The TORE SUPRA Tokamak was built by EURATOM-CEA association. The NbTi conductor of superconducting coils is inserted in a tight enclosure filled with pressurized superfluid helium of 0.125 MPa at 1.8 K. The thick casi...The TORE SUPRA Tokamak was built by EURATOM-CEA association. The NbTi conductor of superconducting coils is inserted in a tight enclosure filled with pressurized superfluid helium of 0.125 MPa at 1.8 K. The thick casing is cooled to 4.5 K by 1.8 MPa in 4.5 K supercritical helium circulation. Around this thick casing, a 80 K thermal shield protects the parts at very low temperatures from the thermal radiation, which is cooled by pressurized helium at 80 K and 1.8 MPa. A new measurement method for helium mass flow rate of 80 K shield and 4.5 K casing is described in this paper. The commissioning was done on the two helium loops of the cryoplant: the supercritical 4.5 K thick casing and 80 K shields. The purpose is to improve control of the 4.5 K and 80 K refrigeration loops.展开更多
The fan-beam optical sensor is made up of many semiconductor lasers and detectors fixed around the wall alternately at a cross section of pneumatically conveying pipe. When the sensor works, a scanning light source em...The fan-beam optical sensor is made up of many semiconductor lasers and detectors fixed around the wall alternately at a cross section of pneumatically conveying pipe. When the sensor works, a scanning light source emits a 50° lamellar fan-beam through the gas-solid two phase flow, and the projection data resulting extinction effect of solid particles are detected at the same time. With the projection data, the flow rate mass can be calculated, and then the flow image can be reconstructed. In this paper, the design of the sensor including spatial arrangement of the structural parts, basic principle and measurement sensitivity distribution are introduced. The mathematical measurement model of solid mass flow rate is presented together with the testing results.展开更多
Aiming at solving the problem of strong coupling characteristic of the key parameters of high-speed pneumatic pulse width modulation( PWM) on / off valve, a general lumped parameter mathematical model based on the val...Aiming at solving the problem of strong coupling characteristic of the key parameters of high-speed pneumatic pulse width modulation( PWM) on / off valve, a general lumped parameter mathematical model based on the valves time periods was well developed. With this model,the mass flow rate and dynamic pressure characteristics of constant volumes controlled by high-speed pneumatic PWM on /off valves was well described. A variable flow rate coefficient model was proposed to substitute for the constant one used in most of the prior works to investigate PWM on /off valves' dynamical pressure response, and a formula for disclosing the inherent relationship among the PWM command signal,static mass flow rate,and sonic conductance of the valve was newly derived.Finally,an extensive set of analytical experimental comparisons were implemented to verify the validity of the proposed mathematica model. With the proposed model, PWM on /off valves' characteristics,such as mass flow rate,step pressure response of the valve control system,mean pressure and ripple amplitude,not only in the linear range,but also in the nonlinear range can be wel predicted; Good agreement between measured and calculated results was obtained,which proved that the model is helpful for designing a control strategy in a closed loop control system.展开更多
This paper presents the investigation of solar induced ventilation that utilizes roof solar collector and vertical stack. Three prototypes, namely A, B and C, were developed based on preliminary experimental work. The...This paper presents the investigation of solar induced ventilation that utilizes roof solar collector and vertical stack. Three prototypes, namely A, B and C, were developed based on preliminary experimental work. They were then used in simulation study with the objective of determining the prototype that was able to induce the highest mass flow rate. The validation of simulation modelling against experiment indicated a good agreement between these two results. The findings showed that prototype A induced the highest mass flow rate. However, prototype C, which had obstructions at the stack outlets, was more appropriate for application in Malaysia due to various prevailing wind directions. In addition, the findings also indicated that besides solar radiation, the mass flow rate induced by the prototypes was also influenced by the local wind direction, the inlet and outlet positions as well as the outlet design. In summary, the findings highlighted the potential application of the proposed solar induced ventilation in a hot and humid climate.展开更多
Geothermal energy has gained wide attention as a renewable alternative for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions.The advancements in enhanced geothermal system technology have enabled the exploitation of previously inac...Geothermal energy has gained wide attention as a renewable alternative for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions.The advancements in enhanced geothermal system technology have enabled the exploitation of previously inaccessible geothermal resources.However,the extraction of geothermal energy from deep reservoirs poses many challenges due to high‐temperature and high‐geostress conditions.These factors can significantly impact the surrounding rock and its fracture formation.A comprehensive understanding of the thermal–hydraulic–mechanical(THM)coupling effect is crucial to the safe and efficient exploitation of geothermal resources.This study presented a THM coupling numerical model for the geothermal reservoir of the Yangbajing geothermal system.This proposed model investigated the geothermal exploitation performance and the stress distribution within the reservoir under various combinations of geothermal wells and mass flow rates.The geothermal system performance was evaluated by the criteria of outlet temperature and geothermal productivity.The results indicate that the longer distance between wells can increase the outlet temperature of production wells and improve extraction efficiency in the short term.In contrast,the shorter distance between wells can reduce the heat exchange area and thus mitigate the impact on the reservoir stress.A larger mass flow rate is conducive to the production capacity enhancement of the geothermal system and,in turn causes a wider range of stress disturbance.These findings provide valuable insights into the optimization of geothermal energy extraction while considering reservoir safety and long‐term sustainability.This study deepens the understanding of the THM coupling effects in geothermal systems and provides an efficient and environmentally friendly strategy for a geothermal energy system.展开更多
The bleed hole diameter,depth,and boundary layer thickness are key design parameters of a supersonic bleed system.The evolution trend of single-hole bleed flow coefficient with the ratio of boundary layer thickness to...The bleed hole diameter,depth,and boundary layer thickness are key design parameters of a supersonic bleed system.The evolution trend of single-hole bleed flow coefficient with the ratio of boundary layer thickness to bleed hole diameter and the ratio of bleed hole depth to diameter is investigated by numerical simulations under choking and non-choking conditions.The results show that the subsonic leading edge of the circular hole and the subsonic part of the boundary layer are the main factors causing lateral flow of the bleed hole.The effect of diameter on bleed mass flow rate is due to the viscous effect which reduces the effective diameter.The larger the ratio of displacement thickness to bleed hole diameter,the more obvious the viscous effect is.The depth affects bleed flow rate by changing the opening and closing states of the separation zone.When a certain depth is reached,the development of the boundary layer reduces the effective captured stream tube and thus reduces the bleed mass flow rate.The main objective of the study is to obtain the physical mechanism of the bleed hole size parameters affecting the bleed mass flow rate,and to provide theoretical guidance for the selection of the size of bleed holes in the design of a porous arrays bleed system in hypersonic inlets.展开更多
For spacecraft working in vacuum environment, sublimator is an effective heat rejection approach to reject system's peak heat load, and supplement spacecraft radiation heat rejection. For a spacecraft active fluid...For spacecraft working in vacuum environment, sublimator is an effective heat rejection approach to reject system's peak heat load, and supplement spacecraft radiation heat rejection. For a spacecraft active fluid loop thermal control system combined with sublimator, waste heat generated from multi-point distributed heat sources could be collected by the fluid loop efficiently. However, the heat and mass transfer performances of the sublimator combined with fluid loop have not been adequately studied in previous research, especially for the influences of the heat load. Since work fluid mass flow rate is the main factor affecting heat load of the fluid loop, this context experimentally studied influences of the fluid loop mass flow rate on sublimator start-up transient characteristics, including heat transfer performances, response time, and work stability. Results indicated that the fluid loop mass flow rate affected the sublimator heat and mass transfer performances obviously, but the heat rejection ability is not always increase with the increasing of the fluid loop mass flow rate. In addition, we obtained the condition to judge whether there is a positive correlation between heat rejection ability and fluid loop mass flow rate.展开更多
The motion of micro-particles with different mass flow rate in the planer turbulent jet flow has been simulated, using LES method to obtain the flow vorticity evolution and Lagrangian method to track micro-particles. ...The motion of micro-particles with different mass flow rate in the planer turbulent jet flow has been simulated, using LES method to obtain the flow vorticity evolution and Lagrangian method to track micro-particles. The re- suits showed that when the flow rate is small, the particles more likely to present in the vortex periphery, the dis- tribution pattern is similar to the flow pattern. When the flow rate is high, some particles will escape from the mo- tion region to the original static region, so that in the jet region, particles are relatively evenly distributed. When the flow field is full developed, the particles average concentration in the y direction affected by the mass flow rate relative slightly, the normalized mean particles concentrations at different flow rate were similar to Gaussian shape.展开更多
The response of an adjustable critical-flow Venturi nozzle is investigated through a set indoor experiments aimed to determine the related critical flow rate,critical pressure ratio,and discharge coefficient.The effec...The response of an adjustable critical-flow Venturi nozzle is investigated through a set indoor experiments aimed to determine the related critical flow rate,critical pressure ratio,and discharge coefficient.The effect of a variation in the cone displacement and liquid content on the critical flow characteristics is examined in detail and it is shown that the former can be used to effectively adjust the critical flow rate.The critical pressure ratio of the considered nozzle is above 0.85,and the critical flow control deviation of the gas flow is within±3%.Liquid flow can reduce the gas critical mass flow rate accordingly,especially for the cases with larger liquid volume and lower inlet pressure.The set of results and conclusions provided are intended to support the optimization of steam injection techniques in the context of heavy oil recovery processes.展开更多
The lung is an important organ that takes part in the gas exchange process. In the study of gas transport and exchange in the human respiratory system, the complicated process of advection and diffusion (AD) in airway...The lung is an important organ that takes part in the gas exchange process. In the study of gas transport and exchange in the human respiratory system, the complicated process of advection and diffusion (AD) in airways of human lungs is considered. The basis of a lumped parameter model or a transport equation is modeled during the inspiration process, when oxygen enters into the human lung channel. The quantitative measurements of oxygen are detached and the model equation is solved numerically by explicit finite difference schemes. Numerical simulations were made for natural breathing conditions or normal breathing conditions. The respiratory flow results for the resting conditions are found strongly dependent on the AD effect with some contribution of the unsteadiness effect. The contour of the flow rate region is labeled and AD effects are compared with the variation of small intervals of time for a constant velocity when breathing is interrupted for a negligible moment.展开更多
The effect of disturbed flow on the mass trans- fer from arterial surface to flowing blood was studied nu- merically, and the results were compared with that of our previous work. The arterial wall was assumed to be v...The effect of disturbed flow on the mass trans- fer from arterial surface to flowing blood was studied nu- merically, and the results were compared with that of our previous work. The arterial wall was assumed to be vis- coelastic and the blood was assumed to be incompressible and non-Newtonian fluid, which is more close to human arte- rial system. Numerical results indicated that the mass trans- fer from the arterial surface to flowing blood in regions of disturbed flow is positively related with the wall shear rates and it is significantly enhanced in regions of disturbed flow with a local minimum around the reattachment point which is higher than the average value of the downstream. There- fore, it may be implied that the accumulation of cholesterol or lipids within atheromatous plaques is not caused by the reduced efflux of cholesterol or lipids, but by the infiltration of the LDL （low-density lipoprotein） from the flowing blood to the arterial wall.展开更多
文摘The TORE SUPRA Tokamak was built by EURATOM-CEA association. The NbTi conductor of superconducting coils is inserted in a tight enclosure filled with pressurized superfluid helium of 0.125 MPa at 1.8 K. The thick casing is cooled to 4.5 K by 1.8 MPa in 4.5 K supercritical helium circulation. Around this thick casing, a 80 K thermal shield protects the parts at very low temperatures from the thermal radiation, which is cooled by pressurized helium at 80 K and 1.8 MPa. A new measurement method for helium mass flow rate of 80 K shield and 4.5 K casing is described in this paper. The commissioning was done on the two helium loops of the cryoplant: the supercritical 4.5 K thick casing and 80 K shields. The purpose is to improve control of the 4.5 K and 80 K refrigeration loops.
基金Project (No. 04009469) supported by the Natural Science Foundationof Guangdong, China
文摘The fan-beam optical sensor is made up of many semiconductor lasers and detectors fixed around the wall alternately at a cross section of pneumatically conveying pipe. When the sensor works, a scanning light source emits a 50° lamellar fan-beam through the gas-solid two phase flow, and the projection data resulting extinction effect of solid particles are detected at the same time. With the projection data, the flow rate mass can be calculated, and then the flow image can be reconstructed. In this paper, the design of the sensor including spatial arrangement of the structural parts, basic principle and measurement sensitivity distribution are introduced. The mathematical measurement model of solid mass flow rate is presented together with the testing results.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51205362)Zhejiang Provincial National Science Foundation of China(No.LQ12E05017)
文摘Aiming at solving the problem of strong coupling characteristic of the key parameters of high-speed pneumatic pulse width modulation( PWM) on / off valve, a general lumped parameter mathematical model based on the valves time periods was well developed. With this model,the mass flow rate and dynamic pressure characteristics of constant volumes controlled by high-speed pneumatic PWM on /off valves was well described. A variable flow rate coefficient model was proposed to substitute for the constant one used in most of the prior works to investigate PWM on /off valves' dynamical pressure response, and a formula for disclosing the inherent relationship among the PWM command signal,static mass flow rate,and sonic conductance of the valve was newly derived.Finally,an extensive set of analytical experimental comparisons were implemented to verify the validity of the proposed mathematica model. With the proposed model, PWM on /off valves' characteristics,such as mass flow rate,step pressure response of the valve control system,mean pressure and ripple amplitude,not only in the linear range,but also in the nonlinear range can be wel predicted; Good agreement between measured and calculated results was obtained,which proved that the model is helpful for designing a control strategy in a closed loop control system.
文摘This paper presents the investigation of solar induced ventilation that utilizes roof solar collector and vertical stack. Three prototypes, namely A, B and C, were developed based on preliminary experimental work. They were then used in simulation study with the objective of determining the prototype that was able to induce the highest mass flow rate. The validation of simulation modelling against experiment indicated a good agreement between these two results. The findings showed that prototype A induced the highest mass flow rate. However, prototype C, which had obstructions at the stack outlets, was more appropriate for application in Malaysia due to various prevailing wind directions. In addition, the findings also indicated that besides solar radiation, the mass flow rate induced by the prototypes was also influenced by the local wind direction, the inlet and outlet positions as well as the outlet design. In summary, the findings highlighted the potential application of the proposed solar induced ventilation in a hot and humid climate.
基金supported by the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52204084)Project funded by the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2021M700388).
文摘Geothermal energy has gained wide attention as a renewable alternative for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions.The advancements in enhanced geothermal system technology have enabled the exploitation of previously inaccessible geothermal resources.However,the extraction of geothermal energy from deep reservoirs poses many challenges due to high‐temperature and high‐geostress conditions.These factors can significantly impact the surrounding rock and its fracture formation.A comprehensive understanding of the thermal–hydraulic–mechanical(THM)coupling effect is crucial to the safe and efficient exploitation of geothermal resources.This study presented a THM coupling numerical model for the geothermal reservoir of the Yangbajing geothermal system.This proposed model investigated the geothermal exploitation performance and the stress distribution within the reservoir under various combinations of geothermal wells and mass flow rates.The geothermal system performance was evaluated by the criteria of outlet temperature and geothermal productivity.The results indicate that the longer distance between wells can increase the outlet temperature of production wells and improve extraction efficiency in the short term.In contrast,the shorter distance between wells can reduce the heat exchange area and thus mitigate the impact on the reservoir stress.A larger mass flow rate is conducive to the production capacity enhancement of the geothermal system and,in turn causes a wider range of stress disturbance.These findings provide valuable insights into the optimization of geothermal energy extraction while considering reservoir safety and long‐term sustainability.This study deepens the understanding of the THM coupling effects in geothermal systems and provides an efficient and environmentally friendly strategy for a geothermal energy system.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.11472304)the Graduate Innovation Grant of Hunan Province(No.CX2017B006),China。
文摘The bleed hole diameter,depth,and boundary layer thickness are key design parameters of a supersonic bleed system.The evolution trend of single-hole bleed flow coefficient with the ratio of boundary layer thickness to bleed hole diameter and the ratio of bleed hole depth to diameter is investigated by numerical simulations under choking and non-choking conditions.The results show that the subsonic leading edge of the circular hole and the subsonic part of the boundary layer are the main factors causing lateral flow of the bleed hole.The effect of diameter on bleed mass flow rate is due to the viscous effect which reduces the effective diameter.The larger the ratio of displacement thickness to bleed hole diameter,the more obvious the viscous effect is.The depth affects bleed flow rate by changing the opening and closing states of the separation zone.When a certain depth is reached,the development of the boundary layer reduces the effective captured stream tube and thus reduces the bleed mass flow rate.The main objective of the study is to obtain the physical mechanism of the bleed hole size parameters affecting the bleed mass flow rate,and to provide theoretical guidance for the selection of the size of bleed holes in the design of a porous arrays bleed system in hypersonic inlets.
基金supports of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.11472040)the National Science Technology Major Project of China
文摘For spacecraft working in vacuum environment, sublimator is an effective heat rejection approach to reject system's peak heat load, and supplement spacecraft radiation heat rejection. For a spacecraft active fluid loop thermal control system combined with sublimator, waste heat generated from multi-point distributed heat sources could be collected by the fluid loop efficiently. However, the heat and mass transfer performances of the sublimator combined with fluid loop have not been adequately studied in previous research, especially for the influences of the heat load. Since work fluid mass flow rate is the main factor affecting heat load of the fluid loop, this context experimentally studied influences of the fluid loop mass flow rate on sublimator start-up transient characteristics, including heat transfer performances, response time, and work stability. Results indicated that the fluid loop mass flow rate affected the sublimator heat and mass transfer performances obviously, but the heat rejection ability is not always increase with the increasing of the fluid loop mass flow rate. In addition, we obtained the condition to judge whether there is a positive correlation between heat rejection ability and fluid loop mass flow rate.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 50976107 and 51206149)National Key Technology R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2009BAF39B01)Zhejiang Science Technology Project (Grant No. 2011C11073)
文摘The motion of micro-particles with different mass flow rate in the planer turbulent jet flow has been simulated, using LES method to obtain the flow vorticity evolution and Lagrangian method to track micro-particles. The re- suits showed that when the flow rate is small, the particles more likely to present in the vortex periphery, the dis- tribution pattern is similar to the flow pattern. When the flow rate is high, some particles will escape from the mo- tion region to the original static region, so that in the jet region, particles are relatively evenly distributed. When the flow field is full developed, the particles average concentration in the y direction affected by the mass flow rate relative slightly, the normalized mean particles concentrations at different flow rate were similar to Gaussian shape.
基金The authors would like to acknowledge the support provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.62173049)the open fund of the Key Laboratory of Exploration Technologies for Oil and Gas Resources(Yangtze University),Ministry of Education(Grant K2021-17).
文摘The response of an adjustable critical-flow Venturi nozzle is investigated through a set indoor experiments aimed to determine the related critical flow rate,critical pressure ratio,and discharge coefficient.The effect of a variation in the cone displacement and liquid content on the critical flow characteristics is examined in detail and it is shown that the former can be used to effectively adjust the critical flow rate.The critical pressure ratio of the considered nozzle is above 0.85,and the critical flow control deviation of the gas flow is within±3%.Liquid flow can reduce the gas critical mass flow rate accordingly,especially for the cases with larger liquid volume and lower inlet pressure.The set of results and conclusions provided are intended to support the optimization of steam injection techniques in the context of heavy oil recovery processes.
文摘The lung is an important organ that takes part in the gas exchange process. In the study of gas transport and exchange in the human respiratory system, the complicated process of advection and diffusion (AD) in airways of human lungs is considered. The basis of a lumped parameter model or a transport equation is modeled during the inspiration process, when oxygen enters into the human lung channel. The quantitative measurements of oxygen are detached and the model equation is solved numerically by explicit finite difference schemes. Numerical simulations were made for natural breathing conditions or normal breathing conditions. The respiratory flow results for the resting conditions are found strongly dependent on the AD effect with some contribution of the unsteadiness effect. The contour of the flow rate region is labeled and AD effects are compared with the variation of small intervals of time for a constant velocity when breathing is interrupted for a negligible moment.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (10672090,11002034,11072055 and 11032008)the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (2006AA02Z4E8)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation
文摘The effect of disturbed flow on the mass trans- fer from arterial surface to flowing blood was studied nu- merically, and the results were compared with that of our previous work. The arterial wall was assumed to be vis- coelastic and the blood was assumed to be incompressible and non-Newtonian fluid, which is more close to human arte- rial system. Numerical results indicated that the mass trans- fer from the arterial surface to flowing blood in regions of disturbed flow is positively related with the wall shear rates and it is significantly enhanced in regions of disturbed flow with a local minimum around the reattachment point which is higher than the average value of the downstream. There- fore, it may be implied that the accumulation of cholesterol or lipids within atheromatous plaques is not caused by the reduced efflux of cholesterol or lipids, but by the infiltration of the LDL （low-density lipoprotein） from the flowing blood to the arterial wall.
