The oxygen(OPAHs),nitro(NPAHs),hydroxyl(OH-PAHs),and alkylated(APAHs)derivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon(PAHs)are ubiquitous pollutants in the environment.The concentrations of NPAHs,OPAHs,OH-PAHs,and APAHs...The oxygen(OPAHs),nitro(NPAHs),hydroxyl(OH-PAHs),and alkylated(APAHs)derivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon(PAHs)are ubiquitous pollutants in the environment.The concentrations of NPAHs,OPAHs,OH-PAHs,and APAHs are lower than that of PAHs in the environment,but the carcinogenic abilities of the derivatives are usually 10 to 1,000-fold higher than that of parent PAHs.There are three main pathways for the exposure of polycyclic aromatic compounds to humans,including inhalation,direct contact,and ingestion.After exposure by inhalation,they are mainly distributed in the lungs,affecting lung function and causing inflammation,asthma,etc.Due to the digestive system’s strong capacity for metabolism,intake of PAHs and the derivatives is primarily distributed in the digestive system and metabolized there.And it may lead to dysplasia of these organs and even to cancer.The skin is the primary site of direct contact with PAH derivatives.PAH derivatives can enter the bloodstream through all three contact pathways,thereby accumulating in various organs.This study aimed to summarize the influence of exposure pathways on tissue distribution and the health impact of PAH derivatives to provide references for future research and evaluation on public health.展开更多
Crude oil pollution in the Niger Delta, perpetrated by both local communities and industrial actors, has brought about soil pollution with its consequent ecological, human health and food challenges. The purpose of th...Crude oil pollution in the Niger Delta, perpetrated by both local communities and industrial actors, has brought about soil pollution with its consequent ecological, human health and food challenges. The purpose of this research was to examine the concentration and distribution of heavy metals in soil from communities contaminated by crude oil in Niger Delta, and to evaluate the potential health risks to residents from exposure to these contaminants. To achieve this, soil samples were collected from the Ihwrekreka community and analyzed for heavy metal content using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The analytical results in mg/kg revealed a significant metals pollution level derived from the oil spill in the soil ranging from 4.85 - 17,078 (Cu), 1.01 - 16.1 (Cd), 0.22 - 36.8 (Cr), 8.28 - 40.9 (Ni), 7.51 - 6474 (Pb), and 8.84 - 12,851 (Zn) respectively. Most of the metals were above the permissible limits of World Health Organization, with Cu, Zn, and Pb as the most contaminating metals. Lead was found to be the main contributor to the hazard index (HI) values for both children and adults in the study area, with its concentration exceeding the permitted limits set by the WHO and the EC. The hazard index (HI) values of Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd, Ni, and Cr were significantly higher than 1. These findings suggest that the release of heavy metals from an oil-contaminated site may pose a risk to human health and the environment.展开更多
Artisanal gold mining,a labor-intensive and antiquated technique,is a growing industry and the source of income for rural communities all over the world.However,artisanal gold mining has potential negative and long-te...Artisanal gold mining,a labor-intensive and antiquated technique,is a growing industry and the source of income for rural communities all over the world.However,artisanal gold mining has potential negative and long-term effects on economy,environment,and society.This study collected soil samples from 16 sample points including a control point to examine the pollution degrees and spatial distribution of heavy metals,as well as ecological and health risks associated with heavy metal pollution in the Ijero-Ekiti mining site,Nigeria.Geographical Information System(GIS)and remote sensing technologies were used to identify regions with high concentrations of heavy metals and assess the environmental impact of gold mining activities.The results show that the mean heavy metal concentrations of 16 soil pointa are 8.94(±5.97)mg/kg for As,0.18(±0.54)mg/kg for Cd,0.11(±1.06)mg/kg for Co,14.32(±3.43)mg/kg for Cr,6.89(±0.64)mg/kg for Cu,48.92(±11.77)mg/kg for Fe,135.81(±30.75)mg/kg for Mn,5.92(±0.96)mg/kg for Ni,5.72(±1.66)mg/kg for Pb,and 13.94(±1.38)mg/kg for Zn.The study reveals that heavy metal concentration in soils follows the order of Mn>Fe>Cr>Zn>As>Cu>Ni>Pb>Co>Cd.An analysis of soil samples indicates that 3 principal components(PCs)account for 70.008%of the total variance and there are strong positive correlations between various pairs of heavy metals.The total potential ecological risk index(309.599)in the study area is high.Non-carcinogenic risk suggests that there may be long-term health impacts on people who work in the mining areas due to chronic exposure to the environment.Based on the study,the hazard index of carcinogenic health risks associated with heavy metals through ingestion is 520.00×10^(–4).Dermal contact from As and Cr also increases the risk of cancer,with the highest hazard index value of 18.40×10^(–4).The lowest exposure pathway,with the hazard index value of 0.68×10^(–4),indicates that the inhalation of heavy metals has a comparatively low risk of cancer.This study recommends the formulation of policies to monitor the Ijero-Ekiti mining site and other regions in Nigeria where indiscriminate artisanal gold mining activities exist.展开更多
Emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) is a phloem-feeding beetle native to Asia that is causing widespread mortality of ash trees in eastern North America. In this study, we quant...Emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) is a phloem-feeding beetle native to Asia that is causing widespread mortality of ash trees in eastern North America. In this study, we quantify ash mortality risk associated with potential anthropogenic-induced introduction of Emerald Ash Borer (EAB) in North Dakota. The cohort model is calibrated with data from Ohio using weighting across factors—proximity to existing ash stands, campgrounds, roads and rails—to get a more accurate assessment of overall ash mortality risk. These factors are known to be associated with introduction of EAB to unaffected areas. Two protocols, a) “detection trees” and b) EAB traps are utilized to investigate EAB presence. Ash mortality risk maps such as the ones produced here may guide the placement of traps. Although North Dakota regions of high density ash tree stands are few, the resulting relative ash mortality risk map displays: a) very high risk areas around the Turtle Mountains and Theodore Roosevelt National Park and b) regions of high relative risk along the main riparian corridors. The applicability of risk maps such as the one developed may aid in assessing areas that may require significant monitoring.展开更多
Quantification of regulated and emerging disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in swimming pool water,as well as the assessment of their lifetime health risk are limited in China.In this study,the occurrence of regulated DBP...Quantification of regulated and emerging disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in swimming pool water,as well as the assessment of their lifetime health risk are limited in China.In this study,the occurrence of regulated DBPs (e.g.,trihalomethanes,haloacetic acids) and emerging DBPs (e.g.,haloacetonitriles,haloacetaldehydes) in indoor swimming pool water and the corresponding source water at a city in Eastern China were determined.The concentrations of DBPs in swimming pool water were 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than that in source water.Lifetime cancer and non-cancer risks of DBPs stemming from swimming pool water were also estimated.Inhalation and dermal exposure were the most significant exposure routes related to swimming pool DBP cancer and non-cancer risks.For the first time,buccal and aural exposure were considered,and were proven to be important routes of DBP exposure (accounting for 17.9%-38.9%of total risk).The cancer risks of DBPs for all swimmers were higher than 10^(-6)of lifetime exposure risk recommended by United States Environmental Protection Agency,and the competitive adult swimmers experienced the highest cancer risk (7.82×10^(-5)).These findings provide important information and perspectives for future efforts to lower the health risks associated with exposure to DBPs in swimming pool water.展开更多
Microplastics are ubiquitous in the global environment.As a typical emerging pollutant,its potential health hazards have been widely concerning.In this brief paper,we introduce the source,identification,toxicity,and h...Microplastics are ubiquitous in the global environment.As a typical emerging pollutant,its potential health hazards have been widely concerning.In this brief paper,we introduce the source,identification,toxicity,and health hazard of microplastics in the human.The literature review shows that microplastics are frequently detected in environmental and human samples.Humans are potentially exposed to microplastics through oral intake,inhalation,and skin contact.We summarize the toxic effects of microplastics in experimental models like cells,organoids,and animals.These effects consist of oxidative stress,DNA damage,organ dysfunction,metabolic disorder,immune response,neurotoxicity,as well as reproductive and developmental toxicity.In addition,the epidemiological evidence suggests that a variety of chronic diseases may be related to microplastics exposure.Finally,we put forward the gaps in toxicity research of microplastics and their future development directions.This review will be helpful to the understanding of the exposure risk and potential health hazards of microplastics.展开更多
基金supported by 2030 Major Project Pilot Project of National Energy Investment Group(GJNY2020XDXM-19-15.4).
文摘The oxygen(OPAHs),nitro(NPAHs),hydroxyl(OH-PAHs),and alkylated(APAHs)derivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon(PAHs)are ubiquitous pollutants in the environment.The concentrations of NPAHs,OPAHs,OH-PAHs,and APAHs are lower than that of PAHs in the environment,but the carcinogenic abilities of the derivatives are usually 10 to 1,000-fold higher than that of parent PAHs.There are three main pathways for the exposure of polycyclic aromatic compounds to humans,including inhalation,direct contact,and ingestion.After exposure by inhalation,they are mainly distributed in the lungs,affecting lung function and causing inflammation,asthma,etc.Due to the digestive system’s strong capacity for metabolism,intake of PAHs and the derivatives is primarily distributed in the digestive system and metabolized there.And it may lead to dysplasia of these organs and even to cancer.The skin is the primary site of direct contact with PAH derivatives.PAH derivatives can enter the bloodstream through all three contact pathways,thereby accumulating in various organs.This study aimed to summarize the influence of exposure pathways on tissue distribution and the health impact of PAH derivatives to provide references for future research and evaluation on public health.
文摘Crude oil pollution in the Niger Delta, perpetrated by both local communities and industrial actors, has brought about soil pollution with its consequent ecological, human health and food challenges. The purpose of this research was to examine the concentration and distribution of heavy metals in soil from communities contaminated by crude oil in Niger Delta, and to evaluate the potential health risks to residents from exposure to these contaminants. To achieve this, soil samples were collected from the Ihwrekreka community and analyzed for heavy metal content using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The analytical results in mg/kg revealed a significant metals pollution level derived from the oil spill in the soil ranging from 4.85 - 17,078 (Cu), 1.01 - 16.1 (Cd), 0.22 - 36.8 (Cr), 8.28 - 40.9 (Ni), 7.51 - 6474 (Pb), and 8.84 - 12,851 (Zn) respectively. Most of the metals were above the permissible limits of World Health Organization, with Cu, Zn, and Pb as the most contaminating metals. Lead was found to be the main contributor to the hazard index (HI) values for both children and adults in the study area, with its concentration exceeding the permitted limits set by the WHO and the EC. The hazard index (HI) values of Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd, Ni, and Cr were significantly higher than 1. These findings suggest that the release of heavy metals from an oil-contaminated site may pose a risk to human health and the environment.
文摘Artisanal gold mining,a labor-intensive and antiquated technique,is a growing industry and the source of income for rural communities all over the world.However,artisanal gold mining has potential negative and long-term effects on economy,environment,and society.This study collected soil samples from 16 sample points including a control point to examine the pollution degrees and spatial distribution of heavy metals,as well as ecological and health risks associated with heavy metal pollution in the Ijero-Ekiti mining site,Nigeria.Geographical Information System(GIS)and remote sensing technologies were used to identify regions with high concentrations of heavy metals and assess the environmental impact of gold mining activities.The results show that the mean heavy metal concentrations of 16 soil pointa are 8.94(±5.97)mg/kg for As,0.18(±0.54)mg/kg for Cd,0.11(±1.06)mg/kg for Co,14.32(±3.43)mg/kg for Cr,6.89(±0.64)mg/kg for Cu,48.92(±11.77)mg/kg for Fe,135.81(±30.75)mg/kg for Mn,5.92(±0.96)mg/kg for Ni,5.72(±1.66)mg/kg for Pb,and 13.94(±1.38)mg/kg for Zn.The study reveals that heavy metal concentration in soils follows the order of Mn>Fe>Cr>Zn>As>Cu>Ni>Pb>Co>Cd.An analysis of soil samples indicates that 3 principal components(PCs)account for 70.008%of the total variance and there are strong positive correlations between various pairs of heavy metals.The total potential ecological risk index(309.599)in the study area is high.Non-carcinogenic risk suggests that there may be long-term health impacts on people who work in the mining areas due to chronic exposure to the environment.Based on the study,the hazard index of carcinogenic health risks associated with heavy metals through ingestion is 520.00×10^(–4).Dermal contact from As and Cr also increases the risk of cancer,with the highest hazard index value of 18.40×10^(–4).The lowest exposure pathway,with the hazard index value of 0.68×10^(–4),indicates that the inhalation of heavy metals has a comparatively low risk of cancer.This study recommends the formulation of policies to monitor the Ijero-Ekiti mining site and other regions in Nigeria where indiscriminate artisanal gold mining activities exist.
文摘Emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) is a phloem-feeding beetle native to Asia that is causing widespread mortality of ash trees in eastern North America. In this study, we quantify ash mortality risk associated with potential anthropogenic-induced introduction of Emerald Ash Borer (EAB) in North Dakota. The cohort model is calibrated with data from Ohio using weighting across factors—proximity to existing ash stands, campgrounds, roads and rails—to get a more accurate assessment of overall ash mortality risk. These factors are known to be associated with introduction of EAB to unaffected areas. Two protocols, a) “detection trees” and b) EAB traps are utilized to investigate EAB presence. Ash mortality risk maps such as the ones produced here may guide the placement of traps. Although North Dakota regions of high density ash tree stands are few, the resulting relative ash mortality risk map displays: a) very high risk areas around the Turtle Mountains and Theodore Roosevelt National Park and b) regions of high relative risk along the main riparian corridors. The applicability of risk maps such as the one developed may aid in assessing areas that may require significant monitoring.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.52170009,52091542)the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No.2021YFC_(3)200702)+3 种基金the Program of Shanghai Academic Research Leader,China (No.21XD1424000)the International Cooperation Project of Shanghai Science and Technology Commission (No.20230714100)the Key Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province (No.2020B1111350001)the Tongji University Youth 100 Program。
文摘Quantification of regulated and emerging disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in swimming pool water,as well as the assessment of their lifetime health risk are limited in China.In this study,the occurrence of regulated DBPs (e.g.,trihalomethanes,haloacetic acids) and emerging DBPs (e.g.,haloacetonitriles,haloacetaldehydes) in indoor swimming pool water and the corresponding source water at a city in Eastern China were determined.The concentrations of DBPs in swimming pool water were 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than that in source water.Lifetime cancer and non-cancer risks of DBPs stemming from swimming pool water were also estimated.Inhalation and dermal exposure were the most significant exposure routes related to swimming pool DBP cancer and non-cancer risks.For the first time,buccal and aural exposure were considered,and were proven to be important routes of DBP exposure (accounting for 17.9%-38.9%of total risk).The cancer risks of DBPs for all swimmers were higher than 10^(-6)of lifetime exposure risk recommended by United States Environmental Protection Agency,and the competitive adult swimmers experienced the highest cancer risk (7.82×10^(-5)).These findings provide important information and perspectives for future efforts to lower the health risks associated with exposure to DBPs in swimming pool water.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant nos.22241604 and 22125606).
文摘Microplastics are ubiquitous in the global environment.As a typical emerging pollutant,its potential health hazards have been widely concerning.In this brief paper,we introduce the source,identification,toxicity,and health hazard of microplastics in the human.The literature review shows that microplastics are frequently detected in environmental and human samples.Humans are potentially exposed to microplastics through oral intake,inhalation,and skin contact.We summarize the toxic effects of microplastics in experimental models like cells,organoids,and animals.These effects consist of oxidative stress,DNA damage,organ dysfunction,metabolic disorder,immune response,neurotoxicity,as well as reproductive and developmental toxicity.In addition,the epidemiological evidence suggests that a variety of chronic diseases may be related to microplastics exposure.Finally,we put forward the gaps in toxicity research of microplastics and their future development directions.This review will be helpful to the understanding of the exposure risk and potential health hazards of microplastics.
