In this article, information about universal and triple contact actional ZEROX immunostimulant at 3 various norms and different periods when it affected to Bukhara 10 cotton on 3 numbers of seedlings is presented. Res...In this article, information about universal and triple contact actional ZEROX immunostimulant at 3 various norms and different periods when it affected to Bukhara 10 cotton on 3 numbers of seedlings is presented. Research has shown, when in pre-sowing of seed 2 l/t and 2 l/ha in vegetation periods of ZEROX immunostimulant in the number of left seedlings 80 - 90,000 plant/ha of Bukhara 10 cotton it was treated, it was determined that the highest yield was obtained.展开更多
Aquaculture is a rapidly growing global agriculture sector and the importance of fish health has become of upmost importance as production levels and stocking densities increase. Over the past few decades, there have ...Aquaculture is a rapidly growing global agriculture sector and the importance of fish health has become of upmost importance as production levels and stocking densities increase. Over the past few decades, there have been a large number of immunological investigations on commonly cultured finfish species. Further, new technologies and strategies that embody use of fish immunostimulants, probiotics, and vaccinology rely heavily upon a comprehensive understanding of teleost immune system mechanics. The teleost immune system works in concert to properly recognize, control, and clear aquatic pathogens. Recent findings have exemplified the cooperative efforts of the nonspecific and adaptive branches, and have put forth an emphasis on the importance of the mucosal immune response in all aspects of a mounted immune response. This review provides a generalized overview of the innate and adaptive arms of the fish immune system, and provides highlights of recently published work in the areas of signaling networks and mucosal immune interactions.展开更多
Objective:To evaluate the antibacterial activity and immunostimulant of red seaweedChondrococcus hornemanni pathogens.Methods:(C.hornemanni)(Kuetzing,1847)against marine ornamental fish antimicrobial activity against ...Objective:To evaluate the antibacterial activity and immunostimulant of red seaweedChondrococcus hornemanni pathogens.Methods:(C.hornemanni)(Kuetzing,1847)against marine ornamental fish antimicrobial activity against two fish pathogens and the partially purified potential compound was characterized by GC-MS.Purified seaweed extract was injected to the clownfish,Amphiprion sebae to study the innate immune response of these fishes.Results:In the present study,seaweed extract of C.hornemanni showed significant Aeromonas hydrophila(20 mm)and Vibrio parahaemolyticus(19 mm)at a concentration(25 mg/mL)shown higher antimicrobial activity.The white blood cell count and respirator burst activity was significantly increased in the experimental tanks(E1)and(E2)when compared with control.The extracts was found effective and had more than 80%inhibitory activity against Conclusions:Hence,it is concluded that the seaweed extracts of C.hornemanni had potential bioactive compounds and act an immunostimulant and improve the immune response to fish.展开更多
The use of Levamisole hydrochloride as an immunostimulant has been successful in the control of certain diseases such as Derzsy’s disease in chicken as well as in increasing lymphocytes and weight gain in pigs. Howev...The use of Levamisole hydrochloride as an immunostimulant has been successful in the control of certain diseases such as Derzsy’s disease in chicken as well as in increasing lymphocytes and weight gain in pigs. However, its use as immunostimulant in the prevention of Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in goats has not been investigated. In this study, the use of Levamisole in enhancing immune response to PPR vaccination including its effects on weight gain was investigated among groups of goats (groups A, B, C and D). Virus neutralization test was used to determine the antibody profile in vaccinated goats while the total and differential leucocyte counts and body mass index (BMI) were determined using standard procedures. Goats in group A (Levamisole primed and PPR vaccinated) seroconverted to more than 3-folds of the initial pre-vaccination geometric mean titre (GMT) of neutralizing antibody beginning from second week post-vaccination and remained high throughout the period of the experiment. Similarly, there was significant increase (p 0.05) in BMI of animals in other groups throughout the period of the experiment. The results of this study further confirm the immunostimulatory effect of Levamisole when used in combination with a vaccine.展开更多
Objective: To prepare and characterize poly lactic-co-glycolic acid(PLGA) nanoparticles loaded with soluble leishmanial antigen or autoclaved leishmanial antigen and explore in vitro and in vivo immunogenicity of anti...Objective: To prepare and characterize poly lactic-co-glycolic acid(PLGA) nanoparticles loaded with soluble leishmanial antigen or autoclaved leishmanial antigen and explore in vitro and in vivo immunogenicity of antigen encapsulated nanoparticles. Methods: Water/oil/water double emulsion technique was employed to synthesize PLGA nanoparticles, and scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Zeta-potential measurements were used to identify the characteristics of nanoparticles. Cytotoxicity of synthetized nanoparticles on J774 macrophage were investigated by MTT assays. To determine the in vitro immunostimulatory efficacies of nanoparticles, griess reaction and ELISA was used to measure the amounts of NO and cytokines. During the in vivo analysis, Balb/c mice were immunized with vaccine formulations, and protective properties of nanoparticles were measured by Leishman Donovan unit in the liver following the infection. Cytokine levels in spleens of mice were determined by ELISA. Results: MTT assay showed that neither soluble leishmanial antigen nor autoclaved leishmanial antigen encapsulated nanoparticles showed cytotoxicity against J774 macrophage cells. Contrary to free antigens, both autoclaved leishmanial antigen-nanoparticle and soluble leishmanial antigen-nanoparticle formulations led to a 10 and 16-fold increase in NO amounts by macrophages, respectively. Leishman Donovan unit calculations revealed that soluble leishmanial antigen-nanoparticles and autoclaved leishmanial antigen-nanoparticles yielded 52% and 64% protection against visceral leishmaniasis in mouse models. Besides, in vitro and in vivo tests demonstrated that by increasing IFN-γ and IL-12 levels and inhibiting IL-4 and IL-10 secretions, autoclaved leishmanial antigen-nanoparticles and soluble leishmanial antigennanoparticles triggered Th1 immune response. Conclusions: Both autoclaved leishmanial antigen-nanoparticles and soluble leishmanial antigen-nanoparticles formulations provide exceptional in vitro and in vivo immunostimulatory activities. Hence, PLGA-based antigen delivery systems are recommended as potential vaccine candidates against visceral leishmaniasis.展开更多
Objective:To assess the immunopotentiality of Ayurvedic polyherbal preparations,"Saribadi" and "Anantamul Salsa".Methods: Freshly prepared BALB/c mice splenocytes were cultured with "Saribadi&...Objective:To assess the immunopotentiality of Ayurvedic polyherbal preparations,"Saribadi" and "Anantamul Salsa".Methods: Freshly prepared BALB/c mice splenocytes were cultured with "Saribadi" or"Anantamul Salsa" treatment [doses of 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, 1.00%, 1.50%, 2.00%,3.00% and 4.00%(v/v)] at 37C for 5 days. The immunoglobulin M(IgM) production and lymphocytes proliferation were determined by ELISA and MTT methods, respectively.Endotoxin contamination was assessed by treating the preparations with polymyxin B.Results: The doses of "Saribadi" [0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75% and 1.00%(v/v)] significantly increased IgM productions(0.966, 0.728, 0.695 and 0.615 mg/m L vs. control 0.265 mg/m L)and lymphocytes proliferation [absorbance 0.311, 0.394, 0.372 and 0.334 optical density(OD) vs. control 0.162 OD]. Similarly, the doses of "Anantamul Salsa" [0.50%, 0.75%,1.00% and 1.50%(v/v)] promoted IgM productions(0.933, 0.919, 0.917 and 0.892 mg/m L vs. control 0.502 mg/m L) and the doses of "Anantamul Salsa" [0.50%, 0.75%, 1.00%,1.50%, 2.00%, and 3.00%(v/v)] stimulated lymphocytes proliferation(absorbance 0.395,0.326, 0.440, 0.398, 0.452 and 0.355 OD vs. control 0.199 OD). The activity of "Saribadi"and "Anantamul Salsa" was not retarded by the treatment of preparations with polymyxin B.Conclusions: Immunomodulatory activity of "Saribadi" and "Anantamul Salsa" was unveiled for the first time. "Saribadi" and "Anantamul Salsa" possess immunostimulating potential acting through the induction of lymphocyte proliferation and IgM production.These preparations may be useful in strengthening immune responses. However, further cellular and in vivo studies are required.展开更多
Although the immunomodulatory activity of bamboo vinegar and charcoal powder(BVC)has been increasingly documented in domestic animals,the use of BVC as immunostimulant in fi sh aquaculture awaits verifi cation.In the ...Although the immunomodulatory activity of bamboo vinegar and charcoal powder(BVC)has been increasingly documented in domestic animals,the use of BVC as immunostimulant in fi sh aquaculture awaits verifi cation.In the present study,the immunostimulatory impacts of dietary BVC intake were investigated in an important aquaculture fi sh species,the African catfi sh Clarias gariepinus.Results show that the pathogen resistance of African catfi sh was signifi cantly improved by dietary BVC intake at the tested levels(0.5%-2%),as indicated by higher survival rates(approximately 1.52-1.85 times that without BVC supplementation)upon intraperitoneally injection of bacterial pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila.In addition,both the count and phagocytic activity of blood cells were signifi cantly up-regulated by a 45-day dietary supplementation of BVC.Moreover,compared to that of the control,fi sh individuals fed BVC containing diets exhibited signifi cant higher activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD),myeloperoxidase(MPO),and lysozyme(LYZ).The content of immunoglobulin M(IgM)in serum of African catfi sh was also induced by dietary BVC supplementation.Furthermore,the expression levels of interleukin-8(IL-8),toll-like receptor 1 and 5(TLR1 and TLR5),myeloid diff erentiation factor 88(MyD88),and nuclear factor kappa B(NFκB)in the head kidney were signifi cantly up-regulated.Our fi ndings indicate BVC could be an eff ective immunostimulant in teleost species,which may enhance fi sh immunity through improving hematic parameters,activating bioactive humoral molecules,and up-regulating immune related molecular pathways.展开更多
The use of chemotherapeutants, antibiotics, and pesticides in aqua farms and non-adherence to scientific management practices have resulted in adverse impact on aquacultural production, serious outbreaks of diseases, ...The use of chemotherapeutants, antibiotics, and pesticides in aqua farms and non-adherence to scientific management practices have resulted in adverse impact on aquacultural production, serious outbreaks of diseases, development of drug resistance in microbes, and accumulation of antibiotics and pesticide residues in finfish and shellfish and environmental pollution. As a result, a need has been felt by the aquaculturists as well as aquatic animal health management professionals to find a suitable alternative therapy in place of antibiotics and chemotherapy. Phytotherapy has come to be recognized as a handy and viable alternative to chemotherapy, as it is economical, effective, non-resistance forming, renewable, eco-friendly and farmer-friendly. Although the use of medicinal plants is known to humanity since the dawn of human civilization for the treatment and control of human and animal diseases but its importance in combating finfish and shellfish diseases has been realized only recently. The phytotherapy of aquacultural diseases is in its infancy in most part of the world except in China to some extent. However, many important contributions in this field by different workers during the last quarter of the 20th century and early 21st century have shown encouraging results and opened new vistas in phytotherapy of aquatic animals. The present review crtically evaluates the present status of knowledge of phytotherapy in the world combating various aquacultural diseases, identifying the bottlenecks and suggests remedial measures.展开更多
Autoimmune hepatitis is a chronic liver disease harboring an autoimmune basis and progressive character.Despite still obscurity in etiology and pathogenesis,some evidence supports the importance of sustaining the immu...Autoimmune hepatitis is a chronic liver disease harboring an autoimmune basis and progressive character.Despite still obscurity in etiology and pathogenesis,some evidence supports the importance of sustaining the immune system.Vitamin D is a lipo-soluble vitamin,which has been identified as decreased in our body.It is often due to the daily habit change and decrease of individual sun exposure due to the increase of the ultraviolet-induced potential melanocytic transformation.Here,we emphasize the importance of vitamin D supplementation in patients affected with liver disease.展开更多
Vaccines require optimal adjuvants including immunopotentiator and delivery systems to offer long term protection from infectious diseases in animals and man. Initially it was believed that adjuvants are responsible f...Vaccines require optimal adjuvants including immunopotentiator and delivery systems to offer long term protection from infectious diseases in animals and man. Initially it was believed that adjuvants are responsible for promoting strong and sustainable antibody responses. Now it has been shown that adjuvants influence the isotype and avidity of antibody and also affect the properties of cell-mediated immunity. Mostly oil emulsions, lipopolysaccharides, polymers, saponins, liposomes, cytokines, ISCOMs (immunostimulating complexes), Freund’s complete adjuvant, Freund’s incomplete adjuvant, alums, bacterial toxins etc., are common adjuvants under investigation. Saponin based adjuvants have the ability to stimulate the cell mediated immune system as well as to enhance antibody production and have the advantage that only a low dose is needed for adjuvant activity. In the present study the importance of adjuvants, their role and the effect of saponin in immune system is reviewed.展开更多
Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6(TRAF6) and transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1(TAK1) are two important adaptor molecules in Toll-like receptor(TLR) signaling pathway. In this study, TRA...Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6(TRAF6) and transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1(TAK1) are two important adaptor molecules in Toll-like receptor(TLR) signaling pathway. In this study, TRAF6(PoTRAF6) and TAK1(PoTAK1) were cloned and characterized in Japanese flounder(Paralichthys olivaceus). The full-length cDNA sequence of Po TRAF6 is 1953 bp, with an open reading frame(ORF) of 1713 bp encoding a putative protein of 570 amino acids. PoTRAF6 contains one really interesting new gene(RING) domain, two zinc fingers, one coiled-coil region, and one meprin and TRAF homology(MATH) domain, which shows a high similarity to TRAF6 s in other species. The full-length PoTAK1 cDNA sequence is 2086 bp, with an ORF of 1728 bp that encodes a putative protein of 575 amino acids. PoTAK1 contains a conserved serine/threonine protein kinase catalytic domain and a coiled-coil region. The promoter regions of PoTRAF6 and PoTAK1 were also analyzed to predict several potential transcription factor-binding sites. In addition, the expression patterns of these two genes were examined in developmental stages, different tissues, and challenged samples. PoTRAF6 and PoTAK1 were expressed during the whole developmental stages, and the highest expressions were in intestine and heart, respectively. In challenged embryonic cells with LPS, CpG ODN, and poly I:C, the expressions of PoTRAF6 and PoTAK1 were both up-regulated significantly. These results suggest that PoTRAF6 and Po TAK1 play crucial roles in immune responses and may be involved in the developmental process of Japanese flounder.展开更多
Objective:To evaluate antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of saline extract from Tithonia diversifolia leaves by phytochemical bioprospecting,and investigate its safety against animal cells.Methods:The saline ext...Objective:To evaluate antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of saline extract from Tithonia diversifolia leaves by phytochemical bioprospecting,and investigate its safety against animal cells.Methods:The saline extract was prepared,with NaCl(0.15 M),by constant stirring of the dried and pulverized leaves,followed by volume reduction by lyophilization.The extract was phytochemical characterized using ultra-performance liquid chromatography,and total phenol and flavonoid analysis also was performed.The antioxidant capacity was determined through DPPH*radical,the antimicrobial property was evaluated against standard bacteria and fungi,and the viability assays were performed against mice splenocytes.Results:Fifteen compounds were identified belonging to two main classes terpenoids and phenolics.The extract showed 22.185 mg GAE/g of total phenolic compounds and 3.220 mg QE/g of flavonoid.Moreover,extract showed higher antioxidant ability similar to butylated hydroxytoluene a standard molecule[(3.042±0.019)mg AAE/g and(4.12±0.10)mg AAE/g to saline extract and butylated hydroxytoluene,respectively].The antimicrobial assays demonstrated that the extract had a significant antifungal potential against Candida species and could be used with safety against mice splenocytes,in concentrations lower than 50μg/mL,promoting higher proliferation in these cells.Conclusions:Saline extract from Tithonia diversifolia leaves presents potential antioxidant,antifungal properties and induces immunostimulation in mice splenocytes.展开更多
Honey has been successfully used in medicine since antiquity. However, with the advent of modern medicine it has been less used, espe-cially in the English-speaking world. Its benefi-cial effects in different disorder...Honey has been successfully used in medicine since antiquity. However, with the advent of modern medicine it has been less used, espe-cially in the English-speaking world. Its benefi-cial effects in different disorders, rediscovered in recent decades, will be discussed below on the basis of a series of international scientific studies conducted to investigate the therapeutic properties of this natural product and published on Medline. It should be noted, however, that the therapeutic use of honey in everyday clinical practice needs to be validated by relevant guidelines and should only be adopted under medical prescription, in accordance with criteria of efficacy and safety for both patients and healthcare providers.展开更多
Background:Stimulation of the immune system against disease and restoration of immune functions in immun-odeficiency disease state are essential for maintaining good health.Objective:This study investigated the immuno...Background:Stimulation of the immune system against disease and restoration of immune functions in immun-odeficiency disease state are essential for maintaining good health.Objective:This study investigated the immunomodulatory effects of the leaf extract and fractions of Musanga cecropioides in immunocompetent and immunocompromised animal models.Methods:Humoral immune stimulatory effect of the extract and its fractions at 200 mg·kg^(−1) and 400 mg·kg^(−1) against sheep red blood cells(SRBCs)antigen was determined in both immunocompetent and cyclophosphamide(80 mg·kg^(−1))induced immunosuppressed animals.The effect of the most active fraction on leucopoiesis was also determined following high dose cyclophosphamide(300 mg·kg^(−1))suppression of the immune system.Levamisole at 2.5 mg·kg^(−1) was used as the reference drug throughout the study.Results:The extract dose dependently stimulated the humoral immune response to SRBC antigen in immuno-competent animals;however,its stimulatory effect was not significant(P>0.05).In the immunosuppressed model,the extract at 400 mg·kg^(−1) evoked significant(P<0.05)increase in antibody titer value with a corre-sponding 67%immune-restorative effect.The ethyl acetate fraction(EAF)maintained the most active fraction with significant(P<0.05)antibody stimulatory effect in immunocompetent and immunosuppressed animals.Similarly,higher recovery rate was demonstrated by the EAF as shown by steep time recovery curve in high dose immunosuppressed animals.The EAF at 200 mg·kg^(−1) and 400 mg·kg^(−1) showed above 50%leucopoiesis just like the reference drug(2.5 mg·kg^(−1) levamisole),against 33.83%of leucopoiesis shown by the immune-suppressed control group.Conclusion:M.cecropioides boosted immune stimulation in immunocompetent animals and brought about fast rate of restoration of immune status in immunocompromised animals.展开更多
Co-delivery of chemotherapeutics and immunostimulant or chemoimmunotherapy is an emerging strategy in cancer therapy.The precise control of the targeting and release of agents is critical in this methodology.This arti...Co-delivery of chemotherapeutics and immunostimulant or chemoimmunotherapy is an emerging strategy in cancer therapy.The precise control of the targeting and release of agents is critical in this methodology.This article proposes the asynchronous release of the chemotherapeutic agents and immunostimulants to realize the synergistic effect between chemotherapy and immunotherapy.To obtain a proof-of-concept,a co-delivery system was prepared via a drug-delivering-drug(DDD)strategy for cytosolic co-delivery of Poly I:C,a synthetic ds RNA analog to activate RIG-I signaling,and PTX,a commonly used chemotherapeutics,in which pure PTX nanorods were sequentially coated with Poly I:C and mannuronic acid via stimulating the RIG-I signaling axis.The co-delivery system with a diameter of 200 nm enables profound immunogenicity of cancer cells,exhibiting increased secretion of cytokines and chemokines,pronounced immune response in vivo,and significant inhibition of tumor growth.Also,we found that intracellularly sustained release of cytotoxic agents could elicit the immunogenicity of cancer cells.Overall,the intracellular asynchronous release of chemotherapeutics and immunomodulators is a promising strategy to promote the immunogenicity of cancer cells and augment the antitumor immune response.展开更多
Objective:To evaluate the effects of Aloe vera extract on the immunity responses and haematological parameters in rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss)fry to develop alternative drug to chemotherapeutics in aquaculture.M...Objective:To evaluate the effects of Aloe vera extract on the immunity responses and haematological parameters in rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss)fry to develop alternative drug to chemotherapeutics in aquaculture.Methods:Six hundred rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss)fry were randomly allocated into two treatment groups including 1)placebo-treated group(control),2)Aloe vera extract-treated group,each of three replicates.The fishes were hand-fed once a day with diet medicated AE or placebo at the rate of 1%in feed in the first feeding for 10 weeks.At the end of the identical every two weeks 24 h after feeding,some of haematological and immunological parameters were analyzed.Results:The results showed that serum total protein,albumin and globulin,respiratory burst activity,phagocytic activity and serum lysozyme activity vary among the two treatment groups which were found to be higher in Aloe vera extract-treated group(P<0.05).However,there were no significant differences in none of haematological parameters between two groups(P>0.05).Conclusions:It was concluded that supplementation of AE at a rate of 1%in feed registered higher immunological responses in compared to placebo group.Therefore,supplementation of AE in fish diets enhances non-specific immune system in fish.It may use in fish diets particularly at time of outbreaks.展开更多
Objective:To optimize the dose of 3 commonly used growth promoters,viz.,Nuricell-Aqua(composition:glucomannan complex and mannose polymer),Hepaprotect-Aqua(composition:β-glucan,mannose polymer and essential oil)and R...Objective:To optimize the dose of 3 commonly used growth promoters,viz.,Nuricell-Aqua(composition:glucomannan complex and mannose polymer),Hepaprotect-Aqua(composition:β-glucan,mannose polymer and essential oil)and Rapid-Grow(composition:organic acid and their salt,β-glucan,mannose oligosaccharide and essential oil),using Thai pangas(Pangasiandon hypophthalmus)as cultured species.Methods:Thai pangas fingerlings with an average length and weight of 11 cm and 10 g were reared under laboratory condition and growth promoters were fed after incorporating them with a test diet at a ratio of 10%of their body weight for a period of 28 d.Estimation of data on growth such as weight gain(g),specific growth rate,survivability(%)test in each aquarium were conducted and data were analyzed using statistical software.Results:After 28 d of feeding with Nutricell-Aqua,10 mg/(20 g feed·day),which was the dose recommended by the manufacturer,was found better.When Hepaprotect-Aqua and Rapid-Grow were employed,performance was found to be better with the dose of 60 mg/(20 g feed·day)which was 1.5 times higher than the dose recommended by the corresponding manufacturer.Conclusions:These results suggest that chemicals and feed additives marketed in Bangladesh Fish Feed Market need further testing under Bangladesh climatic condition before being marketed.展开更多
Although long history application in infant formula,dietary nucleotide supplementation has been used only recently in the evaluation of growth performance,stress and pathogen resistance in aquaculture species.This pap...Although long history application in infant formula,dietary nucleotide supplementation has been used only recently in the evaluation of growth performance,stress and pathogen resistance in aquaculture species.This paper addresses the present knowledge of the use of nucleotide supplemented in the diet for culture species.Research reveals that dietary nucleotide may have significant impact and is recommended to add to the feed of aquatic species to get better performance.However,more studies should also be conducted to have better understandings on dose requirement,duration of application,impact on different life stage and under different environmental stress and pathogens.Further study should also examine the effects of dietary nucleotide supplementation of intestinal microbiota and gut morphology,and immune response of aquaculture species.展开更多
Ultrafiltration and a series of chromatographic steps were used to isolate and purify polysaccharides from Tremella aurantialba fruit bodies.Three crude fractions(TAP50w,TAP10-50w,and TAP1-10w),five semi-purified frac...Ultrafiltration and a series of chromatographic steps were used to isolate and purify polysaccharides from Tremella aurantialba fruit bodies.Three crude fractions(TAP50w,TAP10-50w,and TAP1-10w),five semi-purified fractions(TAPA-TAPE),and one purified fraction(TAPA1) were obtained.A sulfated derivative of TAPA1(TAPA1-s) was prepared by chemical modification.The immunostimulating activity of the polysaccharide fractions in vitro was determined using the mouse spleen lymphocyte proliferation assay.Of the three crude fractions tested,cell prolifera-tion rates were increased most by TAP50w.Furthermore,TAPA1-s was markedly more stimulatory than TAPA1,indicating that sulfonation was an effective way to enhance the immunostimulating activity of polysaccharide.展开更多
文摘In this article, information about universal and triple contact actional ZEROX immunostimulant at 3 various norms and different periods when it affected to Bukhara 10 cotton on 3 numbers of seedlings is presented. Research has shown, when in pre-sowing of seed 2 l/t and 2 l/ha in vegetation periods of ZEROX immunostimulant in the number of left seedlings 80 - 90,000 plant/ha of Bukhara 10 cotton it was treated, it was determined that the highest yield was obtained.
文摘Aquaculture is a rapidly growing global agriculture sector and the importance of fish health has become of upmost importance as production levels and stocking densities increase. Over the past few decades, there have been a large number of immunological investigations on commonly cultured finfish species. Further, new technologies and strategies that embody use of fish immunostimulants, probiotics, and vaccinology rely heavily upon a comprehensive understanding of teleost immune system mechanics. The teleost immune system works in concert to properly recognize, control, and clear aquatic pathogens. Recent findings have exemplified the cooperative efforts of the nonspecific and adaptive branches, and have put forth an emphasis on the importance of the mucosal immune response in all aspects of a mounted immune response. This review provides a generalized overview of the innate and adaptive arms of the fish immune system, and provides highlights of recently published work in the areas of signaling networks and mucosal immune interactions.
基金Supported by the Centre for Marine Living Resources and Ecology(Ministry of Earth Sciences),Kochi for financial assistance(Grant No.MoES/10MLR/2007).
文摘Objective:To evaluate the antibacterial activity and immunostimulant of red seaweedChondrococcus hornemanni pathogens.Methods:(C.hornemanni)(Kuetzing,1847)against marine ornamental fish antimicrobial activity against two fish pathogens and the partially purified potential compound was characterized by GC-MS.Purified seaweed extract was injected to the clownfish,Amphiprion sebae to study the innate immune response of these fishes.Results:In the present study,seaweed extract of C.hornemanni showed significant Aeromonas hydrophila(20 mm)and Vibrio parahaemolyticus(19 mm)at a concentration(25 mg/mL)shown higher antimicrobial activity.The white blood cell count and respirator burst activity was significantly increased in the experimental tanks(E1)and(E2)when compared with control.The extracts was found effective and had more than 80%inhibitory activity against Conclusions:Hence,it is concluded that the seaweed extracts of C.hornemanni had potential bioactive compounds and act an immunostimulant and improve the immune response to fish.
文摘The use of Levamisole hydrochloride as an immunostimulant has been successful in the control of certain diseases such as Derzsy’s disease in chicken as well as in increasing lymphocytes and weight gain in pigs. However, its use as immunostimulant in the prevention of Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in goats has not been investigated. In this study, the use of Levamisole in enhancing immune response to PPR vaccination including its effects on weight gain was investigated among groups of goats (groups A, B, C and D). Virus neutralization test was used to determine the antibody profile in vaccinated goats while the total and differential leucocyte counts and body mass index (BMI) were determined using standard procedures. Goats in group A (Levamisole primed and PPR vaccinated) seroconverted to more than 3-folds of the initial pre-vaccination geometric mean titre (GMT) of neutralizing antibody beginning from second week post-vaccination and remained high throughout the period of the experiment. Similarly, there was significant increase (p 0.05) in BMI of animals in other groups throughout the period of the experiment. The results of this study further confirm the immunostimulatory effect of Levamisole when used in combination with a vaccine.
基金supported by Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey(TUBITAK,Grant No.213S148)
文摘Objective: To prepare and characterize poly lactic-co-glycolic acid(PLGA) nanoparticles loaded with soluble leishmanial antigen or autoclaved leishmanial antigen and explore in vitro and in vivo immunogenicity of antigen encapsulated nanoparticles. Methods: Water/oil/water double emulsion technique was employed to synthesize PLGA nanoparticles, and scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Zeta-potential measurements were used to identify the characteristics of nanoparticles. Cytotoxicity of synthetized nanoparticles on J774 macrophage were investigated by MTT assays. To determine the in vitro immunostimulatory efficacies of nanoparticles, griess reaction and ELISA was used to measure the amounts of NO and cytokines. During the in vivo analysis, Balb/c mice were immunized with vaccine formulations, and protective properties of nanoparticles were measured by Leishman Donovan unit in the liver following the infection. Cytokine levels in spleens of mice were determined by ELISA. Results: MTT assay showed that neither soluble leishmanial antigen nor autoclaved leishmanial antigen encapsulated nanoparticles showed cytotoxicity against J774 macrophage cells. Contrary to free antigens, both autoclaved leishmanial antigen-nanoparticle and soluble leishmanial antigen-nanoparticle formulations led to a 10 and 16-fold increase in NO amounts by macrophages, respectively. Leishman Donovan unit calculations revealed that soluble leishmanial antigen-nanoparticles and autoclaved leishmanial antigen-nanoparticles yielded 52% and 64% protection against visceral leishmaniasis in mouse models. Besides, in vitro and in vivo tests demonstrated that by increasing IFN-γ and IL-12 levels and inhibiting IL-4 and IL-10 secretions, autoclaved leishmanial antigen-nanoparticles and soluble leishmanial antigennanoparticles triggered Th1 immune response. Conclusions: Both autoclaved leishmanial antigen-nanoparticles and soluble leishmanial antigen-nanoparticles formulations provide exceptional in vitro and in vivo immunostimulatory activities. Hence, PLGA-based antigen delivery systems are recommended as potential vaccine candidates against visceral leishmaniasis.
基金Partially Supported by Ministry of Higher Education and Universiti Teknologi MARA,Malaysia(Grant No.LESTARI:600-RMI/DANA 5/3/LESTARI(52/2015)
文摘Objective:To assess the immunopotentiality of Ayurvedic polyherbal preparations,"Saribadi" and "Anantamul Salsa".Methods: Freshly prepared BALB/c mice splenocytes were cultured with "Saribadi" or"Anantamul Salsa" treatment [doses of 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, 1.00%, 1.50%, 2.00%,3.00% and 4.00%(v/v)] at 37C for 5 days. The immunoglobulin M(IgM) production and lymphocytes proliferation were determined by ELISA and MTT methods, respectively.Endotoxin contamination was assessed by treating the preparations with polymyxin B.Results: The doses of "Saribadi" [0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75% and 1.00%(v/v)] significantly increased IgM productions(0.966, 0.728, 0.695 and 0.615 mg/m L vs. control 0.265 mg/m L)and lymphocytes proliferation [absorbance 0.311, 0.394, 0.372 and 0.334 optical density(OD) vs. control 0.162 OD]. Similarly, the doses of "Anantamul Salsa" [0.50%, 0.75%,1.00% and 1.50%(v/v)] promoted IgM productions(0.933, 0.919, 0.917 and 0.892 mg/m L vs. control 0.502 mg/m L) and the doses of "Anantamul Salsa" [0.50%, 0.75%, 1.00%,1.50%, 2.00%, and 3.00%(v/v)] stimulated lymphocytes proliferation(absorbance 0.395,0.326, 0.440, 0.398, 0.452 and 0.355 OD vs. control 0.199 OD). The activity of "Saribadi"and "Anantamul Salsa" was not retarded by the treatment of preparations with polymyxin B.Conclusions: Immunomodulatory activity of "Saribadi" and "Anantamul Salsa" was unveiled for the first time. "Saribadi" and "Anantamul Salsa" possess immunostimulating potential acting through the induction of lymphocyte proliferation and IgM production.These preparations may be useful in strengthening immune responses. However, further cellular and in vivo studies are required.
基金Supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2018YFD0900603)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31672634)+1 种基金the Open Project of Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology,CAS(No.kf2018005)the Science and Technology Project of Wenzhou(No.2019ZX002-02)。
文摘Although the immunomodulatory activity of bamboo vinegar and charcoal powder(BVC)has been increasingly documented in domestic animals,the use of BVC as immunostimulant in fi sh aquaculture awaits verifi cation.In the present study,the immunostimulatory impacts of dietary BVC intake were investigated in an important aquaculture fi sh species,the African catfi sh Clarias gariepinus.Results show that the pathogen resistance of African catfi sh was signifi cantly improved by dietary BVC intake at the tested levels(0.5%-2%),as indicated by higher survival rates(approximately 1.52-1.85 times that without BVC supplementation)upon intraperitoneally injection of bacterial pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila.In addition,both the count and phagocytic activity of blood cells were signifi cantly up-regulated by a 45-day dietary supplementation of BVC.Moreover,compared to that of the control,fi sh individuals fed BVC containing diets exhibited signifi cant higher activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD),myeloperoxidase(MPO),and lysozyme(LYZ).The content of immunoglobulin M(IgM)in serum of African catfi sh was also induced by dietary BVC supplementation.Furthermore,the expression levels of interleukin-8(IL-8),toll-like receptor 1 and 5(TLR1 and TLR5),myeloid diff erentiation factor 88(MyD88),and nuclear factor kappa B(NFκB)in the head kidney were signifi cantly up-regulated.Our fi ndings indicate BVC could be an eff ective immunostimulant in teleost species,which may enhance fi sh immunity through improving hematic parameters,activating bioactive humoral molecules,and up-regulating immune related molecular pathways.
文摘The use of chemotherapeutants, antibiotics, and pesticides in aqua farms and non-adherence to scientific management practices have resulted in adverse impact on aquacultural production, serious outbreaks of diseases, development of drug resistance in microbes, and accumulation of antibiotics and pesticide residues in finfish and shellfish and environmental pollution. As a result, a need has been felt by the aquaculturists as well as aquatic animal health management professionals to find a suitable alternative therapy in place of antibiotics and chemotherapy. Phytotherapy has come to be recognized as a handy and viable alternative to chemotherapy, as it is economical, effective, non-resistance forming, renewable, eco-friendly and farmer-friendly. Although the use of medicinal plants is known to humanity since the dawn of human civilization for the treatment and control of human and animal diseases but its importance in combating finfish and shellfish diseases has been realized only recently. The phytotherapy of aquacultural diseases is in its infancy in most part of the world except in China to some extent. However, many important contributions in this field by different workers during the last quarter of the 20th century and early 21st century have shown encouraging results and opened new vistas in phytotherapy of aquatic animals. The present review crtically evaluates the present status of knowledge of phytotherapy in the world combating various aquacultural diseases, identifying the bottlenecks and suggests remedial measures.
基金Corresponding author:Consolato M Sergi,MD,PhD,Chief,Anatomic Pathology Division,Pediatric Pathologist,Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario(CHEO),401 Smyth Road,Ottawa K1H 8L1,ON,Canada.csergi@cheo.on.ca。
文摘Autoimmune hepatitis is a chronic liver disease harboring an autoimmune basis and progressive character.Despite still obscurity in etiology and pathogenesis,some evidence supports the importance of sustaining the immune system.Vitamin D is a lipo-soluble vitamin,which has been identified as decreased in our body.It is often due to the daily habit change and decrease of individual sun exposure due to the increase of the ultraviolet-induced potential melanocytic transformation.Here,we emphasize the importance of vitamin D supplementation in patients affected with liver disease.
基金Project (No. 2004C32047)supported by the Department of Scienceand Technology of Zhejiang Province, China
文摘Vaccines require optimal adjuvants including immunopotentiator and delivery systems to offer long term protection from infectious diseases in animals and man. Initially it was believed that adjuvants are responsible for promoting strong and sustainable antibody responses. Now it has been shown that adjuvants influence the isotype and avidity of antibody and also affect the properties of cell-mediated immunity. Mostly oil emulsions, lipopolysaccharides, polymers, saponins, liposomes, cytokines, ISCOMs (immunostimulating complexes), Freund’s complete adjuvant, Freund’s incomplete adjuvant, alums, bacterial toxins etc., are common adjuvants under investigation. Saponin based adjuvants have the ability to stimulate the cell mediated immune system as well as to enhance antibody production and have the advantage that only a low dose is needed for adjuvant activity. In the present study the importance of adjuvants, their role and the effect of saponin in immune system is reviewed.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31101891)the National High-tech Research and Development Program (No. 2012AA10A402)
文摘Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6(TRAF6) and transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1(TAK1) are two important adaptor molecules in Toll-like receptor(TLR) signaling pathway. In this study, TRAF6(PoTRAF6) and TAK1(PoTAK1) were cloned and characterized in Japanese flounder(Paralichthys olivaceus). The full-length cDNA sequence of Po TRAF6 is 1953 bp, with an open reading frame(ORF) of 1713 bp encoding a putative protein of 570 amino acids. PoTRAF6 contains one really interesting new gene(RING) domain, two zinc fingers, one coiled-coil region, and one meprin and TRAF homology(MATH) domain, which shows a high similarity to TRAF6 s in other species. The full-length PoTAK1 cDNA sequence is 2086 bp, with an ORF of 1728 bp that encodes a putative protein of 575 amino acids. PoTAK1 contains a conserved serine/threonine protein kinase catalytic domain and a coiled-coil region. The promoter regions of PoTRAF6 and PoTAK1 were also analyzed to predict several potential transcription factor-binding sites. In addition, the expression patterns of these two genes were examined in developmental stages, different tissues, and challenged samples. PoTRAF6 and PoTAK1 were expressed during the whole developmental stages, and the highest expressions were in intestine and heart, respectively. In challenged embryonic cells with LPS, CpG ODN, and poly I:C, the expressions of PoTRAF6 and PoTAK1 were both up-regulated significantly. These results suggest that PoTRAF6 and Po TAK1 play crucial roles in immune responses and may be involved in the developmental process of Japanese flounder.
文摘Objective:To evaluate antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of saline extract from Tithonia diversifolia leaves by phytochemical bioprospecting,and investigate its safety against animal cells.Methods:The saline extract was prepared,with NaCl(0.15 M),by constant stirring of the dried and pulverized leaves,followed by volume reduction by lyophilization.The extract was phytochemical characterized using ultra-performance liquid chromatography,and total phenol and flavonoid analysis also was performed.The antioxidant capacity was determined through DPPH*radical,the antimicrobial property was evaluated against standard bacteria and fungi,and the viability assays were performed against mice splenocytes.Results:Fifteen compounds were identified belonging to two main classes terpenoids and phenolics.The extract showed 22.185 mg GAE/g of total phenolic compounds and 3.220 mg QE/g of flavonoid.Moreover,extract showed higher antioxidant ability similar to butylated hydroxytoluene a standard molecule[(3.042±0.019)mg AAE/g and(4.12±0.10)mg AAE/g to saline extract and butylated hydroxytoluene,respectively].The antimicrobial assays demonstrated that the extract had a significant antifungal potential against Candida species and could be used with safety against mice splenocytes,in concentrations lower than 50μg/mL,promoting higher proliferation in these cells.Conclusions:Saline extract from Tithonia diversifolia leaves presents potential antioxidant,antifungal properties and induces immunostimulation in mice splenocytes.
文摘Honey has been successfully used in medicine since antiquity. However, with the advent of modern medicine it has been less used, espe-cially in the English-speaking world. Its benefi-cial effects in different disorders, rediscovered in recent decades, will be discussed below on the basis of a series of international scientific studies conducted to investigate the therapeutic properties of this natural product and published on Medline. It should be noted, however, that the therapeutic use of honey in everyday clinical practice needs to be validated by relevant guidelines and should only be adopted under medical prescription, in accordance with criteria of efficacy and safety for both patients and healthcare providers.
文摘Background:Stimulation of the immune system against disease and restoration of immune functions in immun-odeficiency disease state are essential for maintaining good health.Objective:This study investigated the immunomodulatory effects of the leaf extract and fractions of Musanga cecropioides in immunocompetent and immunocompromised animal models.Methods:Humoral immune stimulatory effect of the extract and its fractions at 200 mg·kg^(−1) and 400 mg·kg^(−1) against sheep red blood cells(SRBCs)antigen was determined in both immunocompetent and cyclophosphamide(80 mg·kg^(−1))induced immunosuppressed animals.The effect of the most active fraction on leucopoiesis was also determined following high dose cyclophosphamide(300 mg·kg^(−1))suppression of the immune system.Levamisole at 2.5 mg·kg^(−1) was used as the reference drug throughout the study.Results:The extract dose dependently stimulated the humoral immune response to SRBC antigen in immuno-competent animals;however,its stimulatory effect was not significant(P>0.05).In the immunosuppressed model,the extract at 400 mg·kg^(−1) evoked significant(P<0.05)increase in antibody titer value with a corre-sponding 67%immune-restorative effect.The ethyl acetate fraction(EAF)maintained the most active fraction with significant(P<0.05)antibody stimulatory effect in immunocompetent and immunosuppressed animals.Similarly,higher recovery rate was demonstrated by the EAF as shown by steep time recovery curve in high dose immunosuppressed animals.The EAF at 200 mg·kg^(−1) and 400 mg·kg^(−1) showed above 50%leucopoiesis just like the reference drug(2.5 mg·kg^(−1) levamisole),against 33.83%of leucopoiesis shown by the immune-suppressed control group.Conclusion:M.cecropioides boosted immune stimulation in immunocompetent animals and brought about fast rate of restoration of immune status in immunocompromised animals.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.81872823,81871477 and 82073782)the Double First-Class(CPU2018PZQ13,China)of the CPU+1 种基金the Shanghai Science and Technology Committee(19430741500,China)the Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine Preparation of Ministry of Education of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM-201905,China)。
文摘Co-delivery of chemotherapeutics and immunostimulant or chemoimmunotherapy is an emerging strategy in cancer therapy.The precise control of the targeting and release of agents is critical in this methodology.This article proposes the asynchronous release of the chemotherapeutic agents and immunostimulants to realize the synergistic effect between chemotherapy and immunotherapy.To obtain a proof-of-concept,a co-delivery system was prepared via a drug-delivering-drug(DDD)strategy for cytosolic co-delivery of Poly I:C,a synthetic ds RNA analog to activate RIG-I signaling,and PTX,a commonly used chemotherapeutics,in which pure PTX nanorods were sequentially coated with Poly I:C and mannuronic acid via stimulating the RIG-I signaling axis.The co-delivery system with a diameter of 200 nm enables profound immunogenicity of cancer cells,exhibiting increased secretion of cytokines and chemokines,pronounced immune response in vivo,and significant inhibition of tumor growth.Also,we found that intracellularly sustained release of cytotoxic agents could elicit the immunogenicity of cancer cells.Overall,the intracellular asynchronous release of chemotherapeutics and immunomodulators is a promising strategy to promote the immunogenicity of cancer cells and augment the antitumor immune response.
基金Supported by Iranian Fisheries Research Organization(IFRO),Tehran,Iran with Grant No.14-12-12-8913-89153.
文摘Objective:To evaluate the effects of Aloe vera extract on the immunity responses and haematological parameters in rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss)fry to develop alternative drug to chemotherapeutics in aquaculture.Methods:Six hundred rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss)fry were randomly allocated into two treatment groups including 1)placebo-treated group(control),2)Aloe vera extract-treated group,each of three replicates.The fishes were hand-fed once a day with diet medicated AE or placebo at the rate of 1%in feed in the first feeding for 10 weeks.At the end of the identical every two weeks 24 h after feeding,some of haematological and immunological parameters were analyzed.Results:The results showed that serum total protein,albumin and globulin,respiratory burst activity,phagocytic activity and serum lysozyme activity vary among the two treatment groups which were found to be higher in Aloe vera extract-treated group(P<0.05).However,there were no significant differences in none of haematological parameters between two groups(P>0.05).Conclusions:It was concluded that supplementation of AE at a rate of 1%in feed registered higher immunological responses in compared to placebo group.Therefore,supplementation of AE in fish diets enhances non-specific immune system in fish.It may use in fish diets particularly at time of outbreaks.
基金Supported by Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute with Grant No:BFRI/ARP/10/3161(4).
文摘Objective:To optimize the dose of 3 commonly used growth promoters,viz.,Nuricell-Aqua(composition:glucomannan complex and mannose polymer),Hepaprotect-Aqua(composition:β-glucan,mannose polymer and essential oil)and Rapid-Grow(composition:organic acid and their salt,β-glucan,mannose oligosaccharide and essential oil),using Thai pangas(Pangasiandon hypophthalmus)as cultured species.Methods:Thai pangas fingerlings with an average length and weight of 11 cm and 10 g were reared under laboratory condition and growth promoters were fed after incorporating them with a test diet at a ratio of 10%of their body weight for a period of 28 d.Estimation of data on growth such as weight gain(g),specific growth rate,survivability(%)test in each aquarium were conducted and data were analyzed using statistical software.Results:After 28 d of feeding with Nutricell-Aqua,10 mg/(20 g feed·day),which was the dose recommended by the manufacturer,was found better.When Hepaprotect-Aqua and Rapid-Grow were employed,performance was found to be better with the dose of 60 mg/(20 g feed·day)which was 1.5 times higher than the dose recommended by the corresponding manufacturer.Conclusions:These results suggest that chemicals and feed additives marketed in Bangladesh Fish Feed Market need further testing under Bangladesh climatic condition before being marketed.
基金Supported by Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research(ACIAR)under grant number ACI00031.
文摘Although long history application in infant formula,dietary nucleotide supplementation has been used only recently in the evaluation of growth performance,stress and pathogen resistance in aquaculture species.This paper addresses the present knowledge of the use of nucleotide supplemented in the diet for culture species.Research reveals that dietary nucleotide may have significant impact and is recommended to add to the feed of aquatic species to get better performance.However,more studies should also be conducted to have better understandings on dose requirement,duration of application,impact on different life stage and under different environmental stress and pathogens.Further study should also examine the effects of dietary nucleotide supplementation of intestinal microbiota and gut morphology,and immune response of aquaculture species.
基金Project (No.2006BAD06B08) supported by the National Key Technology R & D Program of China
文摘Ultrafiltration and a series of chromatographic steps were used to isolate and purify polysaccharides from Tremella aurantialba fruit bodies.Three crude fractions(TAP50w,TAP10-50w,and TAP1-10w),five semi-purified fractions(TAPA-TAPE),and one purified fraction(TAPA1) were obtained.A sulfated derivative of TAPA1(TAPA1-s) was prepared by chemical modification.The immunostimulating activity of the polysaccharide fractions in vitro was determined using the mouse spleen lymphocyte proliferation assay.Of the three crude fractions tested,cell prolifera-tion rates were increased most by TAP50w.Furthermore,TAPA1-s was markedly more stimulatory than TAPA1,indicating that sulfonation was an effective way to enhance the immunostimulating activity of polysaccharide.
