0 Introduction Fifteen years have passed since the first AlGaN/GaN HFET was reported in 1993.The FETs have already commercialized as microwave power devices,but volume production has not yet realized.The main applicat...0 Introduction Fifteen years have passed since the first AlGaN/GaN HFET was reported in 1993.The FETs have already commercialized as microwave power devices,but volume production has not yet realized.The main application field is mobile phone base stations.For such applications,GaAs power transistors and silicon LDMOS have already been used.Therefore,advantages compared with these existing devices will be required,such as high efficiency,low distortion,low noise,high reliability and,especially,low cost.However,the latter two items are normally difficult for devices using new materials.展开更多
High-performance ion-conducting hydrogels(ICHs)are vital for developing flexible electronic devices.However,the robustness and ion-conducting behavior of ICHs deteriorate at extreme tempera-tures,hampering their use i...High-performance ion-conducting hydrogels(ICHs)are vital for developing flexible electronic devices.However,the robustness and ion-conducting behavior of ICHs deteriorate at extreme tempera-tures,hampering their use in soft electronics.To resolve these issues,a method involving freeze–thawing and ionizing radiation technology is reported herein for synthesizing a novel double-network(DN)ICH based on a poly(ionic liquid)/MXene/poly(vinyl alcohol)(PMP DN ICH)system.The well-designed ICH exhibits outstanding ionic conductivity(63.89 mS cm^(-1) at 25℃),excellent temperature resistance(-60–80℃),prolonged stability(30 d at ambient temperature),high oxidation resist-ance,remarkable antibacterial activity,decent mechanical performance,and adhesion.Additionally,the ICH performs effectively in a flexible wireless strain sensor,thermal sensor,all-solid-state supercapacitor,and single-electrode triboelectric nanogenerator,thereby highlighting its viability in constructing soft electronic devices.The highly integrated gel structure endows these flexible electronic devices with stable,reliable signal output performance.In particular,the all-solid-state supercapacitor containing the PMP DN ICH electrolyte exhibits a high areal specific capacitance of 253.38 mF cm^(-2)(current density,1 mA cm^(-2))and excellent environmental adaptability.This study paves the way for the design and fabrication of high-performance mul-tifunctional/flexible ICHs for wearable sensing,energy-storage,and energy-harvesting applications.展开更多
Intelligent electronic devices(IEDs)are interconnected via communication networks and play pivotal roles in transmitting grid-related operational data and executing control instructions.In the context of the heightene...Intelligent electronic devices(IEDs)are interconnected via communication networks and play pivotal roles in transmitting grid-related operational data and executing control instructions.In the context of the heightened security challenges within smart grids,IEDs pose significant risks due to inherent hardware and software vulner-abilities,as well as the openness and vulnerability of communication protocols.Smart grid security,distinct from traditional internet security,mainly relies on monitoring network security events at the platform layer,lacking an effective assessment mechanism for IEDs.Hence,we incorporate considerations for both cyber-attacks and physical faults,presenting security assessment indicators and methods specifically tailored for IEDs.Initially,we outline the security monitoring technology for IEDs,considering the necessary data sources for their security assessment.Subsequently,we classify IEDs and establish a comprehensive security monitoring index system,incorporating factors such as running states,network traffic,and abnormal behaviors.This index system contains 18 indicators in 3 categories.Additionally,we elucidate quantitative methods for various indicators and propose a hybrid security assessment method known as GRCW-hybrid,combining grey relational analysis(GRA),analytic hierarchy process(AHP),and entropy weight method(EWM).According to the proposed assessment method,the security risk level of IEDs can be graded into 6 levels,namely 0,1,2,3,4,and 5.The higher the level,the greater the security risk.Finally,we assess and simulate 15 scenarios in 3 categories,which are based on monitoring indicators and real-world situations encountered by IEDs.The results show that calculated security risk level based on the proposed assessment method are consistent with actual simulation.Thus,the reasonableness and effectiveness of the proposed index system and assessment method are validated.展开更多
Power-electronic devices are widely used in various applications, such as voltage and frequency control for transmitting and converting electric power. As these devices are becoming increasingly important, there is a ...Power-electronic devices are widely used in various applications, such as voltage and frequency control for transmitting and converting electric power. As these devices are becoming increasingly important, there is a need to reduce their losses and improve their performance to reduce electric power consumption. Current power semiconductor devices, such as inverters, are made of silicon (Si), but the performance of these Si power devices is reaching its limit due to physical properties and energy bandgap. To address this issue, recent developments in wide bandgap (WBG) semiconductor materials, such as silicon carbide (SiC) and gallium nitride (GaN), offer the potential for a new generation of power semiconductor devices that can perform significantly better than silicon-based devices. In this research, a green synthesized copper-zinc-tin-sulfide (CZTS) nanoparticle is proposed as a new WBG semiconductor material that could be used for optical and electronic devices. Its synthesis, consisting of the production methods and materials used, is discussed. The characterization is also discussed, and further research is recommended in the later sections to enable the continual advancement of this technology.展开更多
The study of oxide heteroepitaxy has been hindered by the issues of misfit strain and substrate clamping,which impede both the optimization of performance and the acquisition of a fundamental understanding of oxide sy...The study of oxide heteroepitaxy has been hindered by the issues of misfit strain and substrate clamping,which impede both the optimization of performance and the acquisition of a fundamental understanding of oxide systems.Recently,however,the development of freestanding oxide membranes has provided a plausible solution to these substrate limitations.Single-crystalline functional oxide films can be released from their substrates without incurring significant damage and can subsequently be transferred to any substrate of choice.This paper discusses recent advancements in the fabrication,adjustable physical properties,and various applications of freestanding oxide perovskite films.First,we present the primary strategies employed for the synthesis and transfer of these freestanding perovskite thin films.Second,we explore the main functionalities observed in freestanding perovskite oxide thin films,with special attention to the tunable functionalities and physical properties of these freestanding perovskite membranes under varying strain states.Next,we encapsulate three representative devices based on freestanding oxide films.Overall,this review highlights the potential of freestanding oxide films for the study of novel functionalities and flexible electronics.展开更多
This paper presents the study and application of the electronic device anti-interference techniques underhigh voltage and/or heavy current electro-magnetic circumstance in power system.[
Background Cardiac implantable electronic devices （CIEDs） greatly improve survival and life quality of patients. However, there are gender differences regarding both the utilization and benefit of these devices. In ...Background Cardiac implantable electronic devices （CIEDs） greatly improve survival and life quality of patients. However, there are gender differences regarding both the utilization and benefit of these devices. In this prospective CIED registry, we aim to appraise the gender differences in CIED utilization in China. Methods Twenty centers from 14 provinces in China were included in our registry study. All patients who underwent a CIED implantation in these twenty centers between Jan 2015 and Dec 2016 were included. Results A total of 8570 patients were enrolled in the baseline cohort, including 7203 pacemaker, 664 implantable cardiac defibrillators （ICD） implants and 703 cardiac resynchronization therapy device （CRT/D）. Totally, 4117 （48.0%） CIED patients were female, and more than 59% pacemaker patients were female, but women account only one third of ICD or CRT/D implantation in this registry. There were significant differences between genders at pacemaker and ICD indications. Female was more likely received a pacemaker due to sick sinus syndrome （SSS） （63.9% vs. 51.0%, P 〈 0.001）. Female patients receiving an ICD were more likely due to cardiac ion channel disease （29.2% vs. 4.2%, P 〈 0.001）. The percentage of utilization of dual-chamber pacemaker in female patients was significantly higher than male （85.3% vs. 81.1%, P 〈 0.001）. But male patients were more likely received a cardiac resynchronization therapy devices with defibrillator than female （56.5% vs. 41.9%, P = 0.001）. In pacemaker patient, male was more likely to have structure heart disease （31.3% vs. 28.0%, P = 0.002）. In ICD patient, male patients were more likely to have ischemic heart disease （48.2% vs. 29.2%, P 〈 0.001）. The mean age of women at the time of CRT/D implantation was older than men （P = 0.014）. Nonischemic cardiomyopathy （70.9%） was the most common etiology in the patients who underwent the treat？ment of CRT/D, no matter male or female. Conclusions In real-world setting, female do have different epidemiology, pathophysiology and clinical presentation of many cardiac rhythm disorders when compared with male, and all these factors may affect the utilization of CIED implantation. But it also possibility that cultural and socioeconomic features may play a role in this apparent discrimination.展开更多
Conducting polymers have been studied extensively. An interesting property of the conducting polymer is that the conductivity of some polymers, such as polypyrrolc, polyaniline, poly(3-methylthiophene) etc. , is affec...Conducting polymers have been studied extensively. An interesting property of the conducting polymer is that the conductivity of some polymers, such as polypyrrolc, polyaniline, poly(3-methylthiophene) etc. , is affected by the voltage applied to them. For polypyrrole, the oxidized state is an electronic conductor and the reduced state is essentially insulating. Using this property, one can fabricate the polymer-based electronic devices. Experimental results of Pickun展开更多
Recent progress of research for graphene applications in electronic and optoelectronic devices is reviewed, and recent developments in circuits based on graphene devices are summarized. The bandgap-mobility tradeoff i...Recent progress of research for graphene applications in electronic and optoelectronic devices is reviewed, and recent developments in circuits based on graphene devices are summarized. The bandgap-mobility tradeoff inevitably constrains the application of graphene for the conventional field-effect transistor （FET） devices in digital applications. However, this shortcoming has not dampened the enthusiasm of the research community toward graphene electronics. Aside from high mobility, graphene offers numerous other amazing electrical, optical, thermal, and mechanical properties that continually motivate innovations.展开更多
With the continuous development of science and technology,electronic devices have begun to enter all aspects of human life,becoming increasingly closely related to human life.Users have higher quality requirements for...With the continuous development of science and technology,electronic devices have begun to enter all aspects of human life,becoming increasingly closely related to human life.Users have higher quality requirements for electronic devices.Electronic device testing has gradually become an irreplaceable engineering process in modern manufacturing enterprises to guarantee the quality of products while preventing inferior products from entering the market.Considering the large output of electronic devices,improving the testing efficiency while reducing the testing cost has become an urgent problem to be solved.This study investigates the electronic device testing machine allocation problem(EDTMAP),aiming to improve the production of electronic devices and reduce the scheduling distance among testing machines through reasonable machine allocation.First,a mathematical model was formulated for the EDTMAP to maximize both production and the scheduling distance among testing machines.Second,we developed a discrete multi-objective artificial bee colony(DMOABC)algorithm to solve EDTMAP.A crossover operator and local search operator were designed to improve the exploration and exploitation of the algorithm,respectively.Numerical experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm.The experimental results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed algorithm compared with the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II(NSGA-II)and strength Pareto evolutionary algorithm 2(SPEA2).Finally,the mathematical model and DMOABC algorithm were applied to a real-world factory that tests radio-frequency modules.The results verify that our method can significantly improve production and reduce the scheduling distance among testing machines.展开更多
A Phase-change thermal control unit( PTCU) filled with metallic phase change material( PCM) Bismuth alloy for electric devices thermal protection was developed and investigated experimentally. The PTCU filled with PCM...A Phase-change thermal control unit( PTCU) filled with metallic phase change material( PCM) Bismuth alloy for electric devices thermal protection was developed and investigated experimentally. The PTCU filled with PCM was designed and manufactured. Resistance heating components( RCHs) produced 1 W,3 W, 5 W,7W,and 10 W for simulating heat generation of electronic devices. At various heating power levels,the performance of PTCU were tested during heating period and one duty cycle period. The experimental results show that the PTCU delays RCH reaching the maximum operating temperature. Also,a numerical model was developed to enable interpretation of experimental results and to perform parametric studies. The results confirmed that the PTCU is suitable for electric devices thermal control.展开更多
Background:Adolescence is a critical,multifactorial developmental phase.With the current pandemic of COVID-19,excessive using of electronic devices is a public health concern.The aim of this study is to investigate th...Background:Adolescence is a critical,multifactorial developmental phase.With the current pandemic of COVID-19,excessive using of electronic devices is a public health concern.The aim of this study is to investigate the relation-ship between depression and the use of electronic devices among secondary school children in Jazan,Saudi Arabia during the COVID-19 pandemic.Materials and Methods:The study is an observational,cross-sectional study.Data was collected using an anonymous online survey instrument.including the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale.Results:A total of 427 participants were included in the study.The prevalence of depression,anxiety,and stress in our study was 14.55%,12.01%,and 15.55%,respectively.For the hours spent on electronic devices,13.6%of participants spent 1–4 h,43.6%spent 5–9 h,and 42.9%spent 10 h or more.86.7%reported an increase in their use of electronic devices during COVID-19.The regression analysis revealed that the increase of Videogame Addiction Scale for Chil-dren is significantly associated with an increase in Depression,Anxiety,and Stress scores(p-value<0.05 for all).Conclusion:Electronic device use is a challenging issue among Saudi adolescents,and it has been associated with a negative impact on participants’mental well-being.The study found a positive correlation between electronic device use and increased prevalence of mental health issues.We also found significantly increased use of electronic device during the COVID-19 lockdown;hence,more mental issues were reported.It is obvious that electronic device use needs to be more controlled among adolescents.This can be achieved by involving those who are in this age group in other activities,like sports,which can reduce the time they spend on electronic device.展开更多
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular implantable electronic devices(CIEDs)are implanted in an increasing number of patients each year,which has led to an increase in the risk of CIED infection.Antibacterial CIED envelopes locall...BACKGROUND Cardiovascular implantable electronic devices(CIEDs)are implanted in an increasing number of patients each year,which has led to an increase in the risk of CIED infection.Antibacterial CIED envelopes locally deliver antibiotics to the implant site over a short-term period and have been shown to reduce the risk of implant site infection.These envelopes are derived from either biologic or nonbiologic materials.There is a paucity of data examining patient risk profiles and outcomes from using these envelope materials in the clinical setting and comparing these results to patients receiving no envelope with their CIED implantation.AIM To evaluate risk profiles and outcomes of patients who underwent CIED procedures with an antibacterial envelope or no envelope.METHODS After obtaining Internal Review Board approval,the records of consecutive patients who underwent a CIED implantation procedure by a single physician between March 2017 and December 2019 were retrospectively collected from our hospital.A total of 248 patients within this period were identified and reviewed through 12 mo of follow up.The CIED procedures used either no envelope(n=57),a biologic envelope(CanGaroo®,Aziyo Biologics)that was pre-hydrated by the physician with vancomycin and gentamicin(n=89),or a non-biologic envelope(Tyrx^(TM),Medtronic)that was coated with a resorbable polymer containing the drug substances rifampin and minocycline by the manufacturer(n=102).Patient selection for receiving either no envelope or an envelope(and which envelope to use)was determined by the treating physician.Statistical analyses were performed between the 3 groups(CanGaroo,Tyrx,and no envelope),and also between the No Envelope and Any Envelope groups by an independent,experienced biostatistician.RESULTS On average,patients who received any envelope(biologic or non-biologic)were younger(70.7±14.0 vs 74.9±10.6,P=0.017),had a greater number of infection risk factors(81.2%vs 49.1%,P<0.001),received more high-powered devices(37.2%vs 5.8%,P=0.004),and were undergoing more reoperative procedures(47.1%vs 0.0%,P<0.001)than patients who received no envelope.Between the two envelopes,biologic envelopes tended to be used more often in higher risk patients(84.3%vs 78.4%)and reoperative procedures(62.9%vs 33.3%)than non-biologic envelopes.The rate of CIED implant site pocket infection was low(any envelope 0.5%vs no envelope 0.0%)and was statistically equivalent between the two envelope groups.Other reported adverse events(lead dislodgement,lead or pocket revision,device migration or erosion,twiddler’s syndrome,and erythema/fever)were low and statistically equivalent between groups(biologic 2.2%,non-biologic 3.9%,no envelope 1.8%).CONCLUSION CIED infection rates for biologic and non-biologic antibacterial envelopes are similar.Antibacterial envelopes may benefit patients who are higher risk for infection,however additional studies are warranted to confirm this.展开更多
As cardiac implantable electronic devices(CIED)become more prevalent,it is important to acknowledge potential electromagnetic interference(EMI)from other sources,such as internal and external electronic devices and pr...As cardiac implantable electronic devices(CIED)become more prevalent,it is important to acknowledge potential electromagnetic interference(EMI)from other sources,such as internal and external electronic devices and procedures and its effect on these devices.EMI from other sources can potentially inhibit pacing and trigger shocks in permanent pacemakers(PPM)and implantable cardioverter defibrillators(ICD),respectively.This review analyzes potential EMI amongst CIED and left ventricular assist device,deep brain stimulators,spinal cord stimulators,transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulators,and throughout an array of procedures,such as endoscopy,bronchoscopy,and procedures involving electrocautery.Although there is evidence to support EMI from internal and external devices and during procedures,there is a lack of large multicenter studies,and,as a result,current management guidelines are based primarily on expert opinion and anecdotal experience.We aim to provide a general overview of PPM/ICD function,review documented EMI effect on these devices,and acknowledge current management of CIED interference.展开更多
Objective： The aim of this work was to quantify the extent of set-up errors to conduct a quality assurance （QA） aspect of treatment delivery, verification of the treatment field＇s position on different days using ...Objective： The aim of this work was to quantify the extent of set-up errors to conduct a quality assurance （QA） aspect of treatment delivery, verification of the treatment field＇s position on different days using electronic portal. Methods： This study was carried out on 12 patients, treated for pelvis tumor; and total of 240 images obtained by electronic portal image device （EPID） were analyzed. The EPIs acquire using EPID attached to the Siemens linear accelerator. The anatomy match- ing software （Theraview） was used and displacement in two dimensions were noted for each treatment field to study patient setup errors. Results： The percentages of mean deviations less than 5 mm in X direction were 65% ＆ 92%, from 5-10 mm were 31% ＆ 19% and more than 10 mm were 11% ＆ 9% forNP and lateral direction respectively. The percentages of mean deviations less than 5 mm in Y direction were 65% ＆ 63%, from 5-10 mm were 33% ＆ 28% and more than 10 mm were 22% ＆ 29%. The mean deviations in 2D-vector errors were 〈 5 mm in 47% and 46%, 5-10 mm in 36% and 37% and 〉 10 mm in 37% and 37% of images in the NP and lateral direction respectively. Conclusion： The results revealed that the ranges of set up errors are immobilization method to improve reproducibility. The observed variations were not within the limits..展开更多
As the power electronics technology is widely used in the power system, it may also bring the DC component to the transformer operation, resulting in DC bias and may cause great harm to the transformer. In this articl...As the power electronics technology is widely used in the power system, it may also bring the DC component to the transformer operation, resulting in DC bias and may cause great harm to the transformer. In this article, the device to protect transformer from DC magnetic bias is designed. On the basis of load DC current, a magnetic bias protection device is developed by combination of current sensor, electric information collection circuit, signal filtering circuit, signal modulating circuits, fault feature judging circuit, automatic range tracking circuit, intelligent logic synthesis unit and implementation output circuit. By operating in temperature-rise test equipment in the high power electronic lab, the device is proved with reliability, high sensitivity and worthy of promotion and application.展开更多
Due to the shortcomings of the diagnosis systems for complex electronic devices such as failure models hard to build and low fault isolation resolution, a new hierarchical modeling and diagnosis method is proposed bas...Due to the shortcomings of the diagnosis systems for complex electronic devices such as failure models hard to build and low fault isolation resolution, a new hierarchical modeling and diagnosis method is proposed based on multisignal model and support vector machine （SVM）. Multisignal model is used to describe the failure propagation relationship in electronic device system, and the most probable failure printed circuit boards （PCBs） can be found by Bayes inference. The exact failure modes in the PCBs can be identified by SVM. The results show the proposed modeling and diagnosis method is effective and suitable for diagnosis for complex electronic devices.展开更多
We investigate the electronic transport properties of dipyrimidinyl-diphenyl sandwiched between two armchair graphene nanoribbon electrodes using the nonequilibrium Green function formalism combined with a first-princ...We investigate the electronic transport properties of dipyrimidinyl-diphenyl sandwiched between two armchair graphene nanoribbon electrodes using the nonequilibrium Green function formalism combined with a first-principles method based on density functional theory. Among the three models M1–M3, M1 is not doped with a heteroatom. In the left parts of M2 and M3, nitrogen atoms are doped at two edges of the nanoribbon. In the right parts, nitrogen atoms are doped at one center and at the edges of M2 and M3, respectively. Comparisons of M1, M2 and M3 show obvious rectifying characteristics, and the maximum rectification ratios are up to 42.9 in M2. The results show that the rectifying behavior is strongly dependent on the doping position of electrodes. A higher rectification ratio can be found in the dipyrimidinyl-diphenyl molecular device with asymmetric doping of left and right electrodes, which suggests that this system has a broader application in future logic and memory devices.展开更多
The principal factor to determine the economical value of the products manufactured in the electronics industry is due to the productive yielding. This is important for the cost of the articles fabricated in this type...The principal factor to determine the economical value of the products manufactured in the electronics industry is due to the productive yielding. This is important for the cost of the articles fabricated in this type of industrial plants installed in Mexicali city, where around 80% of companies are, and which fabricate electronic devices and systems, or have industrial electronic systems and machines to their manufacturing process. Mexicalicity is located in theBaja CaliforniaStateof the northwest ofMexico, which is a border city with Calexico in theCaliforniaStateof the United States of America (USA). The region located in Mexicali, is a desert area. Geothermal plant is located in this area, which is an important industry and supplies electricity to this city and its valleys and some cities on southwest of United States for daily activities. This company emits hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as a main air pollutant that reacts with oxygen in the atmosphere, generating sulfur oxides (SOX). This chemical is dispersed to the city of Mexicali in which industrial plants are located with electronic control systems, and penetrates to indoor rooms. Those cause the corrosion process. The presence of corrosion leads to the deterioration of electrical connectors, the connections of electronic systems and the decreasing of the lifetime of these control systems. Other air pollutants that are considered as chemical agents which cause damage to materials used in the electronics industry, are the sulfurs and nitrogen oxides (NOX), emitted from the traffic vehicle and some industries. This causes the low productive yielding of electrical and electronic devices and systems used in the companies of this city, and is a major concern to specialized people, managers and owners. To analyze the productive yielding of electronic devices and systems installed in indoor of the electronics industry. For this reason, to know the principal causes of it, a study in three industrial plants, to determine the grade level of deterioration of the electronic control systems (ECS) used in the electronics industry of this city was made. The results showed that at major air pollution concentration detected by specialized methods, the lifetime of the ECS was decreased by the generation of corrosion in their electrical connectors and connections. This was caused for the levels of air pollutants mentioned above, than exceed the air quality standards in some periods of the year, added with the levels upper of relative humidity levels (RH) and temperatures of 85% and 25°C in winter and 80% 35°C in summer, being a main factor of this electrochemical phenomenon.展开更多
Benefiting from the unique advantages of superior biocompatibility,strong stability,good biodegradability,and adjustable mechanical properties,hydrogels have attracted extensive research interests in bioelectronics.Ho...Benefiting from the unique advantages of superior biocompatibility,strong stability,good biodegradability,and adjustable mechanical properties,hydrogels have attracted extensive research interests in bioelectronics.However,due to the existence of an interface between hydrogels and human tissues,the transmission of electrical signals from the human tissues to the hydrogel electronic devices will be hindered.The adhesive hydrogels with adhesive properties can tightly combine with the human tissue,which can enhance the contact between the electronic devices and human tissues and reduce the contact resistance,thereby improving the performance of hydrogel electronic devices.In this review,we will discuss in detail the adhesion mechanism of adhesive hydrogels and elaborate on the design principles of adhesive hydrogels.After that,we will introduce some methods of performance evaluation for adhesive hydrogels.Finally,we will provide a perspective on the development of adhesive hydrogel bioelectronics.展开更多
文摘0 Introduction Fifteen years have passed since the first AlGaN/GaN HFET was reported in 1993.The FETs have already commercialized as microwave power devices,but volume production has not yet realized.The main application field is mobile phone base stations.For such applications,GaAs power transistors and silicon LDMOS have already been used.Therefore,advantages compared with these existing devices will be required,such as high efficiency,low distortion,low noise,high reliability and,especially,low cost.However,the latter two items are normally difficult for devices using new materials.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(11875138,52077095).
文摘High-performance ion-conducting hydrogels(ICHs)are vital for developing flexible electronic devices.However,the robustness and ion-conducting behavior of ICHs deteriorate at extreme tempera-tures,hampering their use in soft electronics.To resolve these issues,a method involving freeze–thawing and ionizing radiation technology is reported herein for synthesizing a novel double-network(DN)ICH based on a poly(ionic liquid)/MXene/poly(vinyl alcohol)(PMP DN ICH)system.The well-designed ICH exhibits outstanding ionic conductivity(63.89 mS cm^(-1) at 25℃),excellent temperature resistance(-60–80℃),prolonged stability(30 d at ambient temperature),high oxidation resist-ance,remarkable antibacterial activity,decent mechanical performance,and adhesion.Additionally,the ICH performs effectively in a flexible wireless strain sensor,thermal sensor,all-solid-state supercapacitor,and single-electrode triboelectric nanogenerator,thereby highlighting its viability in constructing soft electronic devices.The highly integrated gel structure endows these flexible electronic devices with stable,reliable signal output performance.In particular,the all-solid-state supercapacitor containing the PMP DN ICH electrolyte exhibits a high areal specific capacitance of 253.38 mF cm^(-2)(current density,1 mA cm^(-2))and excellent environmental adaptability.This study paves the way for the design and fabrication of high-performance mul-tifunctional/flexible ICHs for wearable sensing,energy-storage,and energy-harvesting applications.
基金The financial support from the Program for Science and Technology of Henan Province of China(Grant No.242102210148)Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists(Grant No.GZS2022011)Songshan Laboratory Pre-Research Project(Grant No.YYJC032022022).
文摘Intelligent electronic devices(IEDs)are interconnected via communication networks and play pivotal roles in transmitting grid-related operational data and executing control instructions.In the context of the heightened security challenges within smart grids,IEDs pose significant risks due to inherent hardware and software vulner-abilities,as well as the openness and vulnerability of communication protocols.Smart grid security,distinct from traditional internet security,mainly relies on monitoring network security events at the platform layer,lacking an effective assessment mechanism for IEDs.Hence,we incorporate considerations for both cyber-attacks and physical faults,presenting security assessment indicators and methods specifically tailored for IEDs.Initially,we outline the security monitoring technology for IEDs,considering the necessary data sources for their security assessment.Subsequently,we classify IEDs and establish a comprehensive security monitoring index system,incorporating factors such as running states,network traffic,and abnormal behaviors.This index system contains 18 indicators in 3 categories.Additionally,we elucidate quantitative methods for various indicators and propose a hybrid security assessment method known as GRCW-hybrid,combining grey relational analysis(GRA),analytic hierarchy process(AHP),and entropy weight method(EWM).According to the proposed assessment method,the security risk level of IEDs can be graded into 6 levels,namely 0,1,2,3,4,and 5.The higher the level,the greater the security risk.Finally,we assess and simulate 15 scenarios in 3 categories,which are based on monitoring indicators and real-world situations encountered by IEDs.The results show that calculated security risk level based on the proposed assessment method are consistent with actual simulation.Thus,the reasonableness and effectiveness of the proposed index system and assessment method are validated.
文摘Power-electronic devices are widely used in various applications, such as voltage and frequency control for transmitting and converting electric power. As these devices are becoming increasingly important, there is a need to reduce their losses and improve their performance to reduce electric power consumption. Current power semiconductor devices, such as inverters, are made of silicon (Si), but the performance of these Si power devices is reaching its limit due to physical properties and energy bandgap. To address this issue, recent developments in wide bandgap (WBG) semiconductor materials, such as silicon carbide (SiC) and gallium nitride (GaN), offer the potential for a new generation of power semiconductor devices that can perform significantly better than silicon-based devices. In this research, a green synthesized copper-zinc-tin-sulfide (CZTS) nanoparticle is proposed as a new WBG semiconductor material that could be used for optical and electronic devices. Its synthesis, consisting of the production methods and materials used, is discussed. The characterization is also discussed, and further research is recommended in the later sections to enable the continual advancement of this technology.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(WK9990000102,WK2030000035).
文摘The study of oxide heteroepitaxy has been hindered by the issues of misfit strain and substrate clamping,which impede both the optimization of performance and the acquisition of a fundamental understanding of oxide systems.Recently,however,the development of freestanding oxide membranes has provided a plausible solution to these substrate limitations.Single-crystalline functional oxide films can be released from their substrates without incurring significant damage and can subsequently be transferred to any substrate of choice.This paper discusses recent advancements in the fabrication,adjustable physical properties,and various applications of freestanding oxide perovskite films.First,we present the primary strategies employed for the synthesis and transfer of these freestanding perovskite thin films.Second,we explore the main functionalities observed in freestanding perovskite oxide thin films,with special attention to the tunable functionalities and physical properties of these freestanding perovskite membranes under varying strain states.Next,we encapsulate three representative devices based on freestanding oxide films.Overall,this review highlights the potential of freestanding oxide films for the study of novel functionalities and flexible electronics.
文摘This paper presents the study and application of the electronic device anti-interference techniques underhigh voltage and/or heavy current electro-magnetic circumstance in power system.[
文摘Background Cardiac implantable electronic devices （CIEDs） greatly improve survival and life quality of patients. However, there are gender differences regarding both the utilization and benefit of these devices. In this prospective CIED registry, we aim to appraise the gender differences in CIED utilization in China. Methods Twenty centers from 14 provinces in China were included in our registry study. All patients who underwent a CIED implantation in these twenty centers between Jan 2015 and Dec 2016 were included. Results A total of 8570 patients were enrolled in the baseline cohort, including 7203 pacemaker, 664 implantable cardiac defibrillators （ICD） implants and 703 cardiac resynchronization therapy device （CRT/D）. Totally, 4117 （48.0%） CIED patients were female, and more than 59% pacemaker patients were female, but women account only one third of ICD or CRT/D implantation in this registry. There were significant differences between genders at pacemaker and ICD indications. Female was more likely received a pacemaker due to sick sinus syndrome （SSS） （63.9% vs. 51.0%, P 〈 0.001）. Female patients receiving an ICD were more likely due to cardiac ion channel disease （29.2% vs. 4.2%, P 〈 0.001）. The percentage of utilization of dual-chamber pacemaker in female patients was significantly higher than male （85.3% vs. 81.1%, P 〈 0.001）. But male patients were more likely received a cardiac resynchronization therapy devices with defibrillator than female （56.5% vs. 41.9%, P = 0.001）. In pacemaker patient, male was more likely to have structure heart disease （31.3% vs. 28.0%, P = 0.002）. In ICD patient, male patients were more likely to have ischemic heart disease （48.2% vs. 29.2%, P 〈 0.001）. The mean age of women at the time of CRT/D implantation was older than men （P = 0.014）. Nonischemic cardiomyopathy （70.9%） was the most common etiology in the patients who underwent the treat？ment of CRT/D, no matter male or female. Conclusions In real-world setting, female do have different epidemiology, pathophysiology and clinical presentation of many cardiac rhythm disorders when compared with male, and all these factors may affect the utilization of CIED implantation. But it also possibility that cultural and socioeconomic features may play a role in this apparent discrimination.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘Conducting polymers have been studied extensively. An interesting property of the conducting polymer is that the conductivity of some polymers, such as polypyrrolc, polyaniline, poly(3-methylthiophene) etc. , is affected by the voltage applied to them. For polypyrrole, the oxidized state is an electronic conductor and the reduced state is essentially insulating. Using this property, one can fabricate the polymer-based electronic devices. Experimental results of Pickun
文摘Recent progress of research for graphene applications in electronic and optoelectronic devices is reviewed, and recent developments in circuits based on graphene devices are summarized. The bandgap-mobility tradeoff inevitably constrains the application of graphene for the conventional field-effect transistor （FET） devices in digital applications. However, this shortcoming has not dampened the enthusiasm of the research community toward graphene electronics. Aside from high mobility, graphene offers numerous other amazing electrical, optical, thermal, and mechanical properties that continually motivate innovations.
基金National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2019YFB1704600)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51825502,51775216)Program for HUST Academic Frontier Youth Team of China(Grant No.2017QYTD04).
文摘With the continuous development of science and technology,electronic devices have begun to enter all aspects of human life,becoming increasingly closely related to human life.Users have higher quality requirements for electronic devices.Electronic device testing has gradually become an irreplaceable engineering process in modern manufacturing enterprises to guarantee the quality of products while preventing inferior products from entering the market.Considering the large output of electronic devices,improving the testing efficiency while reducing the testing cost has become an urgent problem to be solved.This study investigates the electronic device testing machine allocation problem(EDTMAP),aiming to improve the production of electronic devices and reduce the scheduling distance among testing machines through reasonable machine allocation.First,a mathematical model was formulated for the EDTMAP to maximize both production and the scheduling distance among testing machines.Second,we developed a discrete multi-objective artificial bee colony(DMOABC)algorithm to solve EDTMAP.A crossover operator and local search operator were designed to improve the exploration and exploitation of the algorithm,respectively.Numerical experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm.The experimental results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed algorithm compared with the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II(NSGA-II)and strength Pareto evolutionary algorithm 2(SPEA2).Finally,the mathematical model and DMOABC algorithm were applied to a real-world factory that tests radio-frequency modules.The results verify that our method can significantly improve production and reduce the scheduling distance among testing machines.
文摘A Phase-change thermal control unit( PTCU) filled with metallic phase change material( PCM) Bismuth alloy for electric devices thermal protection was developed and investigated experimentally. The PTCU filled with PCM was designed and manufactured. Resistance heating components( RCHs) produced 1 W,3 W, 5 W,7W,and 10 W for simulating heat generation of electronic devices. At various heating power levels,the performance of PTCU were tested during heating period and one duty cycle period. The experimental results show that the PTCU delays RCH reaching the maximum operating temperature. Also,a numerical model was developed to enable interpretation of experimental results and to perform parametric studies. The results confirmed that the PTCU is suitable for electric devices thermal control.
文摘Background:Adolescence is a critical,multifactorial developmental phase.With the current pandemic of COVID-19,excessive using of electronic devices is a public health concern.The aim of this study is to investigate the relation-ship between depression and the use of electronic devices among secondary school children in Jazan,Saudi Arabia during the COVID-19 pandemic.Materials and Methods:The study is an observational,cross-sectional study.Data was collected using an anonymous online survey instrument.including the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale.Results:A total of 427 participants were included in the study.The prevalence of depression,anxiety,and stress in our study was 14.55%,12.01%,and 15.55%,respectively.For the hours spent on electronic devices,13.6%of participants spent 1–4 h,43.6%spent 5–9 h,and 42.9%spent 10 h or more.86.7%reported an increase in their use of electronic devices during COVID-19.The regression analysis revealed that the increase of Videogame Addiction Scale for Chil-dren is significantly associated with an increase in Depression,Anxiety,and Stress scores(p-value<0.05 for all).Conclusion:Electronic device use is a challenging issue among Saudi adolescents,and it has been associated with a negative impact on participants’mental well-being.The study found a positive correlation between electronic device use and increased prevalence of mental health issues.We also found significantly increased use of electronic device during the COVID-19 lockdown;hence,more mental issues were reported.It is obvious that electronic device use needs to be more controlled among adolescents.This can be achieved by involving those who are in this age group in other activities,like sports,which can reduce the time they spend on electronic device.
文摘BACKGROUND Cardiovascular implantable electronic devices(CIEDs)are implanted in an increasing number of patients each year,which has led to an increase in the risk of CIED infection.Antibacterial CIED envelopes locally deliver antibiotics to the implant site over a short-term period and have been shown to reduce the risk of implant site infection.These envelopes are derived from either biologic or nonbiologic materials.There is a paucity of data examining patient risk profiles and outcomes from using these envelope materials in the clinical setting and comparing these results to patients receiving no envelope with their CIED implantation.AIM To evaluate risk profiles and outcomes of patients who underwent CIED procedures with an antibacterial envelope or no envelope.METHODS After obtaining Internal Review Board approval,the records of consecutive patients who underwent a CIED implantation procedure by a single physician between March 2017 and December 2019 were retrospectively collected from our hospital.A total of 248 patients within this period were identified and reviewed through 12 mo of follow up.The CIED procedures used either no envelope(n=57),a biologic envelope(CanGaroo®,Aziyo Biologics)that was pre-hydrated by the physician with vancomycin and gentamicin(n=89),or a non-biologic envelope(Tyrx^(TM),Medtronic)that was coated with a resorbable polymer containing the drug substances rifampin and minocycline by the manufacturer(n=102).Patient selection for receiving either no envelope or an envelope(and which envelope to use)was determined by the treating physician.Statistical analyses were performed between the 3 groups(CanGaroo,Tyrx,and no envelope),and also between the No Envelope and Any Envelope groups by an independent,experienced biostatistician.RESULTS On average,patients who received any envelope(biologic or non-biologic)were younger(70.7±14.0 vs 74.9±10.6,P=0.017),had a greater number of infection risk factors(81.2%vs 49.1%,P<0.001),received more high-powered devices(37.2%vs 5.8%,P=0.004),and were undergoing more reoperative procedures(47.1%vs 0.0%,P<0.001)than patients who received no envelope.Between the two envelopes,biologic envelopes tended to be used more often in higher risk patients(84.3%vs 78.4%)and reoperative procedures(62.9%vs 33.3%)than non-biologic envelopes.The rate of CIED implant site pocket infection was low(any envelope 0.5%vs no envelope 0.0%)and was statistically equivalent between the two envelope groups.Other reported adverse events(lead dislodgement,lead or pocket revision,device migration or erosion,twiddler’s syndrome,and erythema/fever)were low and statistically equivalent between groups(biologic 2.2%,non-biologic 3.9%,no envelope 1.8%).CONCLUSION CIED infection rates for biologic and non-biologic antibacterial envelopes are similar.Antibacterial envelopes may benefit patients who are higher risk for infection,however additional studies are warranted to confirm this.
文摘As cardiac implantable electronic devices(CIED)become more prevalent,it is important to acknowledge potential electromagnetic interference(EMI)from other sources,such as internal and external electronic devices and procedures and its effect on these devices.EMI from other sources can potentially inhibit pacing and trigger shocks in permanent pacemakers(PPM)and implantable cardioverter defibrillators(ICD),respectively.This review analyzes potential EMI amongst CIED and left ventricular assist device,deep brain stimulators,spinal cord stimulators,transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulators,and throughout an array of procedures,such as endoscopy,bronchoscopy,and procedures involving electrocautery.Although there is evidence to support EMI from internal and external devices and during procedures,there is a lack of large multicenter studies,and,as a result,current management guidelines are based primarily on expert opinion and anecdotal experience.We aim to provide a general overview of PPM/ICD function,review documented EMI effect on these devices,and acknowledge current management of CIED interference.
文摘Objective： The aim of this work was to quantify the extent of set-up errors to conduct a quality assurance （QA） aspect of treatment delivery, verification of the treatment field＇s position on different days using electronic portal. Methods： This study was carried out on 12 patients, treated for pelvis tumor; and total of 240 images obtained by electronic portal image device （EPID） were analyzed. The EPIs acquire using EPID attached to the Siemens linear accelerator. The anatomy match- ing software （Theraview） was used and displacement in two dimensions were noted for each treatment field to study patient setup errors. Results： The percentages of mean deviations less than 5 mm in X direction were 65% ＆ 92%, from 5-10 mm were 31% ＆ 19% and more than 10 mm were 11% ＆ 9% forNP and lateral direction respectively. The percentages of mean deviations less than 5 mm in Y direction were 65% ＆ 63%, from 5-10 mm were 33% ＆ 28% and more than 10 mm were 22% ＆ 29%. The mean deviations in 2D-vector errors were 〈 5 mm in 47% and 46%, 5-10 mm in 36% and 37% and 〉 10 mm in 37% and 37% of images in the NP and lateral direction respectively. Conclusion： The results revealed that the ranges of set up errors are immobilization method to improve reproducibility. The observed variations were not within the limits..
文摘As the power electronics technology is widely used in the power system, it may also bring the DC component to the transformer operation, resulting in DC bias and may cause great harm to the transformer. In this article, the device to protect transformer from DC magnetic bias is designed. On the basis of load DC current, a magnetic bias protection device is developed by combination of current sensor, electric information collection circuit, signal filtering circuit, signal modulating circuits, fault feature judging circuit, automatic range tracking circuit, intelligent logic synthesis unit and implementation output circuit. By operating in temperature-rise test equipment in the high power electronic lab, the device is proved with reliability, high sensitivity and worthy of promotion and application.
基金supported by the Defense Foundation Scientific Research Fund under Grant No.9140A17030308DZ02,9140A16060409DZ02the National Natural Science Fundation of Chinaunder Grant No.60934002Dr.Lianke for the extensive discussions on the subject and UESTC for its support under Grant No.JX0756,Y02018023601059
文摘Due to the shortcomings of the diagnosis systems for complex electronic devices such as failure models hard to build and low fault isolation resolution, a new hierarchical modeling and diagnosis method is proposed based on multisignal model and support vector machine （SVM）. Multisignal model is used to describe the failure propagation relationship in electronic device system, and the most probable failure printed circuit boards （PCBs） can be found by Bayes inference. The exact failure modes in the PCBs can be identified by SVM. The results show the proposed modeling and diagnosis method is effective and suitable for diagnosis for complex electronic devices.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos 11504283 and 21503153the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province under Grant No 2014JM1025the Science and Technology Star Project of Shaanxi Province under Grant No 2016KJXX-45
文摘We investigate the electronic transport properties of dipyrimidinyl-diphenyl sandwiched between two armchair graphene nanoribbon electrodes using the nonequilibrium Green function formalism combined with a first-principles method based on density functional theory. Among the three models M1–M3, M1 is not doped with a heteroatom. In the left parts of M2 and M3, nitrogen atoms are doped at two edges of the nanoribbon. In the right parts, nitrogen atoms are doped at one center and at the edges of M2 and M3, respectively. Comparisons of M1, M2 and M3 show obvious rectifying characteristics, and the maximum rectification ratios are up to 42.9 in M2. The results show that the rectifying behavior is strongly dependent on the doping position of electrodes. A higher rectification ratio can be found in the dipyrimidinyl-diphenyl molecular device with asymmetric doping of left and right electrodes, which suggests that this system has a broader application in future logic and memory devices.
文摘The principal factor to determine the economical value of the products manufactured in the electronics industry is due to the productive yielding. This is important for the cost of the articles fabricated in this type of industrial plants installed in Mexicali city, where around 80% of companies are, and which fabricate electronic devices and systems, or have industrial electronic systems and machines to their manufacturing process. Mexicalicity is located in theBaja CaliforniaStateof the northwest ofMexico, which is a border city with Calexico in theCaliforniaStateof the United States of America (USA). The region located in Mexicali, is a desert area. Geothermal plant is located in this area, which is an important industry and supplies electricity to this city and its valleys and some cities on southwest of United States for daily activities. This company emits hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as a main air pollutant that reacts with oxygen in the atmosphere, generating sulfur oxides (SOX). This chemical is dispersed to the city of Mexicali in which industrial plants are located with electronic control systems, and penetrates to indoor rooms. Those cause the corrosion process. The presence of corrosion leads to the deterioration of electrical connectors, the connections of electronic systems and the decreasing of the lifetime of these control systems. Other air pollutants that are considered as chemical agents which cause damage to materials used in the electronics industry, are the sulfurs and nitrogen oxides (NOX), emitted from the traffic vehicle and some industries. This causes the low productive yielding of electrical and electronic devices and systems used in the companies of this city, and is a major concern to specialized people, managers and owners. To analyze the productive yielding of electronic devices and systems installed in indoor of the electronics industry. For this reason, to know the principal causes of it, a study in three industrial plants, to determine the grade level of deterioration of the electronic control systems (ECS) used in the electronics industry of this city was made. The results showed that at major air pollution concentration detected by specialized methods, the lifetime of the ECS was decreased by the generation of corrosion in their electrical connectors and connections. This was caused for the levels of air pollutants mentioned above, than exceed the air quality standards in some periods of the year, added with the levels upper of relative humidity levels (RH) and temperatures of 85% and 25°C in winter and 80% 35°C in summer, being a main factor of this electrochemical phenomenon.
基金financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2022QB014)Higher Education Institutions Youth Innovation Team Plan of Shandong Province(2022KJ192)+3 种基金Academic Promotion Program of Shandong First Medical University(2019QL009)Science and Technology Funding from Jinan(2020GXRC018)Talent Introduction Project of Shandong First Medical University(003067)High-level University and High-level Discipline Construction Project of Shandong First Medical University(923002011).
文摘Benefiting from the unique advantages of superior biocompatibility,strong stability,good biodegradability,and adjustable mechanical properties,hydrogels have attracted extensive research interests in bioelectronics.However,due to the existence of an interface between hydrogels and human tissues,the transmission of electrical signals from the human tissues to the hydrogel electronic devices will be hindered.The adhesive hydrogels with adhesive properties can tightly combine with the human tissue,which can enhance the contact between the electronic devices and human tissues and reduce the contact resistance,thereby improving the performance of hydrogel electronic devices.In this review,we will discuss in detail the adhesion mechanism of adhesive hydrogels and elaborate on the design principles of adhesive hydrogels.After that,we will introduce some methods of performance evaluation for adhesive hydrogels.Finally,we will provide a perspective on the development of adhesive hydrogel bioelectronics.
