Background: This review delves into the effects of artificial intelligence (AI) on healthcare, which is a crucial aspect considering the increasing costs of healthcare worldwide. While there is potential for AI to enh...Background: This review delves into the effects of artificial intelligence (AI) on healthcare, which is a crucial aspect considering the increasing costs of healthcare worldwide. While there is potential for AI to enhance healthcare delivery and efficiency, there are still uncertainties surrounding its effectiveness, value, and broader adoption. This comprehensive literature review aims to explore and synthesize existing knowledge on the economic impact of AI in healthcare. The primary objective of this review is to understand the potential cost savings and efficiency improvements associated with the deployment of AI in healthcare settings. By highlighting the economic implications of AI, this review seeks to offer insights into the value proposition of investing in AI technologies for stakeholders such as healthcare providers, payers, and policymakers. Methods: To conduct this review, we conducted a search of literature from 2020 to 2023 across three databases: PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar. We specifically focused on studies that discuss the impacts of AI in healthcare and include cost evaluations, using combinations of keywords related to AI, economics, healthcare, and cost evaluation. The inclusion criteria were studies that conducted some form of economic evaluation related to AI in healthcare settings, while exclusion criteria were studies without a cost evaluation component. Data extraction and quality assessment using the CASP checklist were undertaken on the final set of included studies. Results: After screening studies, we identified 10 out of a total of 28 studies and reports that met our criteria of outlining any form of economic impact and evaluation of AI in healthcare settings. Based on our findings, implementing AI in healthcare could potentially lead to cost savings. Several studies suggest savings ranging from $200 billion to $360 billion in the United States alone. The use of AI in healthcare sectors such as ophthalmology, radiology and disease screening has shown positive economic impacts. Conclusion: While AI has potential for cost savings and efficiency improvements, in healthcare settings, it’s crucial to conduct detailed context specific cost evaluations to optimize the adoption and implementation strategies of AI.展开更多
AIM To assess the impact of short infliximab(IFX) infusion on hospital resource utilization and costs.METHODS All inflammatory bowel diseases(IBD) patients who received IFX 1 h infusion from March 2007 to September 20...AIM To assess the impact of short infliximab(IFX) infusion on hospital resource utilization and costs.METHODS All inflammatory bowel diseases(IBD) patients who received IFX 1 h infusion from March 2007 to September 2014 in eight centers from Southern Italy were included in the analysis. Demographic, clinical and infusion related data were collected. The potential benefits related to the short infusion protocol were assessed both in terms of time saving and increased infusion unit capacity. In addition, indirect patient-related cost savings were evaluated.RESULTS One hundred and twenty-five patients were recruited(64 with ulcerative colitis and 61 with Crohn's disease). Median duration of disease was of 53 mo and mean age of pts at diagnosis was of 34 years(SD: ± 13). Adverse infusion reactions were reported in less than 4% both before and after short infusion. The total number of infusions across the selected centers was of 2501(30.5% short infusions). In the analyzed cohort, 1143 h were saved(762 in the infusion and 381 in observation phases) through the rapid IFX infusion protocol. This time saving(-15% compared to the standard protocol in infusion phase) represents, from the hospital perspective, an opportunity to optimize infusion unit capacity by allocating the saved time in alternative cost-effective treatments. This is the case of opportunity cost that represents the value of forgone benefit which could be obtained from a resource in its next-best alternative use. Hence, an extra hour of infusion in the case of standard 2-h IFX represents a loss in opportunity to provide other cost effective services. The analysis showed that the short infusion increased the infusion units capacity up to 50% on days when the IFX infusions were scheduled(infusion phase). Furthermore, the analysis showed that the short IFX infusion protocol leads to time savings also in the post-infusion phase(observation) leading to a time saving of 10% on average among the analyzed centers. Finally, the short infusion protocol has been demonstrated to lead to indirect cost savings of €138/patient(average-€17.300 on the whole cohort).CONCLUSION A short IFX infusion protocol can be considered time and cost saving in comparison to the standard infusion protocol both from the hospital's perspective, as it contributes to increase infusion units capacity, and the patients' perspective, as it reduces indirect costs and the impact of treatment on everyday life and work productivity.展开更多
This research developed a regional economic model to estimate the ex-ante impacts of biofuel production on the economy of the southeastern United States. The analysis focuses on biofuels produced using biochemical and...This research developed a regional economic model to estimate the ex-ante impacts of biofuel production on the economy of the southeastern United States. The analysis focuses on biofuels produced using biochemical and pyrolysis technologies. The primary feedstocks considered include switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) and poplar (Populus spp.). The economic analysis modifies the Impact Analysis for Planning (IMPLAN) input-output model to determine the macroeconomic impacts of a mature industry producing biofuels using these technologies and feedstocks. Optimal facility locations are determined using a site locator model that minimizes the costs of procuring feedstock. Given a change in the land use caused by industry demand for feedstock, shocks to the farm economy are forward-linked to sectors supporting biofuel production. Key economic indicators analyzed include changes in employment and value added to the economy. System output is analyzed using a nonparametric bootstrap procedure to simulate the distributions of the impacts. The null hypothesis is that the economic impacts following the introduction of the industries are not different from baseline economic activity. Findings suggest that the net changes in employment and value added to the regional economy are positive, but modest. For example, job increases attributed to the advancement of the industries analyzed range between 0.18% and 0.95%. Total value added to the regional economy ranged between 0.15% and 0.83%.展开更多
Water storage dams worldwide are ageing, and many will reach the end of their designed lifespan by the middle of the 21st century. Some of these dams will likely need to be removed. While dam construction impacts have...Water storage dams worldwide are ageing, and many will reach the end of their designed lifespan by the middle of the 21st century. Some of these dams will likely need to be removed. While dam construction impacts have been widely discussed, dam removal impacts on society and the economy need to be synthesized and considered in the ageing dams’ decision-making process. This paper summarizes dam removal impacts on the local economy and industry, culture, history and heritage, property value, recreation, aesthetics, and disaster avoidance from identified studies worldwide. It demonstrates that these impacts may vary depending on geography and between developed and developing countries. It concludes that dam removal should consider the co</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">st, environmental, and the socio-economic impacts while including all</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> stakeholders who could be positively and negatively impacted by dam removal.展开更多
Introduction: Clinical research is a key component of drug development with a significant economic value. It has been reported that the development of a new molecule requires 10 - 15 years and costs almost $1.3 billio...Introduction: Clinical research is a key component of drug development with a significant economic value. It has been reported that the development of a new molecule requires 10 - 15 years and costs almost $1.3 billion. Around 75% of the cost is spent on the Phase I-IV clinical research process. This study aimed to show the economic value of clinical research in Turkey. Methods: Clinical trial budgets were estimated from the raw data of the Report of Istanbul Medical Faculty Clinical Research (ITFKAR). In the research, the estimated cost of drugs used in the clinical trials for the Turkish reimbursement agency (SGK) was calculated to show the cost of medicines acquired through clinical research. Results: The total budget for sponsored pharmaceutical research was $107 million in Turkey, and the government saved close to $311,096,130 during 2006-2010, due to not reimbursing the patients for the drugs in the clinical trials. Conclusion: Despite the limitations of the study, the findings are unique for Turkey. The results can lead to revisiting the importance and economic value of clinical trials in Turkey.展开更多
The objective of this research is to assess the global economic and greenhouse gas emission impacts of banning GMO crops. This is done by modeling two counterfac-tual scenarios and evaluating them apart and in combina...The objective of this research is to assess the global economic and greenhouse gas emission impacts of banning GMO crops. This is done by modeling two counterfac-tual scenarios and evaluating them apart and in combination using a well-know Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model, GTAP-BIO. The first scenario models the impact of a global GMO ban. The second scenario models the impact of increased GMO penetration. The focus is on the price and welfare impacts, and land use change greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with GMO technologies. Much of the prior work on the economic impacts of GMO technology has relied on a combination of partial equilibrium analysis and econometric techniques. However, CGE model-ling is a way of analyzing economy-wide impacts that take into account the linkages in the global economy. Here the goal is to contribute to the literature on the benefits of GMO technology by estimating the impacts on price, supply and welfare. Food price impacts range from an increase of 0.27% to 2.2%, depending on the region. Total welfare losses associated with loss of GMO technology total up to $9.75 bil-lion. The loss of GMO traits as an intensification technology has not only economic impacts, but also environmental ones. The full environmental analysis of GMO is not undertaken here. Rather we model the land use change owing to the loss of GMO traits and calculate the associated increase in GHG emissions. We predict a substan-tial increase in GHG emissions if GMO technology is banned.展开更多
Due to climate change,growing urbanization,and population migration the social and economic impacts of natural hazards have been increasing worldwide.The challenge for risk science,both methodologically and conceptual...Due to climate change,growing urbanization,and population migration the social and economic impacts of natural hazards have been increasing worldwide.The challenge for risk science,both methodologically and conceptually,is to integrate robust multi-hazard evaluation models with展开更多
<strong>Introduction:</strong> <span style="white-space:normal;font-family:;" "="">Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of premature death worldwide. The management o...<strong>Introduction:</strong> <span style="white-space:normal;font-family:;" "="">Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of premature death worldwide. The management of its severe form requires angioplasty, not yet available a year ago in Togo, which motivated the evacuation of Togolese patients with this disease. <b>Objectives: </b>To evaluate the cost of angioplasty and the economic and psychosocial impacts in evacuated Togolese patients. <b>Methodology: </b>This was a three-year descriptive </span><span style="white-space:normal;font-family:;" "="">and </span><span style="white-space:normal;font-family:;" "="">prospective study (January 2015 to December 2018) that included all Togolese patients evacuated for coronary angiography from 4 health facilities in the city of Lomé. <b>Results:</b> The mean age was 56.8 ± 11 years. There was a male predominance with a sex ratio of 2.63. The main countries of evacuation were France (50%), Tunisia (25%) and Ivory Coast (20%). The main indications of coronary angiography were myocardial infarction in 47.5%, NSTEMI (22.5%) and ischemic heart disease (15%). Fifty-five percent of the patients had monotroncular involvement. Angioplasty was performed in 16 patients, 3 patients had bypass surgery and only one patient had medical treatment. Sixty percent of patients received an active stent and 20% a bare stent. The total cost of the 40 evacuations was four hundred and fifty one thousand four hundred and nineteen US dollars (US$451,419). The average cost per evacuation was eleven thousand two hundred and eighty-six US dollars (US$11,286), or 182 times the Togolese minimum wage. At the announcement of the disease and evacuation, 40% had been afraid and 35% had accepted their illness. Fifty-five percent perceived evacuation as a healthy outcome. In 25% of cases the coronary angiography was simple and 20% found it painful. After the coronary angiography 40% had regained hope of recovery, 37.5% had accepted their result and 37.5% were happy with the outcome. <b>Conclusion: </b>Coronary artery disease is a serious pathology in terms of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, especially its severe form, which is myocardial infarction, the treatment of which requires angioplasty. This comes back during an evacuation that is too expensive for the average Togolese;only its implementation in our country remains the solution to fight against its often fatal complications as well as the flight of capital and the stress of patients and their families.</span>展开更多
Based on the new development concept in China's new stage of high-quality development,this paper qualitatively analyzes the impact of Beijing-Shanghai Highspeed Railway(HSR)on high-quality economic and social deve...Based on the new development concept in China's new stage of high-quality development,this paper qualitatively analyzes the impact of Beijing-Shanghai Highspeed Railway(HSR)on high-quality economic and social development.We select the data of areas along Beijing-Shanghai HSR and adjacent unopened areas for quantitative comparative study,and summarize the important demonstration and enlightenment role of Beijing-Shanghai HSR.The results show that Beijing-Shanghai HSR,as an important national infrastructure project,not only improves the travel quality of people,but also drives the high-quality economic and social development,which is of great significance in promoting the formation of a new pattern of high-quality development along the line,especially in promoting green development.展开更多
1.This study is one of The Applied Economic Institutes Linkages Project(AERIL)which is funded by theCanadian International Development Agency(CIDA)and jiontly managed by The Conference Board of Canada(CBOC)and the Int...1.This study is one of The Applied Economic Institutes Linkages Project(AERIL)which is funded by theCanadian International Development Agency(CIDA)and jiontly managed by The Conference Board of Canada(CBOC)and the International Trade Research Institute in China.It is jointly implemented by the Institute ofEconomic Research of the Chinese State Planning Commission and the North—South Institute of Canada。展开更多
Frequent landslide events affect the Kathmandu Kyirong Highway(KKH),one of the most strategic Sino-Nepal highways,with multiple social effects.Amongst them,the impacts on local tourism,although being substantial,have ...Frequent landslide events affect the Kathmandu Kyirong Highway(KKH),one of the most strategic Sino-Nepal highways,with multiple social effects.Amongst them,the impacts on local tourism,although being substantial,have not been studied so far.The aim of this research is to analyze the characteristics of such landslides and their influence on road damages and/or blockages as well as on local tourism industry.We analyzed the co-seismic landslides triggered by the Gorkha Earthquake,2015(7.8 Mw),the post-seismic landslides that occurred during the monsoons following the earthquake,as well as landslides which occurred or reactivated in 2018,with relation to the damage that they caused to the highway.High resolution satellite images from 2015 to 2018,and field data were used for the analysis.The Langtang avalanche that locates off the highway was also mapped due to its high impacts on tourism.Between 2015 and 2018,the number of road damaging landslides in the Betrawati-Rasuwagadhi section of KKH(where Dhunche and Syafrubesi towns are located)was 101 in the main track(MT)and 103 in the new track(NT),with respective average density of 1.46/km and 3.63/km.The dominant observed landslide types were debris slides and rock falls.Landslides were mostly concentrated in the locations with the following characteristics:1)having higher elevated area,2)being located with the‘main central thrust’and other lineaments’belts,3)belonging to the Proterozoic lesser Himalayan rocks,4)having a slope gradient of 25°-45°,5)having northern,western and southern slope aspect,6)being subjected to average annual rainfall of higher than 1,000 mm,and 7)having less than 4 km distance from the past earthquake epicenters.The results further indicated that 7 rain-induced and 4 co-and post-seismic landslides have great impact on tourist flows.An impact analysis was also assessed through a door to door questionnaire survey with local hotel operators from Dhunche and Syafrubesi towns(n=29+31).The results reveal that out of six rigorously affected sectors by landslides leading to road blockage,tourism business is the most impacted livelihood sector in these towns.The reduction of visitors in different hotels ranged from 50%-100%in Dhunche and 70%-100%in Syafrubesi for the first year aftermath of the tremor.This is higher than the respective 5%-50%tourist reduction due to raininduced landslides.Using as a reference the base year 2014,the income loss of hotels in both towns was found to be 50%-100%in 2015,20%-100%in 2016,5%-75%in 2017,and similar to 35%in 2018.These results provide insights on the synergic effect of contributing factors for cut slope as well as down slope instability along mountainous motorways and their impact on income sources for local communities.展开更多
The Chengdu-Ya’an section of Sichuan-Tibet Railway(STR),which has already started operation,is taken as an example.First,we apply the weighted average travel time and gravity model to analyze the accessibility of the...The Chengdu-Ya’an section of Sichuan-Tibet Railway(STR),which has already started operation,is taken as an example.First,we apply the weighted average travel time and gravity model to analyze the accessibility of the site cities and the economic link intensity among them,with visualization by ArcGIS.Then,we use the difference-in-differences model with panel data of three cities from 2018 to 2019 to test the impact of the Chengdu-Ya’an section on regional urbanization along the route.The results show that the opening of the Chengdu-Ya’an section has significantly improved the accessibility and economic link of areas along the line and promoted regional economic development and urbanization.It is expected that the opening of the entire line of STR will have more significant impacts,which requires continuous research and attention in the future.展开更多
There has been an intense discussion on the energy infrastructure cooperation in Northeast Asia.Most studies have focused on the technical feasibility of grid interconnection,deployment of renewable energy,and have ig...There has been an intense discussion on the energy infrastructure cooperation in Northeast Asia.Most studies have focused on the technical feasibility of grid interconnection,deployment of renewable energy,and have ignored the quantitative analysis of social and economic benefits of these proposals.This study uses a computable general equilibrium model to evaluate the effects of energy interconnection in Northeast Asia.Key model development tasks include 1)constructing a new nesting structure,2)econometrically estimating the constant elasticities of substitution(CES)between fossil-and non-fossil-power generation bundles,3)developing a new base-case scenario,and 4)developing the policy scenario.We found that while Northeast Asia will benefit from energy interconnection development with higher GDP than in the base-case;there will be a trade-off between higher investment and lower consumption.Sector results and environmental implications in this region are also discussed.展开更多
This research explained how tourism activity influenced the society.The impact that was elaborated in this study was“economic,sociocultural,and environmental”aspects.The research method in this study is descriptive-...This research explained how tourism activity influenced the society.The impact that was elaborated in this study was“economic,sociocultural,and environmental”aspects.The research method in this study is descriptive-analytical and correlational.Most of the data are based on field studies and sampling method(Cochran)to evaluate the effects of tourism development on rural settlements;384 villagers have been interviewed.Findings of the study show that in contrast to the survey of villagers and tourists who evaluated the highest effect in relation to the economic dependent variable with an average rank of 4.1752,in the stepwise regression study the most changes are related to the social and cultural and physical and environmental dimension dependent variable with a coefficient of 0.080.Finally,Pearson correlation test was used to test the hypothesis of this study,according to which it can be stated.Tourism development has provided positive changes in economic,socio-cultural,physical,and environmental dimensions in the village.展开更多
Unlike the 2007–2008 market crash,which was caused by a banking failure and led to an economic recession,the 1918 influenza pandemic triggered a worldwidefinancial depression.Pandemics usually affect the global economy...Unlike the 2007–2008 market crash,which was caused by a banking failure and led to an economic recession,the 1918 influenza pandemic triggered a worldwidefinancial depression.Pandemics usually affect the global economy,and the COVID-19 pandemic is no exception.Many stock markets have fallen over 40%,and companies are shutting down,ending contracts,and issuing volun-tary and involuntary leaves for thousands of employees.These economic effects have led to an increase in unemployment rates,crime,and instability.Studying pandemics’economic effects,especially on the stock market,has not been urgent or feasible until recently.However,with advances in artificial intelligence(AI)and the inter-connectivity that social media provides,such research has become possible.In this paper,we propose a COVID-19-based stock market prediction system(C19-SM2)that utilizes social media.Our AI system enables economists to study how COVID-19 pandemic data influence social media and,hence,the stock market.C19-SM2 gathers COVID-19 infection and death cases reported by the authorities and social media data from a geographic area and extracts the sentiments and events that occur in that area.The information is then fed to the support vector machine(SVM)and random forest and random tree classifiers along with current stock market values.Then,the system produces a projection of the stock market’s movement during the next day.We tested the system with the Dow Jones Industrial Average(DJI)and the Tadawul All Share Index(TASI).Our system achieved a stock market prediction accuracy of 99.71%,substantially higher than the 89.93%accuracy reported in the related literature;the inclusion of COVID-19 data improved accuracy by 9.78%.展开更多
The world is engaged in containing the COVID Pandemic and controlling further spread and deaths. The global spread of the virus has overwhelmed health systems, and caused widespread social and economic disruption. Som...The world is engaged in containing the COVID Pandemic and controlling further spread and deaths. The global spread of the virus has overwhelmed health systems, and caused widespread social and economic disruption. Some nations have done a better job than rest of the world. The global spread of the virus has overwhelmed health systems, and caused widespread social and economic disruption. There is a strong case that COVID-19 could be with us in one way or another until a vaccine comes on the market or herd immunity is achieved. A long crisis, could stretch the international order to its breaking point. The virus has succeeded in confining almost all human beings in their homes. Balancing act between public health crisis and complex societal implications is an inescapable necessity. The pandemic will alter the world forever. An economic slowdown, severe recession, plummeting revenue, increased expenditure, and mental health issues could be the emerging challenges. There will be increased confidence in technology and nations will invest more in public health. We are passing through fragile and critical times in history. People around the world can prevail in response to this extraordinary challenge. Investing in public health, preparedness, and relying on science will bring a better future. Think of one world, one humanity to shape and secure our future.展开更多
The U.S. has experienced very high numbers of positive COVID-19 cases, along with high unemployment rates during the COVID-19 pandemic. Similarly, on a global level, the pandemic has resulted in an increase in the une...The U.S. has experienced very high numbers of positive COVID-19 cases, along with high unemployment rates during the COVID-19 pandemic. Similarly, on a global level, the pandemic has resulted in an increase in the unemployment rate, loss of insurance and an overall adverse social impact. In the social sector, there has been a huge gap in supply and demand;this has been especially apparent in the healthcare industry. The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant negative impact on high-contact industries, including dentistry. Causative factors have included social distancing, shortage of healthcare professionals and loss of insurance due to unemployment. The result has been a void in preventative oral health services. Limited information on the disproportionate access to oral healthcare, due to the increase in unemployment and corresponding loss of insurance during the COVID-19 pandemic is available. This study was designed to investigate the disparities in access to oral healthcare amidst the global economic crisis and rise in unemployment.展开更多
In Italy,Law No.160 of 27 December 2019,also known as the Budget Law 2020(paragraphs 661-676)introduced the Sugar tax.Subsequently,Law No.178 of 30 December 2020(Budget Law 2021)brought some changes such as the effect...In Italy,Law No.160 of 27 December 2019,also known as the Budget Law 2020(paragraphs 661-676)introduced the Sugar tax.Subsequently,Law No.178 of 30 December 2020(Budget Law 2021)brought some changes such as the effective date of the Sugar tax and administrative penalties.This tax should have become effective on 1 January 2021 but was deferred until 1 January 2023.In addition to the regulatory dimension,this contribution aims first to introduce the growing trend of sugar consumption and then to analyse the issue of the sugar tax,first in Italy and later in Europe.Finally,an attempt will also be made to highlight the effects of this application.展开更多
Egypt has reviewed plans to deal with the economic impacts of the Russia-Ukraine crisis that the country will possibly face,including on petroleum prices.In recent years,Egypt has raised gasoline prices several times,...Egypt has reviewed plans to deal with the economic impacts of the Russia-Ukraine crisis that the country will possibly face,including on petroleum prices.In recent years,Egypt has raised gasoline prices several times,the last of which was by 25 piastres earlier this month,as per recommendations of Egypt’s Fuel Automatic Pricing Committee held every three months.This comes while the government presses ahead with plans to convert petrol-powered vehicles to run on natural gas,a step that should contribute to reducing the cost of subsidized petroleum products in the state budget.Egypt,which has achieved self-sufficiency in natural gas in 2018,is planning to use its position on Europe’s doorstep to become a major supplier of liquified natural gas(LNG)to the continent,which is transitioning away from other fossil fuels.展开更多
文摘Background: This review delves into the effects of artificial intelligence (AI) on healthcare, which is a crucial aspect considering the increasing costs of healthcare worldwide. While there is potential for AI to enhance healthcare delivery and efficiency, there are still uncertainties surrounding its effectiveness, value, and broader adoption. This comprehensive literature review aims to explore and synthesize existing knowledge on the economic impact of AI in healthcare. The primary objective of this review is to understand the potential cost savings and efficiency improvements associated with the deployment of AI in healthcare settings. By highlighting the economic implications of AI, this review seeks to offer insights into the value proposition of investing in AI technologies for stakeholders such as healthcare providers, payers, and policymakers. Methods: To conduct this review, we conducted a search of literature from 2020 to 2023 across three databases: PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar. We specifically focused on studies that discuss the impacts of AI in healthcare and include cost evaluations, using combinations of keywords related to AI, economics, healthcare, and cost evaluation. The inclusion criteria were studies that conducted some form of economic evaluation related to AI in healthcare settings, while exclusion criteria were studies without a cost evaluation component. Data extraction and quality assessment using the CASP checklist were undertaken on the final set of included studies. Results: After screening studies, we identified 10 out of a total of 28 studies and reports that met our criteria of outlining any form of economic impact and evaluation of AI in healthcare settings. Based on our findings, implementing AI in healthcare could potentially lead to cost savings. Several studies suggest savings ranging from $200 billion to $360 billion in the United States alone. The use of AI in healthcare sectors such as ophthalmology, radiology and disease screening has shown positive economic impacts. Conclusion: While AI has potential for cost savings and efficiency improvements, in healthcare settings, it’s crucial to conduct detailed context specific cost evaluations to optimize the adoption and implementation strategies of AI.
文摘AIM To assess the impact of short infliximab(IFX) infusion on hospital resource utilization and costs.METHODS All inflammatory bowel diseases(IBD) patients who received IFX 1 h infusion from March 2007 to September 2014 in eight centers from Southern Italy were included in the analysis. Demographic, clinical and infusion related data were collected. The potential benefits related to the short infusion protocol were assessed both in terms of time saving and increased infusion unit capacity. In addition, indirect patient-related cost savings were evaluated.RESULTS One hundred and twenty-five patients were recruited(64 with ulcerative colitis and 61 with Crohn's disease). Median duration of disease was of 53 mo and mean age of pts at diagnosis was of 34 years(SD: ± 13). Adverse infusion reactions were reported in less than 4% both before and after short infusion. The total number of infusions across the selected centers was of 2501(30.5% short infusions). In the analyzed cohort, 1143 h were saved(762 in the infusion and 381 in observation phases) through the rapid IFX infusion protocol. This time saving(-15% compared to the standard protocol in infusion phase) represents, from the hospital perspective, an opportunity to optimize infusion unit capacity by allocating the saved time in alternative cost-effective treatments. This is the case of opportunity cost that represents the value of forgone benefit which could be obtained from a resource in its next-best alternative use. Hence, an extra hour of infusion in the case of standard 2-h IFX represents a loss in opportunity to provide other cost effective services. The analysis showed that the short infusion increased the infusion units capacity up to 50% on days when the IFX infusions were scheduled(infusion phase). Furthermore, the analysis showed that the short IFX infusion protocol leads to time savings also in the post-infusion phase(observation) leading to a time saving of 10% on average among the analyzed centers. Finally, the short infusion protocol has been demonstrated to lead to indirect cost savings of €138/patient(average-€17.300 on the whole cohort).CONCLUSION A short IFX infusion protocol can be considered time and cost saving in comparison to the standard infusion protocol both from the hospital's perspective, as it contributes to increase infusion units capacity, and the patients' perspective, as it reduces indirect costs and the impact of treatment on everyday life and work productivity.
文摘This research developed a regional economic model to estimate the ex-ante impacts of biofuel production on the economy of the southeastern United States. The analysis focuses on biofuels produced using biochemical and pyrolysis technologies. The primary feedstocks considered include switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) and poplar (Populus spp.). The economic analysis modifies the Impact Analysis for Planning (IMPLAN) input-output model to determine the macroeconomic impacts of a mature industry producing biofuels using these technologies and feedstocks. Optimal facility locations are determined using a site locator model that minimizes the costs of procuring feedstock. Given a change in the land use caused by industry demand for feedstock, shocks to the farm economy are forward-linked to sectors supporting biofuel production. Key economic indicators analyzed include changes in employment and value added to the economy. System output is analyzed using a nonparametric bootstrap procedure to simulate the distributions of the impacts. The null hypothesis is that the economic impacts following the introduction of the industries are not different from baseline economic activity. Findings suggest that the net changes in employment and value added to the regional economy are positive, but modest. For example, job increases attributed to the advancement of the industries analyzed range between 0.18% and 0.95%. Total value added to the regional economy ranged between 0.15% and 0.83%.
文摘Water storage dams worldwide are ageing, and many will reach the end of their designed lifespan by the middle of the 21st century. Some of these dams will likely need to be removed. While dam construction impacts have been widely discussed, dam removal impacts on society and the economy need to be synthesized and considered in the ageing dams’ decision-making process. This paper summarizes dam removal impacts on the local economy and industry, culture, history and heritage, property value, recreation, aesthetics, and disaster avoidance from identified studies worldwide. It demonstrates that these impacts may vary depending on geography and between developed and developing countries. It concludes that dam removal should consider the co</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">st, environmental, and the socio-economic impacts while including all</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> stakeholders who could be positively and negatively impacted by dam removal.
文摘Introduction: Clinical research is a key component of drug development with a significant economic value. It has been reported that the development of a new molecule requires 10 - 15 years and costs almost $1.3 billion. Around 75% of the cost is spent on the Phase I-IV clinical research process. This study aimed to show the economic value of clinical research in Turkey. Methods: Clinical trial budgets were estimated from the raw data of the Report of Istanbul Medical Faculty Clinical Research (ITFKAR). In the research, the estimated cost of drugs used in the clinical trials for the Turkish reimbursement agency (SGK) was calculated to show the cost of medicines acquired through clinical research. Results: The total budget for sponsored pharmaceutical research was $107 million in Turkey, and the government saved close to $311,096,130 during 2006-2010, due to not reimbursing the patients for the drugs in the clinical trials. Conclusion: Despite the limitations of the study, the findings are unique for Turkey. The results can lead to revisiting the importance and economic value of clinical trials in Turkey.
文摘The objective of this research is to assess the global economic and greenhouse gas emission impacts of banning GMO crops. This is done by modeling two counterfac-tual scenarios and evaluating them apart and in combination using a well-know Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model, GTAP-BIO. The first scenario models the impact of a global GMO ban. The second scenario models the impact of increased GMO penetration. The focus is on the price and welfare impacts, and land use change greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with GMO technologies. Much of the prior work on the economic impacts of GMO technology has relied on a combination of partial equilibrium analysis and econometric techniques. However, CGE model-ling is a way of analyzing economy-wide impacts that take into account the linkages in the global economy. Here the goal is to contribute to the literature on the benefits of GMO technology by estimating the impacts on price, supply and welfare. Food price impacts range from an increase of 0.27% to 2.2%, depending on the region. Total welfare losses associated with loss of GMO technology total up to $9.75 bil-lion. The loss of GMO traits as an intensification technology has not only economic impacts, but also environmental ones. The full environmental analysis of GMO is not undertaken here. Rather we model the land use change owing to the loss of GMO traits and calculate the associated increase in GHG emissions. We predict a substan-tial increase in GHG emissions if GMO technology is banned.
文摘Due to climate change,growing urbanization,and population migration the social and economic impacts of natural hazards have been increasing worldwide.The challenge for risk science,both methodologically and conceptually,is to integrate robust multi-hazard evaluation models with
文摘<strong>Introduction:</strong> <span style="white-space:normal;font-family:;" "="">Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of premature death worldwide. The management of its severe form requires angioplasty, not yet available a year ago in Togo, which motivated the evacuation of Togolese patients with this disease. <b>Objectives: </b>To evaluate the cost of angioplasty and the economic and psychosocial impacts in evacuated Togolese patients. <b>Methodology: </b>This was a three-year descriptive </span><span style="white-space:normal;font-family:;" "="">and </span><span style="white-space:normal;font-family:;" "="">prospective study (January 2015 to December 2018) that included all Togolese patients evacuated for coronary angiography from 4 health facilities in the city of Lomé. <b>Results:</b> The mean age was 56.8 ± 11 years. There was a male predominance with a sex ratio of 2.63. The main countries of evacuation were France (50%), Tunisia (25%) and Ivory Coast (20%). The main indications of coronary angiography were myocardial infarction in 47.5%, NSTEMI (22.5%) and ischemic heart disease (15%). Fifty-five percent of the patients had monotroncular involvement. Angioplasty was performed in 16 patients, 3 patients had bypass surgery and only one patient had medical treatment. Sixty percent of patients received an active stent and 20% a bare stent. The total cost of the 40 evacuations was four hundred and fifty one thousand four hundred and nineteen US dollars (US$451,419). The average cost per evacuation was eleven thousand two hundred and eighty-six US dollars (US$11,286), or 182 times the Togolese minimum wage. At the announcement of the disease and evacuation, 40% had been afraid and 35% had accepted their illness. Fifty-five percent perceived evacuation as a healthy outcome. In 25% of cases the coronary angiography was simple and 20% found it painful. After the coronary angiography 40% had regained hope of recovery, 37.5% had accepted their result and 37.5% were happy with the outcome. <b>Conclusion: </b>Coronary artery disease is a serious pathology in terms of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, especially its severe form, which is myocardial infarction, the treatment of which requires angioplasty. This comes back during an evacuation that is too expensive for the average Togolese;only its implementation in our country remains the solution to fight against its often fatal complications as well as the flight of capital and the stress of patients and their families.</span>
文摘Based on the new development concept in China's new stage of high-quality development,this paper qualitatively analyzes the impact of Beijing-Shanghai Highspeed Railway(HSR)on high-quality economic and social development.We select the data of areas along Beijing-Shanghai HSR and adjacent unopened areas for quantitative comparative study,and summarize the important demonstration and enlightenment role of Beijing-Shanghai HSR.The results show that Beijing-Shanghai HSR,as an important national infrastructure project,not only improves the travel quality of people,but also drives the high-quality economic and social development,which is of great significance in promoting the formation of a new pattern of high-quality development along the line,especially in promoting green development.
文摘1.This study is one of The Applied Economic Institutes Linkages Project(AERIL)which is funded by theCanadian International Development Agency(CIDA)and jiontly managed by The Conference Board of Canada(CBOC)and the International Trade Research Institute in China.It is jointly implemented by the Institute ofEconomic Research of the Chinese State Planning Commission and the North—South Institute of Canada。
基金financial support from Major International(Regional)Joint Research Project(Grant No.41520104002)Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.QYZDY-SSW-DQC006)+3 种基金International Partnership Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(grant number 131551KYSB20180042)Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No XDA20030301)Organization for women in Science for Developing World(OWSD)Swedish International Development Corporation Agency(SIDA)。
文摘Frequent landslide events affect the Kathmandu Kyirong Highway(KKH),one of the most strategic Sino-Nepal highways,with multiple social effects.Amongst them,the impacts on local tourism,although being substantial,have not been studied so far.The aim of this research is to analyze the characteristics of such landslides and their influence on road damages and/or blockages as well as on local tourism industry.We analyzed the co-seismic landslides triggered by the Gorkha Earthquake,2015(7.8 Mw),the post-seismic landslides that occurred during the monsoons following the earthquake,as well as landslides which occurred or reactivated in 2018,with relation to the damage that they caused to the highway.High resolution satellite images from 2015 to 2018,and field data were used for the analysis.The Langtang avalanche that locates off the highway was also mapped due to its high impacts on tourism.Between 2015 and 2018,the number of road damaging landslides in the Betrawati-Rasuwagadhi section of KKH(where Dhunche and Syafrubesi towns are located)was 101 in the main track(MT)and 103 in the new track(NT),with respective average density of 1.46/km and 3.63/km.The dominant observed landslide types were debris slides and rock falls.Landslides were mostly concentrated in the locations with the following characteristics:1)having higher elevated area,2)being located with the‘main central thrust’and other lineaments’belts,3)belonging to the Proterozoic lesser Himalayan rocks,4)having a slope gradient of 25°-45°,5)having northern,western and southern slope aspect,6)being subjected to average annual rainfall of higher than 1,000 mm,and 7)having less than 4 km distance from the past earthquake epicenters.The results further indicated that 7 rain-induced and 4 co-and post-seismic landslides have great impact on tourist flows.An impact analysis was also assessed through a door to door questionnaire survey with local hotel operators from Dhunche and Syafrubesi towns(n=29+31).The results reveal that out of six rigorously affected sectors by landslides leading to road blockage,tourism business is the most impacted livelihood sector in these towns.The reduction of visitors in different hotels ranged from 50%-100%in Dhunche and 70%-100%in Syafrubesi for the first year aftermath of the tremor.This is higher than the respective 5%-50%tourist reduction due to raininduced landslides.Using as a reference the base year 2014,the income loss of hotels in both towns was found to be 50%-100%in 2015,20%-100%in 2016,5%-75%in 2017,and similar to 35%in 2018.These results provide insights on the synergic effect of contributing factors for cut slope as well as down slope instability along mountainous motorways and their impact on income sources for local communities.
基金funded by the National Social Science Fund West Project(19XSH025)the Ministry of Education Fund for Humanities and Social Sciences Youth Project(20YJCZH153)the Soft science Project of Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province(2020JDR0252).
文摘The Chengdu-Ya’an section of Sichuan-Tibet Railway(STR),which has already started operation,is taken as an example.First,we apply the weighted average travel time and gravity model to analyze the accessibility of the site cities and the economic link intensity among them,with visualization by ArcGIS.Then,we use the difference-in-differences model with panel data of three cities from 2018 to 2019 to test the impact of the Chengdu-Ya’an section on regional urbanization along the route.The results show that the opening of the Chengdu-Ya’an section has significantly improved the accessibility and economic link of areas along the line and promoted regional economic development and urbanization.It is expected that the opening of the entire line of STR will have more significant impacts,which requires continuous research and attention in the future.
基金supported by the Overseas Expertise Introduction Project for Discipline Innovation(B18014)National Natural Science Foundation of China(71733002)Science and Technology Foundation of SGCC(52450018000N)。
文摘There has been an intense discussion on the energy infrastructure cooperation in Northeast Asia.Most studies have focused on the technical feasibility of grid interconnection,deployment of renewable energy,and have ignored the quantitative analysis of social and economic benefits of these proposals.This study uses a computable general equilibrium model to evaluate the effects of energy interconnection in Northeast Asia.Key model development tasks include 1)constructing a new nesting structure,2)econometrically estimating the constant elasticities of substitution(CES)between fossil-and non-fossil-power generation bundles,3)developing a new base-case scenario,and 4)developing the policy scenario.We found that while Northeast Asia will benefit from energy interconnection development with higher GDP than in the base-case;there will be a trade-off between higher investment and lower consumption.Sector results and environmental implications in this region are also discussed.
文摘This research explained how tourism activity influenced the society.The impact that was elaborated in this study was“economic,sociocultural,and environmental”aspects.The research method in this study is descriptive-analytical and correlational.Most of the data are based on field studies and sampling method(Cochran)to evaluate the effects of tourism development on rural settlements;384 villagers have been interviewed.Findings of the study show that in contrast to the survey of villagers and tourists who evaluated the highest effect in relation to the economic dependent variable with an average rank of 4.1752,in the stepwise regression study the most changes are related to the social and cultural and physical and environmental dimension dependent variable with a coefficient of 0.080.Finally,Pearson correlation test was used to test the hypothesis of this study,according to which it can be stated.Tourism development has provided positive changes in economic,socio-cultural,physical,and environmental dimensions in the village.
基金supported by the Deanship of Scientific Research at the University of Tabuk under grant number 1441-0043,AA,ut.edu.sa.
文摘Unlike the 2007–2008 market crash,which was caused by a banking failure and led to an economic recession,the 1918 influenza pandemic triggered a worldwidefinancial depression.Pandemics usually affect the global economy,and the COVID-19 pandemic is no exception.Many stock markets have fallen over 40%,and companies are shutting down,ending contracts,and issuing volun-tary and involuntary leaves for thousands of employees.These economic effects have led to an increase in unemployment rates,crime,and instability.Studying pandemics’economic effects,especially on the stock market,has not been urgent or feasible until recently.However,with advances in artificial intelligence(AI)and the inter-connectivity that social media provides,such research has become possible.In this paper,we propose a COVID-19-based stock market prediction system(C19-SM2)that utilizes social media.Our AI system enables economists to study how COVID-19 pandemic data influence social media and,hence,the stock market.C19-SM2 gathers COVID-19 infection and death cases reported by the authorities and social media data from a geographic area and extracts the sentiments and events that occur in that area.The information is then fed to the support vector machine(SVM)and random forest and random tree classifiers along with current stock market values.Then,the system produces a projection of the stock market’s movement during the next day.We tested the system with the Dow Jones Industrial Average(DJI)and the Tadawul All Share Index(TASI).Our system achieved a stock market prediction accuracy of 99.71%,substantially higher than the 89.93%accuracy reported in the related literature;the inclusion of COVID-19 data improved accuracy by 9.78%.
文摘The world is engaged in containing the COVID Pandemic and controlling further spread and deaths. The global spread of the virus has overwhelmed health systems, and caused widespread social and economic disruption. Some nations have done a better job than rest of the world. The global spread of the virus has overwhelmed health systems, and caused widespread social and economic disruption. There is a strong case that COVID-19 could be with us in one way or another until a vaccine comes on the market or herd immunity is achieved. A long crisis, could stretch the international order to its breaking point. The virus has succeeded in confining almost all human beings in their homes. Balancing act between public health crisis and complex societal implications is an inescapable necessity. The pandemic will alter the world forever. An economic slowdown, severe recession, plummeting revenue, increased expenditure, and mental health issues could be the emerging challenges. There will be increased confidence in technology and nations will invest more in public health. We are passing through fragile and critical times in history. People around the world can prevail in response to this extraordinary challenge. Investing in public health, preparedness, and relying on science will bring a better future. Think of one world, one humanity to shape and secure our future.
文摘The U.S. has experienced very high numbers of positive COVID-19 cases, along with high unemployment rates during the COVID-19 pandemic. Similarly, on a global level, the pandemic has resulted in an increase in the unemployment rate, loss of insurance and an overall adverse social impact. In the social sector, there has been a huge gap in supply and demand;this has been especially apparent in the healthcare industry. The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant negative impact on high-contact industries, including dentistry. Causative factors have included social distancing, shortage of healthcare professionals and loss of insurance due to unemployment. The result has been a void in preventative oral health services. Limited information on the disproportionate access to oral healthcare, due to the increase in unemployment and corresponding loss of insurance during the COVID-19 pandemic is available. This study was designed to investigate the disparities in access to oral healthcare amidst the global economic crisis and rise in unemployment.
文摘In Italy,Law No.160 of 27 December 2019,also known as the Budget Law 2020(paragraphs 661-676)introduced the Sugar tax.Subsequently,Law No.178 of 30 December 2020(Budget Law 2021)brought some changes such as the effective date of the Sugar tax and administrative penalties.This tax should have become effective on 1 January 2021 but was deferred until 1 January 2023.In addition to the regulatory dimension,this contribution aims first to introduce the growing trend of sugar consumption and then to analyse the issue of the sugar tax,first in Italy and later in Europe.Finally,an attempt will also be made to highlight the effects of this application.
文摘Egypt has reviewed plans to deal with the economic impacts of the Russia-Ukraine crisis that the country will possibly face,including on petroleum prices.In recent years,Egypt has raised gasoline prices several times,the last of which was by 25 piastres earlier this month,as per recommendations of Egypt’s Fuel Automatic Pricing Committee held every three months.This comes while the government presses ahead with plans to convert petrol-powered vehicles to run on natural gas,a step that should contribute to reducing the cost of subsidized petroleum products in the state budget.Egypt,which has achieved self-sufficiency in natural gas in 2018,is planning to use its position on Europe’s doorstep to become a major supplier of liquified natural gas(LNG)to the continent,which is transitioning away from other fossil fuels.
