Molecular deposition filming flooding (MDFF) is a novel oil recovery technique based on the thermopositive monolayer electrostatic adsorption of the MDFF agent on different interfaces within reservoir systems. In this...Molecular deposition filming flooding (MDFF) is a novel oil recovery technique based on the thermopositive monolayer electrostatic adsorption of the MDFF agent on different interfaces within reservoir systems. In this paper, the adsorption property of the MDFF agent, MD-1, on quartz sand has been studied through adsorption experiments at different pH and temperatures. Experimental data are also analyzed kinetically and thermodynamically. The results show that the adsorption of MD-1 on quartz sand takes place mainly because of electrostatic interactions, which corresponds to adsorption that increases with pH. Kinetic analyses show that at a higher pH the activation energy for adsorption gets lower and, therefore, the adsorption becomes quicker for MD-1 on quartz sand. Thermodynamic analyses show that pH plays an important role in the adsorption of MD-1 on quartz sand. At a higher pH, more negative surface charges result in the increase of electrostatic interactions between MD-1 and quartz sand. Therefore, the saturated adsorption amount increases and more adsorption heat will be released.展开更多
Oxygen-reducing air flooding is a low-permeability reservoir recovery technology with safety and low-cost advantages.However,in the process of air injection and drive,carbon in the air is oxidized through the crude oi...Oxygen-reducing air flooding is a low-permeability reservoir recovery technology with safety and low-cost advantages.However,in the process of air injection and drive,carbon in the air is oxidized through the crude oil reservoir to generate CO_(2),and this can cause serious corrosion in the recovery well.In this study,experiments on the corrosion of J55 tubular steel in a fluid environment with coexisting O_(2)and CO_(2)in an autoclave are presented.In particular,a weight loss method and a 3D morphometer were used to determine the average and the local corrosion rate.The corrosion surface morphology and composition were also measured by means of scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and an X-ray diffractometer(XRD).The corrosion pattern and morphological characteristics of J55 steel were analyzed in the O2/CO_(2)environment for different degrees of oxygen-reduction.As made evident by the experimental results,the corrosion products were mainly ferrous carbonate and iron oxide.In general,air injection increases the degree of oxygen reduction,from oxygen corrosion characteristics to CO_(2)corrosion-based characteristics.As a result,the corrosion product film becomes denser,and the corrosion rate is lower.展开更多
In order to ascertain the effects of atmospheric pressure on developmental characteristics and the stability of AEA(air-entraining agent)solution bubbles,AEA solution experiments and AEA solution bubble experiments we...In order to ascertain the effects of atmospheric pressure on developmental characteristics and the stability of AEA(air-entraining agent)solution bubbles,AEA solution experiments and AEA solution bubble experiments were,respectively,conducted in Peking(50 m,101.2 kPa)and Lhasa(3,650 m,63.1 kPa).Surface tensions and inflection-point concentrations were tested based on AEA solutions,whilst developmental characteristics,thicknesses and elastic coefficients of liquid films were tested based on air bubbles of AEA solutions.The study involved three types of AEAs,which were TM-O,226A,and 226S.The experimental results show that initial sizes of TM-O,226A,and 226S are,respectively,increased by 43.5%,17.5%,and 3.8%.With the decrease of ambient pressure,the drainage rate and the drainage index of AEA solution bubbles increase.Interference experiments show that the liquid film thicknesses of all tested AEA solution bubbles are in micron scales.When the atmospheric pressure decreases from 101.2 to 63.1 kPa,the liquid film thicknesses of three types of AEA solutions decrease in various degrees;and film elasticities at critical thicknesses increase.Liquid film of 226S solution bubbles is the most stable,presenting as a minimum thickness variation.It should be noted that elastic coefficient of liquid film only represents the level at critical thickness,thus it can not be applied as the only evaluating indicator of bubble stability.For a type of AEA,factors affecting the stability of its bubbles under low atmospheric pressure include initial bubbles size,liquid film thickness,liquid film elasticity,ambient temperature,etc.展开更多
The complex liquid film behaviors at flooding in an inclined pipe were investigated with computational fluid dynamic(CFD) approaches. The liquid film behaviors included the dynamic wave characteristics before flooding...The complex liquid film behaviors at flooding in an inclined pipe were investigated with computational fluid dynamic(CFD) approaches. The liquid film behaviors included the dynamic wave characteristics before flooding and the transition of flow pattern when flooding happened. The influences of the surface tension and liquid viscosity were specially analyzed. Comparisons of the calculated velocity at the onset of flooding with the available experimental results showed a good agreement. The calculations verify that the fluctuation frequency and the liquid film thickness are almost unaffected by the superficial gas velocity until the flooding is triggered due to the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability. When flooding triggered at the superficial liquid velocity larger than0.15 m·s-1, the interfacial wave developed to slug flow, while it developed to entrainment flow when it was smaller than 0.08 m·s-1. The interfacial waves were more easily torn into tiny droplets with smaller surface tension, eventually evolving into the mist flow. When the liquid viscosity increases, the liquid film has a thicker holdup with more intensive fluctuations, and more likely developed to the slug flow.展开更多
The influence of silane coupling agent on the film forming of galvanized steel treated with cerium salt was studied by scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）, and the corrosi...The influence of silane coupling agent on the film forming of galvanized steel treated with cerium salt was studied by scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）, and the corrosion resistance of conversion films was analyzed by electro interstitial scanning （EIS）. The results show that silane coupling agent KH-570 has significant influence on the compactness and homogeneity of cerium conversion films, and the process of film forming is promoted by increasing the content of tervalent and tetravalent cerium oxide. The impedance value of the cerium conversion film, especially modified with KH-570, is greater than that of the base metal, which reveals that it is necessary to add silane coupling agent to the film-forming solution in order to improve the corrosion resistance of the conversion film.展开更多
Contract Net Protocol (CNP) has been widely used in solving the problems of multi-Agent cooperates and reservoir flood control optimization dispatch. This paper designs an Agent functional module based on the multi-Ag...Contract Net Protocol (CNP) has been widely used in solving the problems of multi-Agent cooperates and reservoir flood control optimization dispatch. This paper designs an Agent functional module based on the multi-Agent coordinated the construction of reservoir flood control optimization dispatch and the corresponding Agent to solve the problem of classical CNP in the Agent communication aspect, to enhance the efficiency of reservoir optimization dispatch and to improve the insufficiency of the classical CNP in the application of reservoir flood control dispatcher. Then, the capacity factor and the cooperation level are introduced in the module. Experiments are conducted on the Agentbuilder simulation platform to simulate reservoir flood control optimization dispatching with the improved CNP. The simulation results show the communication interactive efficiency and the performance of new protocol is superior to those of the classical CNP.展开更多
Porous SnO2 nanocrystalline thin films were successfully electrodeposited from an oxygen-saturated acid aqueous solution of SnCl2 containing different concentrations of butyl-rhodamine B（BRhB） at 70℃.BRhB with subs...Porous SnO2 nanocrystalline thin films were successfully electrodeposited from an oxygen-saturated acid aqueous solution of SnCl2 containing different concentrations of butyl-rhodamine B（BRhB） at 70℃.BRhB with substitute of amidocyanogen can be dissolved in the acid deposition solution,where HCl was added to suppress hydrolysis of SnCl2.So it was used as a structure-directing agent to promote the crystal growth of SnO_2.The formed porous morphology and tetragonal rutile crystalline structure of the electrodeposited thin films were controlled by the addition of BRhB with different amounts.展开更多
Steam flooding with the assistance of carbon dioxide (CO_(2)) and chemicals is an effective approach for enhancing super heavy oil recovery. However, the promotion and application of CO_(2) and chemical agent-assisted...Steam flooding with the assistance of carbon dioxide (CO_(2)) and chemicals is an effective approach for enhancing super heavy oil recovery. However, the promotion and application of CO_(2) and chemical agent-assisted steam flooding technology have been restricted by the current lack of research on the synergistic effect of CO_(2) and chemical agents on enhanced steam flooding heat transfer. The novel experiments on CO_(2)–chemicals cooperate affected steam condensation and seepage were conducted by adding CO_(2) and two chemicals (sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and the betaine temperature-salt resistant foaming agent ZK-05200).According to the experimental findings, a “film” formed on the heat-transfer medium surface following the co-injection of CO_(2) and the chemical to impede the steam heat transfer, reducing the heat transfer efficiency of steam, heat flux and condensation heat transfer coefficient. The steam seepage experiment revealed that the temperature at the back end of the sandpack model was dramatically raised by 3.5–12.8 °C by adding CO_(2) and chemical agents, achieving the goal of driving deep-formation heavy oil. The combined effect of CO_(2) and SDS was the most effective for improving steam heat transfer, the steam heat loss was reduced by 6.2%, the steam condensation cycle was prolonged by 1.3 times, the condensation heat transfer coefficient was decreased by 15.5%, and the heavy oil recovery was enhanced by 9.82%. Theoretical recommendations are offered in this study for improving the CO_(2)–chemical-assisted steam flooding technique.展开更多
To study the effect of free radical photocurable passivation film modified by titanate coupling agent for hot-plated aluminum-zinc plate,trimethylpropane triacrylate(TMPTA)and 2-phenoxyethyl acrylate were used as acti...To study the effect of free radical photocurable passivation film modified by titanate coupling agent for hot-plated aluminum-zinc plate,trimethylpropane triacrylate(TMPTA)and 2-phenoxyethyl acrylate were used as active diluents,a mixture of modified epoxy acrylate and modified polyester acrylate in a certain proportion was used as an oligomer,2-methyl-1-[4-(methylothyl)benzene]-2-morpholine acetone(907)was used as a free radical photoinitiator,isopropyl thioxanthone(ITX)was used as sensitizer,and bis(dioctyl phosphate acyl)titanate ethyltitanate acrylamide chelate(FD-812)was used as corrosion inhibitor modifier.After UV-curing,the passivation film was characterized by neutral salt spray test,electrochemical testing and other methods.The general performance of the passivation film may meet the requirements of downstream users of hot aluminum-zinc steel plate.The neutral salt spray test,electrochemical testing and microscopic surface morphology analysis of passivation film are in agreement.The introduction of titanate components may effectively promote the photocuring of free radicals.There have been few reports on the titanate coupling which is added to UV-curing coating formula.The titanate coupling agent contains acrylamide groups and terminal amine groups,acrylamide group has oligomer and crosslinking monomer,the terminal tertiary amine groups can provide hydrogen protons,reduce oxygen polymerization,and a phosphating film is formed on the surface of the metal substrate to improve the adhesion and corrosion resistance of the coating.展开更多
Borehole instability and reservoir damage had become the international technical problems of petroleum exploration and development of complicated area, and the water of drilling fluid invading borehole wall and petrol...Borehole instability and reservoir damage had become the international technical problems of petroleum exploration and development of complicated area, and the water of drilling fluid invading borehole wall and petroleum reservoir was the main cause of borehole instability and reservoir damage. In order to prevent the water of drilling fluid invading borehole wall and petroleum reservoir, domestic and foreign scholars recently put forward the technology of ultra-low permeable drilling fluid. Film forming agent was the key treating agent of ultra-low permeable drilling fluid, the film forming agent (HN-1) was developed, which did not affect properties of the drilling fluid and could decrease the filter loss of drilling fluid applied in Enping 24-2 oil field. Based on this research, ultra-low permeable drilling fluid could be applied to Enping 24-2 oil field. By the methods of testing ultra-low permeable drilling fluid properties, the drilling fluid invasion sand-bed depth, drilling fluid high temperature/high pressure (HTHP) sand-bed filter loss, the pressure-bearing ability of rock core and the ability of reservoir protection were studied. By synergistic effect, HN-1 containing the organic silicate and natural fiber polymer modified by organic amine prevented the liquid and solids in drilling fluid invading reservoir, decreased drilling fluid invasion sand-bed depth and drilling fluid HTHP sand-bed filter loss, improved the pressure-bearing ability of rock core and the ability of reservoir protection. The drilling fluid could decrease reservoir damage to the maximal degree, and it offered efficiency guarantee for exploitation Enping 24-2 oil field.展开更多
文摘Molecular deposition filming flooding (MDFF) is a novel oil recovery technique based on the thermopositive monolayer electrostatic adsorption of the MDFF agent on different interfaces within reservoir systems. In this paper, the adsorption property of the MDFF agent, MD-1, on quartz sand has been studied through adsorption experiments at different pH and temperatures. Experimental data are also analyzed kinetically and thermodynamically. The results show that the adsorption of MD-1 on quartz sand takes place mainly because of electrostatic interactions, which corresponds to adsorption that increases with pH. Kinetic analyses show that at a higher pH the activation energy for adsorption gets lower and, therefore, the adsorption becomes quicker for MD-1 on quartz sand. Thermodynamic analyses show that pH plays an important role in the adsorption of MD-1 on quartz sand. At a higher pH, more negative surface charges result in the increase of electrostatic interactions between MD-1 and quartz sand. Therefore, the saturated adsorption amount increases and more adsorption heat will be released.
基金Major national science and technology projects“Key Techniques for the Development of Low Abundance Tight Low Permeability Reservoirs”(2016ZX05048).
文摘Oxygen-reducing air flooding is a low-permeability reservoir recovery technology with safety and low-cost advantages.However,in the process of air injection and drive,carbon in the air is oxidized through the crude oil reservoir to generate CO_(2),and this can cause serious corrosion in the recovery well.In this study,experiments on the corrosion of J55 tubular steel in a fluid environment with coexisting O_(2)and CO_(2)in an autoclave are presented.In particular,a weight loss method and a 3D morphometer were used to determine the average and the local corrosion rate.The corrosion surface morphology and composition were also measured by means of scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and an X-ray diffractometer(XRD).The corrosion pattern and morphological characteristics of J55 steel were analyzed in the O2/CO_(2)environment for different degrees of oxygen-reduction.As made evident by the experimental results,the corrosion products were mainly ferrous carbonate and iron oxide.In general,air injection increases the degree of oxygen reduction,from oxygen corrosion characteristics to CO_(2)corrosion-based characteristics.As a result,the corrosion product film becomes denser,and the corrosion rate is lower.
基金Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52178428,52178427,and 52308454)the Science and Technology Project of Tibet Department of Transportation(No.XZJTKJ[2020]04)。
文摘In order to ascertain the effects of atmospheric pressure on developmental characteristics and the stability of AEA(air-entraining agent)solution bubbles,AEA solution experiments and AEA solution bubble experiments were,respectively,conducted in Peking(50 m,101.2 kPa)and Lhasa(3,650 m,63.1 kPa).Surface tensions and inflection-point concentrations were tested based on AEA solutions,whilst developmental characteristics,thicknesses and elastic coefficients of liquid films were tested based on air bubbles of AEA solutions.The study involved three types of AEAs,which were TM-O,226A,and 226S.The experimental results show that initial sizes of TM-O,226A,and 226S are,respectively,increased by 43.5%,17.5%,and 3.8%.With the decrease of ambient pressure,the drainage rate and the drainage index of AEA solution bubbles increase.Interference experiments show that the liquid film thicknesses of all tested AEA solution bubbles are in micron scales.When the atmospheric pressure decreases from 101.2 to 63.1 kPa,the liquid film thicknesses of three types of AEA solutions decrease in various degrees;and film elasticities at critical thicknesses increase.Liquid film of 226S solution bubbles is the most stable,presenting as a minimum thickness variation.It should be noted that elastic coefficient of liquid film only represents the level at critical thickness,thus it can not be applied as the only evaluating indicator of bubble stability.For a type of AEA,factors affecting the stability of its bubbles under low atmospheric pressure include initial bubbles size,liquid film thickness,liquid film elasticity,ambient temperature,etc.
基金Supported by the Major State Basic Research Development Program of China(2011CB706501)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51276157)
文摘The complex liquid film behaviors at flooding in an inclined pipe were investigated with computational fluid dynamic(CFD) approaches. The liquid film behaviors included the dynamic wave characteristics before flooding and the transition of flow pattern when flooding happened. The influences of the surface tension and liquid viscosity were specially analyzed. Comparisons of the calculated velocity at the onset of flooding with the available experimental results showed a good agreement. The calculations verify that the fluctuation frequency and the liquid film thickness are almost unaffected by the superficial gas velocity until the flooding is triggered due to the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability. When flooding triggered at the superficial liquid velocity larger than0.15 m·s-1, the interfacial wave developed to slug flow, while it developed to entrainment flow when it was smaller than 0.08 m·s-1. The interfacial waves were more easily torn into tiny droplets with smaller surface tension, eventually evolving into the mist flow. When the liquid viscosity increases, the liquid film has a thicker holdup with more intensive fluctuations, and more likely developed to the slug flow.
文摘The influence of silane coupling agent on the film forming of galvanized steel treated with cerium salt was studied by scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）, and the corrosion resistance of conversion films was analyzed by electro interstitial scanning （EIS）. The results show that silane coupling agent KH-570 has significant influence on the compactness and homogeneity of cerium conversion films, and the process of film forming is promoted by increasing the content of tervalent and tetravalent cerium oxide. The impedance value of the cerium conversion film, especially modified with KH-570, is greater than that of the base metal, which reveals that it is necessary to add silane coupling agent to the film-forming solution in order to improve the corrosion resistance of the conversion film.
文摘Contract Net Protocol (CNP) has been widely used in solving the problems of multi-Agent cooperates and reservoir flood control optimization dispatch. This paper designs an Agent functional module based on the multi-Agent coordinated the construction of reservoir flood control optimization dispatch and the corresponding Agent to solve the problem of classical CNP in the Agent communication aspect, to enhance the efficiency of reservoir optimization dispatch and to improve the insufficiency of the classical CNP in the application of reservoir flood control dispatcher. Then, the capacity factor and the cooperation level are introduced in the module. Experiments are conducted on the Agentbuilder simulation platform to simulate reservoir flood control optimization dispatching with the improved CNP. The simulation results show the communication interactive efficiency and the performance of new protocol is superior to those of the classical CNP.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.20873162,50872007)the State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse Foundation(No.PCRRF09006)Beijing Natural Science Foundation(No.8092022).
文摘Porous SnO2 nanocrystalline thin films were successfully electrodeposited from an oxygen-saturated acid aqueous solution of SnCl2 containing different concentrations of butyl-rhodamine B（BRhB） at 70℃.BRhB with substitute of amidocyanogen can be dissolved in the acid deposition solution,where HCl was added to suppress hydrolysis of SnCl2.So it was used as a structure-directing agent to promote the crystal growth of SnO_2.The formed porous morphology and tetragonal rutile crystalline structure of the electrodeposited thin films were controlled by the addition of BRhB with different amounts.
基金financial support of the National Nature Science Foundation of China(Grant No.U20B6003)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province,China(ZR2020QE106).
文摘Steam flooding with the assistance of carbon dioxide (CO_(2)) and chemicals is an effective approach for enhancing super heavy oil recovery. However, the promotion and application of CO_(2) and chemical agent-assisted steam flooding technology have been restricted by the current lack of research on the synergistic effect of CO_(2) and chemical agents on enhanced steam flooding heat transfer. The novel experiments on CO_(2)–chemicals cooperate affected steam condensation and seepage were conducted by adding CO_(2) and two chemicals (sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and the betaine temperature-salt resistant foaming agent ZK-05200).According to the experimental findings, a “film” formed on the heat-transfer medium surface following the co-injection of CO_(2) and the chemical to impede the steam heat transfer, reducing the heat transfer efficiency of steam, heat flux and condensation heat transfer coefficient. The steam seepage experiment revealed that the temperature at the back end of the sandpack model was dramatically raised by 3.5–12.8 °C by adding CO_(2) and chemical agents, achieving the goal of driving deep-formation heavy oil. The combined effect of CO_(2) and SDS was the most effective for improving steam heat transfer, the steam heat loss was reduced by 6.2%, the steam condensation cycle was prolonged by 1.3 times, the condensation heat transfer coefficient was decreased by 15.5%, and the heavy oil recovery was enhanced by 9.82%. Theoretical recommendations are offered in this study for improving the CO_(2)–chemical-assisted steam flooding technique.
基金by the National Basic Research Program of China(2009AA03Z529)。
文摘To study the effect of free radical photocurable passivation film modified by titanate coupling agent for hot-plated aluminum-zinc plate,trimethylpropane triacrylate(TMPTA)and 2-phenoxyethyl acrylate were used as active diluents,a mixture of modified epoxy acrylate and modified polyester acrylate in a certain proportion was used as an oligomer,2-methyl-1-[4-(methylothyl)benzene]-2-morpholine acetone(907)was used as a free radical photoinitiator,isopropyl thioxanthone(ITX)was used as sensitizer,and bis(dioctyl phosphate acyl)titanate ethyltitanate acrylamide chelate(FD-812)was used as corrosion inhibitor modifier.After UV-curing,the passivation film was characterized by neutral salt spray test,electrochemical testing and other methods.The general performance of the passivation film may meet the requirements of downstream users of hot aluminum-zinc steel plate.The neutral salt spray test,electrochemical testing and microscopic surface morphology analysis of passivation film are in agreement.The introduction of titanate components may effectively promote the photocuring of free radicals.There have been few reports on the titanate coupling which is added to UV-curing coating formula.The titanate coupling agent contains acrylamide groups and terminal amine groups,acrylamide group has oligomer and crosslinking monomer,the terminal tertiary amine groups can provide hydrogen protons,reduce oxygen polymerization,and a phosphating film is formed on the surface of the metal substrate to improve the adhesion and corrosion resistance of the coating.
文摘Borehole instability and reservoir damage had become the international technical problems of petroleum exploration and development of complicated area, and the water of drilling fluid invading borehole wall and petroleum reservoir was the main cause of borehole instability and reservoir damage. In order to prevent the water of drilling fluid invading borehole wall and petroleum reservoir, domestic and foreign scholars recently put forward the technology of ultra-low permeable drilling fluid. Film forming agent was the key treating agent of ultra-low permeable drilling fluid, the film forming agent (HN-1) was developed, which did not affect properties of the drilling fluid and could decrease the filter loss of drilling fluid applied in Enping 24-2 oil field. Based on this research, ultra-low permeable drilling fluid could be applied to Enping 24-2 oil field. By the methods of testing ultra-low permeable drilling fluid properties, the drilling fluid invasion sand-bed depth, drilling fluid high temperature/high pressure (HTHP) sand-bed filter loss, the pressure-bearing ability of rock core and the ability of reservoir protection were studied. By synergistic effect, HN-1 containing the organic silicate and natural fiber polymer modified by organic amine prevented the liquid and solids in drilling fluid invading reservoir, decreased drilling fluid invasion sand-bed depth and drilling fluid HTHP sand-bed filter loss, improved the pressure-bearing ability of rock core and the ability of reservoir protection. The drilling fluid could decrease reservoir damage to the maximal degree, and it offered efficiency guarantee for exploitation Enping 24-2 oil field.
