant No.20120073120014)
文摘In order to control the lateral motion of a jet trencher which is important for stable trenching operation,the oscillation characteristics of the jet trencher are researched. The jet trencher is simplified into a single degree of freedom model with restoring and damping force. The nonlinear mathematical model of the trencher laterally oscillating in ocean currents is established,and its approximate analytical solution is obtained.Results show that the analytical solution has small differences with numerical solution based on the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method and can effectively describe the underwater oscillation. A double-loop PID controller is designed to control the lateral motion displacement of the trencher to return to the center of the pipeline route which is effective and robust for the propulsion system.
文摘This paper presents a new inverter based on three-phase Boost/Buck-boost single-stage inverter. The basic configuration of the new topology and their fundamental principle are firstly introduced, the method of design double-loop controller and sliding mode controller are clarified, analyzed and compared in the following. Finally the validity and feasibility of the new topology are tested by simulation. The results indicate that regulation of the voltage transfer ratio and output frequency can be realized optionally by the new converter, furthermore the harmonic distortion of waveform is low. So the inherent drawback of low voltage transfer ratio of traditional converter is effectively settled. This study may provide inspiration for further engineering application.
基金This project is supported by Commission of Science Technology and Industry for National Defense, China.
文摘A newly designed pneumatic spring with two separate chambers is promoted and double-loop active control is introduced to overcome the following drawbacks of passive pneumatic isolation： ① The low frequency resonances introduced into the system; ② Conflict between lower isolation frequency and stiffness high enough to limit quasi-static stroke;③ Inconsistent isolation level with different force load. The design of two separate chambers is for the purpose of tuning support frequency and force independently and each chamber is controlled by a different valve. The inner one of double-loop structure is pressure control, and in order to obtain good performance, nonlinearities compensation and motion flow rate compensation （MFRC） are added besides the basic cascade compensation, and the influence of tube length is studied. The outer loop has two functions： one is to eliminate the resonance caused by isolation support and to broaden the isolation frequency band by payload velocity feedback and base velocity feed forward, and the other is to tune support force and support stiffness simultaneously and independently, which means the support force will have no effect on support stiffness. Theoretical analysis and experiment results show that the three drawbacks are overcome simultaneously.
基金supported by the State Grid Guide Project(No.5108-202218030A-1-1-ZN).
文摘The oscillation phenomena associated with the control of voltage source converters(VSCs)are concerning,making it crucial to locate the sources of such oscillations and suppress the oscillations.Therefore,this paper presents a location scheme based on the energy structure and nonlinearity detection.The energy structure,which conforms to the principle of the energy-based method and dissipativity theory,is developed to describe the transient energy flow for VSCs,based on which a defined characteristic quantity is implemented to narrow the scope for locating the sources of oscillations.Moreover,based on the self-sustained oscillation characteristics of VsCs,an index for nonlinearity detection is applied to locate the VSCs that produce the oscillation energy.The combination of the energy structure and nonlinearity detection distinguishes the contribu-tions of different VSCs to the oscillation.The results of a case study implemented by the PSCAD/EMTDC simulation validate theproposed scheme.
基金supported by Chinese Academy of Sciences (No.yyyj-1112)
文摘A quad-rotor aircraft is an under-actuated,strongly coupled nonlinear system with parameter uncertainty and un-modeled disturbance.In order to make the aircraft track the desired trajectory,a nested double-loops control system is adopted in this paper.A position error proportional-derivative(PD) controller is designed as the outer-loop controller based on the coupling action between rotational and translational movement,and an adaptive backstepping sliding mode control algorithm is used to stabilize the attitude.Finally,both the numerical simulation and prototype experiment are utilized to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control system.
文摘With Nb-Ti-stabilized 430 ferritic stainless steel（NTS430FSS） and SUS 430 ferritic stainless steel（SUS430FSS） as experimental materials, the influence of precipitation on intergranular corrosion resistance was investigated. A series of aging treatment were carried out. The free-exposure corrosion test and double loop electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation（DL-EPR） test with a scan rate of 1.67 m V/s at 26 °C were applied to evaluate the intergranular corrosion（IGC） resistance. Metallographic observation, scanning electron microscope（SEM）, transmission electron microscope（TEM） with energy dispersive spectroscopy（EDS） and X-ray diffraction（XRD） analysis were conducted. The results show that IGC occurred in SUS430 FSS aged above 700 °C, while it occurred in NTS430 FSS as the temperature was improved to 1 050 °C. The critical degree of sensitization Ir/Ia reaches 0.305 in SUS430 FSS, which is higher than that of NTS430 FSS, i.e. 0.010, aged at 950 °C for 2 h. The TEM, EDS and XRD results show that a large amount of Cr23C6 precipitates with size of 60 nm×22 nm are located at the SUS430 FSS grain boundaries as chains. With the addition of Nb and Ti and reduction of C, the amount of precipitates reduces significantly in NTS430 FSS. A majority of Cr23C6 were replaced by Ti C and Nb C. Only a small amount of spherical Ti C（R=186 nm） and square Ti N（312 nm×192 nm） with Nb and Cr adsorbed are left along grain boundaries. Due to the dual stabilization of Nb and Ti, the precipitation of Cr23C6 is restrained, the chromium depleted region is avoided and accordingly the resistance to the intergranular corrosion is improved.
文摘Purpose–The quad-rotor is an under-actuation,strong coupled nonlinear system with parameters uncertainty,unmodeled disturbance and drive capability boundedness.The purpose of the paper is to design a flight control system to regulate the aircraft track the desired trajectory and keep the attitude angles stable on account of these issues.Design/methodology/approach–Considering the dynamics of a quad-rotor,the closed-loop flight control system is divided into two nested loops:the translational outer-loop and the attitude inner-loop.In the outer-loop,the translational controller,which exports the desired attitude angles to the inner-loop,is designed based on bounded control technique.In consideration of the influence of uncertain rotational inertia and external disturbance,the backstepping sliding mode approach with adaptive gains is used in the inner-loop.The switching control strategy based on the sign functions of sliding surface is introduced into the design procedure with respect to the input saturation.Findings–The validity of the proposed flight control system was verified through numerical simulation and prototype flight experiment in this paper.Furthermore,with relation to the flying,the motor speed is kept in the predetermined scope.Originality/value–This article introduces a new flight control system designed for a quad-rotor.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.60473142)Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Education Bureau of China(No.ZD2008005-1)
文摘Double commutative-step digraph generalizes the double-loop digraph. A double commutative-step digraph can be represented by an L-shaped tile, which periodically tessellates the plane. Given an initial tile L（l, h, x, y）, Aguil5 et al. define a discrete iteration L（p） = L（l ＋ 2p, h ＋ 2p, x ＋ p, y ＋ p）, p = 0, 1, 2,..., over L-shapes （equivalently over double commutative-step digraphs）, and obtain an orbit generated by L（l, h, x,y）, which is said to be a procreating k-tight tile if L（p）（p = 0, 1, 2, ~ ~ ~ ） are all k-tight tiles. They classify the set of L-shaped tiles by its behavior under the above-mentioned discrete dynamics and obtain some procreating tiles of double commutative-step digraphs. In this work, with an approach proposed by Li and Xu et al., we define some new discrete iteration over L-shapes and classify the set of tiles by the procreating condition. We also propose some approaches to find infinite families of realizable k-tight tiles starting from any realizable k-tight L-shaped tile L（l, h, x, y）, 0 ≤ y - x ≤ 2k ＋ 2. As an example, we present an infinite family of 3-tight optimal double-loop networks to illustrate our approaches.
