The necessity of the agricultural policy-based finance in terms of supporting the new village construction is analyzed: in the first place, the theoretical roots of agricultural policy-based finance supporting new vil...The necessity of the agricultural policy-based finance in terms of supporting the new village construction is analyzed: in the first place, the theoretical roots of agricultural policy-based finance supporting new village construction are "market failure" and "government intervention"; in the second place, the continual decline of agriculture and the "rural financial market failure" in recent years have become the objective evidence and historical mission for agricultural policy-based finance to support new village construction; in the third place, the combination of agricultural policy-based finance and new village construction is conducive to solving the "three agriculture" problems and facilitating the reform of new village construction. The feasibility of the support is analyzed: firstly, agricultural policy-based finance boasts the status and position of the "primary drive" in new village construction; secondly, the nation continuously deepens the reform of rural financial system and policy-based banks and strengthens the functions of Agricultural Development Bank, which provides policies for agricultural policy-based finance to support new village construction; thirdly, the 14 years' reform and development of Agricultural Development Bank and the eleventh five year plan lay sound practical basis for the support of agricultural policy-based finance to new village construction. Based on the necessity and feasibility, the following six aspects are analyzed to fully display the function of the "first engine" of agricultural policy-related finance to new village construction. Firstly, strengthening the credit and loan aid to grain and cotton and some other agricultural products in the circulation domain; secondly, strengthening the credit and loan aid to agricultural industrialization in processing field; thirdly, intensifying the credit and loan aid to agricultural comprehensive development, rural infrastructure construction, application and promotion of agricultural technology, agricultural production means and agricultural ecological construction; fourthly, intensifying the credit and loan aid to rural special group and regional development; fifthly, intensifying the credit and loan aid to agriculture and rural emergency response system and social security system; sixthly, strengthening the credit and loan aid to agriculture and the intermediary construction of rural financial services.展开更多
Regulation of Internet market attracts more and more scholars and governments＇ attention as the Internet＇s commercial potential is displayed worldwide. Key characteristics of Internet market prove there are also mar...Regulation of Internet market attracts more and more scholars and governments＇ attention as the Internet＇s commercial potential is displayed worldwide. Key characteristics of Internet market prove there are also market failures in Internet market, so regulation is an avoidable issue for the Internet market. Policy approaches relating to competition, intellectual property, and information privacy are three key areas of regulation that the paper emphasizes. The paper also analyzes the current regulation practices carried by some developed countries and calls for countries to cooperate and coordinate thus build a legal and fair environment for the Internet market.展开更多
This research report makes an analysis of some problems that arise in the software and hardware environment of Shaanxi economic society. It also adopts some approaches of frontier economics and sociology to the study ...This research report makes an analysis of some problems that arise in the software and hardware environment of Shaanxi economic society. It also adopts some approaches of frontier economics and sociology to the study of some deep causes of poor social economics environment of Shaanxi and puts forward focal points of work and strategic options in creating a good social economic environmert of Shaanxi.展开更多
It is the responsibility of governments to supervise and regulateproduct quality to protect consumers and prevent failures in the product qualityguarantee system.Appropriate supervision will help safeguard the interes...It is the responsibility of governments to supervise and regulateproduct quality to protect consumers and prevent failures in the product qualityguarantee system.Appropriate supervision will help safeguard the interests ofconsumers,promote product quality,and resolve disputes.The extent of supervisionshould be guided by the principle of need for state intervention andneeds to be highly diversified.展开更多
The Nash equilibrium and competition equilibrium have been widely studied in the electric power market up to now.In this paper,it is explained that the Nash equilibrium can be achieved by using marginal cost pricing a...The Nash equilibrium and competition equilibrium have been widely studied in the electric power market up to now.In this paper,it is explained that the Nash equilibrium can be achieved by using marginal cost pricing and the com-petition equilibrium can be performed by using accounting cost pricing based on the model of the power market system.The comparison between the Nash equilibrium and competition equilibrium indicates that surplus and unfair allocation of market benefits may be obtained by the Nash equilibrium,and the competition equilibrium realizes the optimization in economics with maximum market efficiency and fairness for market benefit allocations while the optimization in mathematics is achieved by the Nash equilibrium.There is sameness between the Nash equilibrium and competition equilibrium at the point when the power network characteristics are disregarded.The case study is made on a IEEE 30-bus system,and the calculation results indicate that it is the key issue to perform the competition equilibrium by using accounting cost pricing.展开更多
Introduction:Effective provision of ecosystem services(ES)and improvements in well-being of residents can be realized through policy interventions of stakeholder behavior.Of the several policies,market-based instrumen...Introduction:Effective provision of ecosystem services(ES)and improvements in well-being of residents can be realized through policy interventions of stakeholder behavior.Of the several policies,market-based instruments(MBIs)have become the focus of global attention.Outcomes/others:To couple the theory with practice and solve the key problem of unclear definition of property rights,the framework of MBIs is designed.First,property rights of market creation must be clearly defined,verifiable,transferable,enforceable,and have policy continuity.Then,four key characteristics of MBIs need to be considered in the case design,namely those involving ES,stakeholders,trading mechanisms,and guarantee mechanisms.The Pledge Financing of the Right of the Ecological Public Welfare Forest(PFREPWF)in Lishui City is a typical case of China’s current marketization,which is a supplement and improvement to the ecological compensation policy.Based on clearly defined contract rights,Lishui City has realized the integration of ecological compensation and credit creation.Discussion:The case design still has the problems of lack of quantification and lack of correlations with ES.Conclusion:The theoretical and practical analysis around the market mechanism has reference value for solving market failures and providing environmental services.展开更多
文摘The necessity of the agricultural policy-based finance in terms of supporting the new village construction is analyzed: in the first place, the theoretical roots of agricultural policy-based finance supporting new village construction are "market failure" and "government intervention"; in the second place, the continual decline of agriculture and the "rural financial market failure" in recent years have become the objective evidence and historical mission for agricultural policy-based finance to support new village construction; in the third place, the combination of agricultural policy-based finance and new village construction is conducive to solving the "three agriculture" problems and facilitating the reform of new village construction. The feasibility of the support is analyzed: firstly, agricultural policy-based finance boasts the status and position of the "primary drive" in new village construction; secondly, the nation continuously deepens the reform of rural financial system and policy-based banks and strengthens the functions of Agricultural Development Bank, which provides policies for agricultural policy-based finance to support new village construction; thirdly, the 14 years' reform and development of Agricultural Development Bank and the eleventh five year plan lay sound practical basis for the support of agricultural policy-based finance to new village construction. Based on the necessity and feasibility, the following six aspects are analyzed to fully display the function of the "first engine" of agricultural policy-related finance to new village construction. Firstly, strengthening the credit and loan aid to grain and cotton and some other agricultural products in the circulation domain; secondly, strengthening the credit and loan aid to agricultural industrialization in processing field; thirdly, intensifying the credit and loan aid to agricultural comprehensive development, rural infrastructure construction, application and promotion of agricultural technology, agricultural production means and agricultural ecological construction; fourthly, intensifying the credit and loan aid to rural special group and regional development; fifthly, intensifying the credit and loan aid to agriculture and rural emergency response system and social security system; sixthly, strengthening the credit and loan aid to agriculture and the intermediary construction of rural financial services.
文摘Regulation of Internet market attracts more and more scholars and governments＇ attention as the Internet＇s commercial potential is displayed worldwide. Key characteristics of Internet market prove there are also market failures in Internet market, so regulation is an avoidable issue for the Internet market. Policy approaches relating to competition, intellectual property, and information privacy are three key areas of regulation that the paper emphasizes. The paper also analyzes the current regulation practices carried by some developed countries and calls for countries to cooperate and coordinate thus build a legal and fair environment for the Internet market.
文摘This research report makes an analysis of some problems that arise in the software and hardware environment of Shaanxi economic society. It also adopts some approaches of frontier economics and sociology to the study of some deep causes of poor social economics environment of Shaanxi and puts forward focal points of work and strategic options in creating a good social economic environmert of Shaanxi.
文摘It is the responsibility of governments to supervise and regulateproduct quality to protect consumers and prevent failures in the product qualityguarantee system.Appropriate supervision will help safeguard the interests ofconsumers,promote product quality,and resolve disputes.The extent of supervisionshould be guided by the principle of need for state intervention andneeds to be highly diversified.
基金This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.71403098)and the Humanities and Social Science Foundation of the Ministry of Education(No:14YJA790007).
文摘The Nash equilibrium and competition equilibrium have been widely studied in the electric power market up to now.In this paper,it is explained that the Nash equilibrium can be achieved by using marginal cost pricing and the com-petition equilibrium can be performed by using accounting cost pricing based on the model of the power market system.The comparison between the Nash equilibrium and competition equilibrium indicates that surplus and unfair allocation of market benefits may be obtained by the Nash equilibrium,and the competition equilibrium realizes the optimization in economics with maximum market efficiency and fairness for market benefit allocations while the optimization in mathematics is achieved by the Nash equilibrium.There is sameness between the Nash equilibrium and competition equilibrium at the point when the power network characteristics are disregarded.The case study is made on a IEEE 30-bus system,and the calculation results indicate that it is the key issue to perform the competition equilibrium by using accounting cost pricing.
基金This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,grant number 71533005.
文摘Introduction:Effective provision of ecosystem services(ES)and improvements in well-being of residents can be realized through policy interventions of stakeholder behavior.Of the several policies,market-based instruments(MBIs)have become the focus of global attention.Outcomes/others:To couple the theory with practice and solve the key problem of unclear definition of property rights,the framework of MBIs is designed.First,property rights of market creation must be clearly defined,verifiable,transferable,enforceable,and have policy continuity.Then,four key characteristics of MBIs need to be considered in the case design,namely those involving ES,stakeholders,trading mechanisms,and guarantee mechanisms.The Pledge Financing of the Right of the Ecological Public Welfare Forest(PFREPWF)in Lishui City is a typical case of China’s current marketization,which is a supplement and improvement to the ecological compensation policy.Based on clearly defined contract rights,Lishui City has realized the integration of ecological compensation and credit creation.Discussion:The case design still has the problems of lack of quantification and lack of correlations with ES.Conclusion:The theoretical and practical analysis around the market mechanism has reference value for solving market failures and providing environmental services.
