Background: Effective polymerization of the composite resin is essential to obtain long term clinical success and has a great importance obtaining improved mechanical properties. The purpose of this study was to measu...Background: Effective polymerization of the composite resin is essential to obtain long term clinical success and has a great importance obtaining improved mechanical properties. The purpose of this study was to measure the effect of the light intensity of LED and QTH curing devices in relation to the light distances, on the hardness (KHN) of two light cure nano-resin composite. Material and Methods: The top and bottom surfaces of the two nanofill composite specimens were evaluated. Two LED and two QTH light curing devices were used at nine different distances. Light intensity was measured with two radiometers placed at these same distances from the curing tip. 360 pvc dies were prepared with circular cavity 3 mm in diameter and 2 mm thick. The tested materials were placed in each cavity. The different light curing distances were standardized by adding pvc spacers dies at different height matching the different distances. Top and bottom surface microhardness were evaluated with a Micro Hardness Tester in knoop hardness numbers (Kg/mm2). Data were statistically analyzed using: Three-way ANOVA, Tukey and Pearsons test. Results: It was revealed that there was a statistically significant difference in microhardness between the composites (p < 0.001), between the nine distances (p < 0.001) and between the four light curing devices (p < 0.001). Increasing the distance of the light source from composite resin, the light intensity and the microhardness values at the top and bottom surface decrease. LED light curing devices produced a greater microhardness results at the bottom surface of the specimens. The Filtek Ultimate nanocomposite (3 m) showed highest microhardness values on the top and bottom surfaces, polymerized with all four curing devices and all nine distances compared to Empress Direct nano composite (Ivoclar vivadent). Clinical significant: Even with high power LED curing light, the distance between the tip of the light source and the restoration surface should be as close as possible. In this study, Filtek Ultimate showed better results (highest microhardness values) than Empress Direct.展开更多
Five organic esters with different curing speeds: propylene carbonate(i.e. high-speed ester A); 1, 4-butyrolactone; glycerol triacetate(i.e. medium-speed ester B); glycerol diacetate; dibasic ester(DBE)(i.e. lowspeed ...Five organic esters with different curing speeds: propylene carbonate(i.e. high-speed ester A); 1, 4-butyrolactone; glycerol triacetate(i.e. medium-speed ester B); glycerol diacetate; dibasic ester(DBE)(i.e. lowspeed ester C), were chosen to react with alkaline phenolic resin to analyze the application conditions of ester cured alkaline phenolic resin. The relationships between the curing performances of the resin(including pH value, gel pH value, gel time of resin solution, heat release rate of the curing reaction and tensile strength of the resin sand) and the amount of added organic ester and curing temperature were investigated. The results indicated the following:(1) The optimal added amount of organic ester should be 25 wt.%-30 wt.% of alkaline phenolic resin and it must be above 20 wt.%-50 wt.% of the organic ester hydrolysis amount.(2) High-speed ester A(propylene carbonate) has a higher curing speed than 1, 4-butyrolactone, and they were both used as high-speed esters. Glycerol diacetate is not a high-speed ester in alkaline phenolic resin although it was used as a high-speed ester in ester cured sodium silicate sand; glycerol diacetate and glycerol triacetate can be used as medium-speed esters in alkaline phenolic resin.(3) High-speed ester A, medium-speed ester B(glycerol triacetate) and low-speed ester C(dibasic ester, i.e., DBE) should be used below 15 °C, 35 °C and 50 °C, respectively. High-speed ester A or lowspeed ester C should not be used alone but mixed with medium-speed ester B to improve the strength of the resin sand.(4) There should be a suitable solid content(generally 45 wt.%-65 wt.% of resin), alkali content(generally 10 wt.%-15 wt.% of resin) and viscosity of alkaline phenolic resin(generally 50-300 mPa·s) in the preparation of alkaline phenolic resin. Finally, the technique conditions of alkaline phenolic resin preparation and the application principles of organic ester were discussed.展开更多
The miscibility of the blend,composed of a bisphenol A epoxy resins (Diglycidyl etherof bisphenol A) (DGEBA) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and crosslinked by phthalicanhydride (PA) was studied using dynamic mechanica...The miscibility of the blend,composed of a bisphenol A epoxy resins (Diglycidyl etherof bisphenol A) (DGEBA) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and crosslinked by phthalicanhydride (PA) was studied using dynamic mechanical method. Single glass transitiontemperatures intermediate between the two pure components were observed for all blendlevels. The secondary relaxation mechanism should relate to not only diester linkage, butalso hydroxyether structural unit in the system. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR) is applied to study the curing reaction and intermolecular specific interaction of thesystem. The results indicate the PEO participates the crosslinking reaction, accelerates thecuring reaction and make the reaction more perfect. The shifts of the hydroxyl band andcarbonyl band demonstrate the presence of the intermolecular interaction in the curedblend. Moreover, the molecular interaction between the side hydroxyl in the hydroxyetherunits and the ether bond in PEO macromolecules is stronger.展开更多
In order to improve the thermal stability of condensed polynuclear aromatic(COPNA) resin synthesized from vacuum residue, 1,4-benzenedimethanol was added to cure COPNA resin. The curing mechanism was investigated by p...In order to improve the thermal stability of condensed polynuclear aromatic(COPNA) resin synthesized from vacuum residue, 1,4-benzenedimethanol was added to cure COPNA resin. The curing mechanism was investigated by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, solid carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Microstructures of the uncured and the cured COPNA resins were studied by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffractometry. The thermal stability of COPNA resins before and after curing was tested by thermogravimetric analysis. The element composition of the cured COPNA resin heated at different temperatures was analyzed by an element analyzer. The results showed that the uncured COPNA resin reacted with the cross-linking agent during the curing process, and the curing mechanism was confirmed to be the electrophilic substitution reaction. Compared with the uncured COPNA resin, the cured COPNA resin had a smooth surface, well-ordered and streamlined sheet structure with more crystalline solids, better molecular arrangement and orientation. The weight loss process of the uncured and cured COPNA resins was divided into three stages. Carbon residue of the cured COPNA resin was 41.65% at 600 ℃, which was much higher than 25.02% of the uncured COPNA resin, which indicated that the cured COPNA resin had higher thermal stability.展开更多
A kind of aziridine crosslinkers was synthesized and used to crosslink acrylate copolymers. The crosslinking properties and curing kinetics of the resin were studied. It was found that with the increase of the content...A kind of aziridine crosslinkers was synthesized and used to crosslink acrylate copolymers. The crosslinking properties and curing kinetics of the resin were studied. It was found that with the increase of the content of crosslinker in the emulsion, the mechanical properties and solvent resistance of the resin will be apparently improved, but its glass transition temperature (Tg) is very low. The lowest amount of crosslinker used in the acrylic resin emulsion is 0.25%. Curing kinetics studied by DSC show that this curing reaction occurs readily because the apparent activation energy of the reaction is low(65.1 KJ/mol). These results demonstrate that the aziridine crosslinker is indeed a low temperature crosslinking agent and can be used at room temperature.展开更多
The successful manufacture of thick composites is challenging since the highly exothermic nature of thermoset resins and limited temperature control make avoiding the onset of detrimental thermal gradients within the ...The successful manufacture of thick composites is challenging since the highly exothermic nature of thermoset resins and limited temperature control make avoiding the onset of detrimental thermal gradients within the composite relatively difficult.This phenomenon is mainly caused by exothermic heat reactions.The so-called Michaud's model has been largely used in the literature to reduce the gap between experience and simulation with regard to the effective prediction of the temperature cycle in these processes.In this work,another solution is proposed to simulate the curing process for thick composites,namely preheating the resin to activate the curing reaction before resin injection into the mold.A good agreement between the experiment and the simulation is found.Moreover,in order to minimize the thermal gradient in the final composite,the thermophysical properties of the fiber and the torque(temperature,time)of the Plate have been varied leading to interesting results.展开更多
文摘Background: Effective polymerization of the composite resin is essential to obtain long term clinical success and has a great importance obtaining improved mechanical properties. The purpose of this study was to measure the effect of the light intensity of LED and QTH curing devices in relation to the light distances, on the hardness (KHN) of two light cure nano-resin composite. Material and Methods: The top and bottom surfaces of the two nanofill composite specimens were evaluated. Two LED and two QTH light curing devices were used at nine different distances. Light intensity was measured with two radiometers placed at these same distances from the curing tip. 360 pvc dies were prepared with circular cavity 3 mm in diameter and 2 mm thick. The tested materials were placed in each cavity. The different light curing distances were standardized by adding pvc spacers dies at different height matching the different distances. Top and bottom surface microhardness were evaluated with a Micro Hardness Tester in knoop hardness numbers (Kg/mm2). Data were statistically analyzed using: Three-way ANOVA, Tukey and Pearsons test. Results: It was revealed that there was a statistically significant difference in microhardness between the composites (p < 0.001), between the nine distances (p < 0.001) and between the four light curing devices (p < 0.001). Increasing the distance of the light source from composite resin, the light intensity and the microhardness values at the top and bottom surface decrease. LED light curing devices produced a greater microhardness results at the bottom surface of the specimens. The Filtek Ultimate nanocomposite (3 m) showed highest microhardness values on the top and bottom surfaces, polymerized with all four curing devices and all nine distances compared to Empress Direct nano composite (Ivoclar vivadent). Clinical significant: Even with high power LED curing light, the distance between the tip of the light source and the restoration surface should be as close as possible. In this study, Filtek Ultimate showed better results (highest microhardness values) than Empress Direct.
文摘Five organic esters with different curing speeds: propylene carbonate(i.e. high-speed ester A); 1, 4-butyrolactone; glycerol triacetate(i.e. medium-speed ester B); glycerol diacetate; dibasic ester(DBE)(i.e. lowspeed ester C), were chosen to react with alkaline phenolic resin to analyze the application conditions of ester cured alkaline phenolic resin. The relationships between the curing performances of the resin(including pH value, gel pH value, gel time of resin solution, heat release rate of the curing reaction and tensile strength of the resin sand) and the amount of added organic ester and curing temperature were investigated. The results indicated the following:(1) The optimal added amount of organic ester should be 25 wt.%-30 wt.% of alkaline phenolic resin and it must be above 20 wt.%-50 wt.% of the organic ester hydrolysis amount.(2) High-speed ester A(propylene carbonate) has a higher curing speed than 1, 4-butyrolactone, and they were both used as high-speed esters. Glycerol diacetate is not a high-speed ester in alkaline phenolic resin although it was used as a high-speed ester in ester cured sodium silicate sand; glycerol diacetate and glycerol triacetate can be used as medium-speed esters in alkaline phenolic resin.(3) High-speed ester A, medium-speed ester B(glycerol triacetate) and low-speed ester C(dibasic ester, i.e., DBE) should be used below 15 °C, 35 °C and 50 °C, respectively. High-speed ester A or lowspeed ester C should not be used alone but mixed with medium-speed ester B to improve the strength of the resin sand.(4) There should be a suitable solid content(generally 45 wt.%-65 wt.% of resin), alkali content(generally 10 wt.%-15 wt.% of resin) and viscosity of alkaline phenolic resin(generally 50-300 mPa·s) in the preparation of alkaline phenolic resin. Finally, the technique conditions of alkaline phenolic resin preparation and the application principles of organic ester were discussed.
基金This study is partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.
文摘The miscibility of the blend,composed of a bisphenol A epoxy resins (Diglycidyl etherof bisphenol A) (DGEBA) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and crosslinked by phthalicanhydride (PA) was studied using dynamic mechanical method. Single glass transitiontemperatures intermediate between the two pure components were observed for all blendlevels. The secondary relaxation mechanism should relate to not only diester linkage, butalso hydroxyether structural unit in the system. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR) is applied to study the curing reaction and intermolecular specific interaction of thesystem. The results indicate the PEO participates the crosslinking reaction, accelerates thecuring reaction and make the reaction more perfect. The shifts of the hydroxyl band andcarbonyl band demonstrate the presence of the intermolecular interaction in the curedblend. Moreover, the molecular interaction between the side hydroxyl in the hydroxyetherunits and the ether bond in PEO macromolecules is stronger.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51172285 and 51372277)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(14CX02060A,15CX02084A)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2011EL030)
文摘In order to improve the thermal stability of condensed polynuclear aromatic(COPNA) resin synthesized from vacuum residue, 1,4-benzenedimethanol was added to cure COPNA resin. The curing mechanism was investigated by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, solid carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Microstructures of the uncured and the cured COPNA resins were studied by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffractometry. The thermal stability of COPNA resins before and after curing was tested by thermogravimetric analysis. The element composition of the cured COPNA resin heated at different temperatures was analyzed by an element analyzer. The results showed that the uncured COPNA resin reacted with the cross-linking agent during the curing process, and the curing mechanism was confirmed to be the electrophilic substitution reaction. Compared with the uncured COPNA resin, the cured COPNA resin had a smooth surface, well-ordered and streamlined sheet structure with more crystalline solids, better molecular arrangement and orientation. The weight loss process of the uncured and cured COPNA resins was divided into three stages. Carbon residue of the cured COPNA resin was 41.65% at 600 ℃, which was much higher than 25.02% of the uncured COPNA resin, which indicated that the cured COPNA resin had higher thermal stability.
文摘A kind of aziridine crosslinkers was synthesized and used to crosslink acrylate copolymers. The crosslinking properties and curing kinetics of the resin were studied. It was found that with the increase of the content of crosslinker in the emulsion, the mechanical properties and solvent resistance of the resin will be apparently improved, but its glass transition temperature (Tg) is very low. The lowest amount of crosslinker used in the acrylic resin emulsion is 0.25%. Curing kinetics studied by DSC show that this curing reaction occurs readily because the apparent activation energy of the reaction is low(65.1 KJ/mol). These results demonstrate that the aziridine crosslinker is indeed a low temperature crosslinking agent and can be used at room temperature.
文摘The successful manufacture of thick composites is challenging since the highly exothermic nature of thermoset resins and limited temperature control make avoiding the onset of detrimental thermal gradients within the composite relatively difficult.This phenomenon is mainly caused by exothermic heat reactions.The so-called Michaud's model has been largely used in the literature to reduce the gap between experience and simulation with regard to the effective prediction of the temperature cycle in these processes.In this work,another solution is proposed to simulate the curing process for thick composites,namely preheating the resin to activate the curing reaction before resin injection into the mold.A good agreement between the experiment and the simulation is found.Moreover,in order to minimize the thermal gradient in the final composite,the thermophysical properties of the fiber and the torque(temperature,time)of the Plate have been varied leading to interesting results.
