Aspartame,a "first generation sweetener",is widely used in a variety of foods,beverages,and medicine.The FDA has determined the acceptable daily intake(ADI) value of aspartame to be 50 mg/kg-day,while the JE...Aspartame,a "first generation sweetener",is widely used in a variety of foods,beverages,and medicine.The FDA has determined the acceptable daily intake(ADI) value of aspartame to be 50 mg/kg-day,while the JECFA(Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives) has set this value at 40 mg/kg of body weight/day.Safety issues have been raised about aspartame due to its metabolites,specifically toxicity from methanol and/or its systemic metabolites formaldehyde and formic acid.The immune system is now recognized as a target organ for many xenobiotics,such as drugs and chemicals,which are able to trigger unwanted apoptosis or to alter the regulation of apoptosis.Our previous studies has shown that oral administration of aspartame[40 mg/(kg.day)]or its metabolites for 90 days increased oxidative stress in immune organs of Wistar albino rats.In this present study,we aimed to clarify whether aspartame consumption over a longer period(90-days) has any effect on the expression of hsp70,bcl-2 and bax at both mRNA transcript and protein expression levels in immune organs.We observed that oral administration of aspartame for 90 days did not cause any apparent DNA fragmentation in immune organs of aspartame treated animals;however,there was a significant increase in hsp70 expression,apart from significant alteration in bcl-2 and bax at both mRNA transcript and protein expression level in the immune organs of aspartame treated animals compared to controls.Hence,the results indicated that hsp70 levels increased in response to oxidative injury induced by aspartame metabolites;however,these metabolites did not induce apoptosis in the immune organs.Furthermore,detailed analyses are needed to elucidate the precise molecular mechanisms involved in these changes.展开更多
Direct neural inputs to immune organs have been observed for decades,with their functions in neuroimmune regulation being increasingly appreciated.However,the current knowledge of such neural structures,particularly t...Direct neural inputs to immune organs have been observed for decades,with their functions in neuroimmune regulation being increasingly appreciated.However,the current knowledge of such neural structures,particularly those in primate immune organs,remains incomplete.In this study,we comprehensively assessed the 3D anatomy of autonomic(i.e.,sympathetic and parasympathetic)innervations in the immune organs of the rhesus macaque monkey and the human for the first time.Aided with the advanced technique of whole-tissue immunolabeling and lightsheet fluorescence imaging,we revealed the densely organized sympathetic architecture in the parenchyma of the adult monkey and human spleens.On the other hand,only sparse,if any,sympathetic inputs were observed inside the lymph nodes,Peyer's patches,or thymus.In contrast,there were minimal parasympathetic innervations in the parenchyma of these examined immune organs.Together,this work has documented the unique patterns of autonomic innervations in different immune organs of a non-human primate and the human,serving as an essential reference for future research on neuroimmune regulation in the field.展开更多
The immune system as an important defense system of the body,bear the resistance to foreign pathogens invasion,removal of foreign heterogeneity,and protect the body′s safety.Modern research shows that tonic Chinese m...The immune system as an important defense system of the body,bear the resistance to foreign pathogens invasion,removal of foreign heterogeneity,and protect the body′s safety.Modern research shows that tonic Chinese medicine,including single herband compound formula,has the function of improving immune organ index,enhancing immune cellfunction and affecting the immune molecule production and secretion.This article will review the effects of traditional Chinese medicine on immune organs,immune cells and immune molecules,and provide reference for the clinical research of traditional Chinese medicine.展开更多
Objective:To discuss the effect of Glycyrrhiza uralensis(G.uralensis) Fisch polysaccharide on growth performance and immunologic function in mice in Ural City,Xinjiang and to provide important data supporting the appl...Objective:To discuss the effect of Glycyrrhiza uralensis(G.uralensis) Fisch polysaccharide on growth performance and immunologic function in mice in Ural City,Xinjiang and to provide important data supporting the application of Glycyrrhiza polysaccharide.Methods:A total of100 Kunming mice aged 3 weeks old were randomly divided into 5 groups with 20 mice in each group(10 were females and 10 were males).About 0.5 mL normal saline was given to the mice of control group every day and 0.5 mL G.uralensis Fisch polysaccharide was given to the mice of other groups at the concentration of 1,20,50 and 100 mg/mL respectively.The growth performance(average body weight,average daily feed intake and feed efficiency),immune organ indexes(spleen index and thymus index) and immunologic function(serum IL-2,CD4^+/CD8^+ and the activity of NK cells) of mice in each group were detected continuously.Results:The average body weight,feed efficiency,serum IL-2,CD4^+/CD8^+ and the activity of NK cells of mice were increased with the increase of administrated time after administrating G.uralensis Fisch polysaccharide and were reached up the largest level on Day 28.At the same time,each index was proportional to the given dose and was significantly higher than those of control group and reached up the largest level at the administrated dose of 100 mg/mL.After administrating G.uralensis Fisch polysaccharide,the spleen index and thymus index of mice were increased with the increase of administrated dose and the spleen index and thymus index of mice administrated with the dose of 100 mg/mL were maximum which was more than 1.51 times and 1.43 times of that in control group respectively and the comparative differences showed statistical significance(P<0.05).The average daily feed intake of mice in each group was increased with the passage of lime and at the same time,the comparison of average daily feed intake of mice in each group was not significantly different(P>0.05).Conclusions:G.uralensis Fisch polysaccharide can significantly improve the growth performance and immunologic function of mice and laid a research basis for the clinical application of G.uralensis Fisch polysaccharide.展开更多
The etiology and underlying mechanism of Meniere's disease(MD)development are still unknown,although inflammation and autoimmunity have been implicated as underlying mechanisms.The human endolymphatic sac(ES)has b...The etiology and underlying mechanism of Meniere's disease(MD)development are still unknown,although inflammation and autoimmunity have been implicated as underlying mechanisms.The human endolymphatic sac(ES)has been reported to have innate and adaptive immune capacity in local immune reactions.In vivo demonstration of inflammation of the ES in patients with MD is missing in the literature.We report the case of a 47-year-old female patient diagnosed with unilateral MD with genetic variants and cytokine markers indicating inflammation and vascular congestion of the ES.Endolymphatic hydrops in the right cochlea(grade 2)and vestibulum(grade 3)were detected using MRI.She carried heterozygous variants in MEFV(c.442G>C),IRF8(c.1157G>T),ADA(c.445C>T),PEPD(c.151G>A),NBAS(c.4049T>C),CSF2RB(c.2222C>T),HPS6(c.277G>T),IL2RB(c.1109C>T),IL12RB1(c.1384G>T),IL17RC(c.260_271del GCAAGAGC TGGG),LIG1(c.746G>A),RAG1(c.650C>A),and SLX4(c.1258G>C,c.5072A>G).In the serum,the levels of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor(G-CSF),macrophage inflammatory protein 1a,and IL7 were significantly elevated,and the level of IL2Ra was reduced.Intratympanic administration of dexamethasone temporarily alleviated her hearing loss.Her vertigo was significantly relieved but remained slight after ES administration of corticosteroids.展开更多
This experiment was to investigate the effects of dynamic segmentation of interval nutrient supply phase feeding on the growth performance, carcass characteristics, immune organs indexes and intestinal morphology of b...This experiment was to investigate the effects of dynamic segmentation of interval nutrient supply phase feeding on the growth performance, carcass characteristics, immune organs indexes and intestinal morphology of broilers. A total of 320 one-day-old broilers were randomly assigned into 4 feeding treatments, which included 4 interval nutrient supply phases as follows. Treatment A: a nutrient supply standard was used for every 14 d. Treatment B: a nutrient supply standard was used for every 7 d. Treatment C: a nutrient supply standard was used for every 3.5 d except that one nutrient supply standard was used for d 1 to 7. Treatment D: a nutrient supply standard was used for every 3.5 d including d 1 to 7. Each treatment was represented by 8 replicates with 10 broilers per replicate. The trial lasted for 42 days. Throughout the 42 d trial period, treatment A showed significantly higher average daily gain than treatments B and C(P < 0.05). The feed:gain ratio of treatment A was significantly lower than those of treatments C and D(P < 0.05). On d 28 and 42, body weight of broilers in treatment A was much higher than those of treatments B and C(P < 0.05). The slaughter rate of treatment A was significantly higher than that of treatment B(P < 0.05). Eviscerated percentage of treatment A was significantly higher than those of treatment B and D(P < 0.05). There were no significant differences among 4 treatments in immune organs indexes(P > 0.05). The crypt depth of duodenum was significantly greater in treatments A and B than in treatment C on day 42(P < 0.05).Meanwhile, the ratio of villus height to crypt depth(V:C ratio) of treatment D was significantly higher than that of treatment A(P < 0.05). No significant differences were found between treatments C and D in growth performance, carcass performance, immune organs indexes and intestinal structure(P> 0.05). In conclusion, this study revealed that the growth and carcass performance of broilers is the best for 14 days segmentation phase feeding, and 3.5 days segmentation interval phase feeding can promote small intestinal development of broilers. Dynamic segmentation of dietary supply fails to affect the immune function of broilers.展开更多
基金the University of Madras for their financial support.[UGC No.D.1.(C)/TE/2012/1868
文摘Aspartame,a "first generation sweetener",is widely used in a variety of foods,beverages,and medicine.The FDA has determined the acceptable daily intake(ADI) value of aspartame to be 50 mg/kg-day,while the JECFA(Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives) has set this value at 40 mg/kg of body weight/day.Safety issues have been raised about aspartame due to its metabolites,specifically toxicity from methanol and/or its systemic metabolites formaldehyde and formic acid.The immune system is now recognized as a target organ for many xenobiotics,such as drugs and chemicals,which are able to trigger unwanted apoptosis or to alter the regulation of apoptosis.Our previous studies has shown that oral administration of aspartame[40 mg/(kg.day)]or its metabolites for 90 days increased oxidative stress in immune organs of Wistar albino rats.In this present study,we aimed to clarify whether aspartame consumption over a longer period(90-days) has any effect on the expression of hsp70,bcl-2 and bax at both mRNA transcript and protein expression levels in immune organs.We observed that oral administration of aspartame for 90 days did not cause any apparent DNA fragmentation in immune organs of aspartame treated animals;however,there was a significant increase in hsp70 expression,apart from significant alteration in bcl-2 and bax at both mRNA transcript and protein expression level in the immune organs of aspartame treated animals compared to controls.Hence,the results indicated that hsp70 levels increased in response to oxidative injury induced by aspartame metabolites;however,these metabolites did not induce apoptosis in the immune organs.Furthermore,detailed analyses are needed to elucidate the precise molecular mechanisms involved in these changes.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (To J.Y.,31771111,31970974,32061143007,32125017 and 32150008).
文摘Direct neural inputs to immune organs have been observed for decades,with their functions in neuroimmune regulation being increasingly appreciated.However,the current knowledge of such neural structures,particularly those in primate immune organs,remains incomplete.In this study,we comprehensively assessed the 3D anatomy of autonomic(i.e.,sympathetic and parasympathetic)innervations in the immune organs of the rhesus macaque monkey and the human for the first time.Aided with the advanced technique of whole-tissue immunolabeling and lightsheet fluorescence imaging,we revealed the densely organized sympathetic architecture in the parenchyma of the adult monkey and human spleens.On the other hand,only sparse,if any,sympathetic inputs were observed inside the lymph nodes,Peyer's patches,or thymus.In contrast,there were minimal parasympathetic innervations in the parenchyma of these examined immune organs.Together,this work has documented the unique patterns of autonomic innervations in different immune organs of a non-human primate and the human,serving as an essential reference for future research on neuroimmune regulation in the field.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(81473549)National Natural Science Foundation of China Youth Fund Project(31402237)+1 种基金National "major New Drug Creation" Major Science and Technology Projects(2014ZX09304-306-04)Ministry of Education of the Central University Basic Scientific Research Business Fee(XDJK2015D016)
文摘The immune system as an important defense system of the body,bear the resistance to foreign pathogens invasion,removal of foreign heterogeneity,and protect the body′s safety.Modern research shows that tonic Chinese medicine,including single herband compound formula,has the function of improving immune organ index,enhancing immune cellfunction and affecting the immune molecule production and secretion.This article will review the effects of traditional Chinese medicine on immune organs,immune cells and immune molecules,and provide reference for the clinical research of traditional Chinese medicine.
基金supported by Scientific Research Innovation Project of Graduate Education Innovation Fund from Xinjiang(Grant No. XJGRI2014057)
文摘Objective:To discuss the effect of Glycyrrhiza uralensis(G.uralensis) Fisch polysaccharide on growth performance and immunologic function in mice in Ural City,Xinjiang and to provide important data supporting the application of Glycyrrhiza polysaccharide.Methods:A total of100 Kunming mice aged 3 weeks old were randomly divided into 5 groups with 20 mice in each group(10 were females and 10 were males).About 0.5 mL normal saline was given to the mice of control group every day and 0.5 mL G.uralensis Fisch polysaccharide was given to the mice of other groups at the concentration of 1,20,50 and 100 mg/mL respectively.The growth performance(average body weight,average daily feed intake and feed efficiency),immune organ indexes(spleen index and thymus index) and immunologic function(serum IL-2,CD4^+/CD8^+ and the activity of NK cells) of mice in each group were detected continuously.Results:The average body weight,feed efficiency,serum IL-2,CD4^+/CD8^+ and the activity of NK cells of mice were increased with the increase of administrated time after administrating G.uralensis Fisch polysaccharide and were reached up the largest level on Day 28.At the same time,each index was proportional to the given dose and was significantly higher than those of control group and reached up the largest level at the administrated dose of 100 mg/mL.After administrating G.uralensis Fisch polysaccharide,the spleen index and thymus index of mice were increased with the increase of administrated dose and the spleen index and thymus index of mice administrated with the dose of 100 mg/mL were maximum which was more than 1.51 times and 1.43 times of that in control group respectively and the comparative differences showed statistical significance(P<0.05).The average daily feed intake of mice in each group was increased with the passage of lime and at the same time,the comparison of average daily feed intake of mice in each group was not significantly different(P>0.05).Conclusions:G.uralensis Fisch polysaccharide can significantly improve the growth performance and immunologic function of mice and laid a research basis for the clinical application of G.uralensis Fisch polysaccharide.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81771006)
文摘The etiology and underlying mechanism of Meniere's disease(MD)development are still unknown,although inflammation and autoimmunity have been implicated as underlying mechanisms.The human endolymphatic sac(ES)has been reported to have innate and adaptive immune capacity in local immune reactions.In vivo demonstration of inflammation of the ES in patients with MD is missing in the literature.We report the case of a 47-year-old female patient diagnosed with unilateral MD with genetic variants and cytokine markers indicating inflammation and vascular congestion of the ES.Endolymphatic hydrops in the right cochlea(grade 2)and vestibulum(grade 3)were detected using MRI.She carried heterozygous variants in MEFV(c.442G>C),IRF8(c.1157G>T),ADA(c.445C>T),PEPD(c.151G>A),NBAS(c.4049T>C),CSF2RB(c.2222C>T),HPS6(c.277G>T),IL2RB(c.1109C>T),IL12RB1(c.1384G>T),IL17RC(c.260_271del GCAAGAGC TGGG),LIG1(c.746G>A),RAG1(c.650C>A),and SLX4(c.1258G>C,c.5072A>G).In the serum,the levels of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor(G-CSF),macrophage inflammatory protein 1a,and IL7 were significantly elevated,and the level of IL2Ra was reduced.Intratympanic administration of dexamethasone temporarily alleviated her hearing loss.Her vertigo was significantly relieved but remained slight after ES administration of corticosteroids.
基金supported by China Agriculture Research System (CARS-42)
文摘This experiment was to investigate the effects of dynamic segmentation of interval nutrient supply phase feeding on the growth performance, carcass characteristics, immune organs indexes and intestinal morphology of broilers. A total of 320 one-day-old broilers were randomly assigned into 4 feeding treatments, which included 4 interval nutrient supply phases as follows. Treatment A: a nutrient supply standard was used for every 14 d. Treatment B: a nutrient supply standard was used for every 7 d. Treatment C: a nutrient supply standard was used for every 3.5 d except that one nutrient supply standard was used for d 1 to 7. Treatment D: a nutrient supply standard was used for every 3.5 d including d 1 to 7. Each treatment was represented by 8 replicates with 10 broilers per replicate. The trial lasted for 42 days. Throughout the 42 d trial period, treatment A showed significantly higher average daily gain than treatments B and C(P < 0.05). The feed:gain ratio of treatment A was significantly lower than those of treatments C and D(P < 0.05). On d 28 and 42, body weight of broilers in treatment A was much higher than those of treatments B and C(P < 0.05). The slaughter rate of treatment A was significantly higher than that of treatment B(P < 0.05). Eviscerated percentage of treatment A was significantly higher than those of treatment B and D(P < 0.05). There were no significant differences among 4 treatments in immune organs indexes(P > 0.05). The crypt depth of duodenum was significantly greater in treatments A and B than in treatment C on day 42(P < 0.05).Meanwhile, the ratio of villus height to crypt depth(V:C ratio) of treatment D was significantly higher than that of treatment A(P < 0.05). No significant differences were found between treatments C and D in growth performance, carcass performance, immune organs indexes and intestinal structure(P> 0.05). In conclusion, this study revealed that the growth and carcass performance of broilers is the best for 14 days segmentation phase feeding, and 3.5 days segmentation interval phase feeding can promote small intestinal development of broilers. Dynamic segmentation of dietary supply fails to affect the immune function of broilers.
