The rates at which birds use energy may have profound effects on fitness, thereby influencing physiology, behavior, ecology and evolution. Comparisons of standardized metabolic rates （e.g., lower and upper limits of ...The rates at which birds use energy may have profound effects on fitness, thereby influencing physiology, behavior, ecology and evolution. Comparisons of standardized metabolic rates （e.g., lower and upper limits of metabolic power output） present a method for elucidating the effects of ecological and evolutionary factors on the interface between physiology and life history in birds. In this paper we review variation in avian metabolic rates [basal metabolic rate （BMR; minimum normothermic metabolic rate）, summit metabolic rate （Msum; maximal thermoregulatory metabolic rate）, and maximal metabolic rate （MMR; maximal exercise metabolic rate）], the factors associated with this variation, the evidence for functional links between these metabolic traits, and the ecological and evolutionary significance of avian metabolic diversity. Both lower and upper limits to metabolic power production are phenotypically flexible traits, and vary in association with numerous ecological and evolutionary factors. For both inter- and intraspecific comparisons, lower and upper limits to metabolic power production are generally upregulated in response to energetically demanding conditions and downregulated when energetic demands are relaxed, or under conditions of energetic scarcity. Positive correlations have been documented between BMR, Msum and MMR in some, but not all studies on birds, providing partial support for the idea of a functional link between lower and upper limits to metabolic power production, but more intraspecific studies are needed to determine the robustness of this conclusion. Correlations between BMR and field metabolic rate （or daily energy expenditure） in birds are variable, suggesting that the linkage between these traits is subject to behavioral adjustment, and studies of the relationship between field and maximal metabolic rates are lacking. Our understanding of avian metabolic diversity would benefit from future studies of： （1） the functional and mechanistic links between lower and upper limits of metabolic power output; （2） the environmental and ecological cues driving phenotypically flexible metabolic responses, and how responses to such cues might impact population responses to climate change; （3） the shapes of metabolic reaction norms and their association with environmental variability; and （4） the relationship of metabolic variation to fitness, including studies of repeatability and heritability of minimum and maximum metabolic power output [Current Zoology 56 （6）： 741-758, 2010].展开更多
YTB block in Sichuan basin is a favorable area to exploit oil and gas in shallow tight rock. 3D seismic project of this zone has two characteristics. Firstly, it has high requirements for the tolerance rate of the con...YTB block in Sichuan basin is a favorable area to exploit oil and gas in shallow tight rock. 3D seismic project of this zone has two characteristics. Firstly, it has high requirements for the tolerance rate of the construction process and the acquisition of high signal-to-noise ratio seismic data;Second, there are widely obstacles and noises that lead to difficult acquisition construction organization. In acquisition practice, high signal-to-noise ratio seismic data was obtained by reasonable design of construction scheme, optimization of excitation parameters, improvement of receiving conditions and optimization of obstacle crossing observation system. .展开更多
The theoretical lower bounds on mean squared channel estimation errors for typical fading channels are presented by the infinite-length and non-causal Wiener filter and the exact closed-form expressions of the lower b...The theoretical lower bounds on mean squared channel estimation errors for typical fading channels are presented by the infinite-length and non-causal Wiener filter and the exact closed-form expressions of the lower bounds for different channel Doppler spectra are derived. Based on the obtained lower bounds on mean squared channel estimation errors, the limits on bit error rate （BER） for maximal ratio combining （MRC） with Gaussian distributed weighting errors on independent and identically distributed （i. i. d） fading channels are presented. Numerical results show that the BER performances of ideal MRC are the lower bounds on the BER performances of non-ideal MRC and deteriorate as the maximum Doppler frequency increases or the SNR of channel estimate decreases.展开更多
在基于非正交多址接入技术的多用户下行室内可见光通信(Visible light communication system based on non⁃orthogonal multiple access technology,VLC⁃NOMA)系统中,针对和速率与用户公平性冲突的问题,提出一种基于加权和速率最大化的...在基于非正交多址接入技术的多用户下行室内可见光通信(Visible light communication system based on non⁃orthogonal multiple access technology,VLC⁃NOMA)系统中,针对和速率与用户公平性冲突的问题,提出一种基于加权和速率最大化的迭代功率分配方案。该方案以最大化加权和速率为目标,可通过改变权重因子来调节用户公平性。由于目标问题属于非凸优化问题,通过辅助变量法和凸优化理论将该非凸问题转化为凹问题,再通过拉格朗日对偶法进行求解,并根据问题的解设计了一种迭代功率分配算法。对所提算法的收敛性、系统和速率以及用户公平性进行了仿真。结果表明,所提迭代功率分配算法具有良好的收敛性,相较于VLC⁃OMA系统,VLC⁃NOMA系统能够获得更好的和速率性能。通过调整权重因子,在牺牲较小系统和速率的情况下能够获得比现有功率分配方案更好的系统和速率与用户公平性。展开更多
For rate control (RC) of hierarchical structure coding, an independent rate-quantization (R-Q) model was proposed based on mean absolute differences (MADs) in different temporal levels (TLs). In the proposed R-Q model...For rate control (RC) of hierarchical structure coding, an independent rate-quantization (R-Q) model was proposed based on mean absolute differences (MADs) in different temporal levels (TLs). In the proposed R-Q model, a novel MAD model was developed according to the hierarchical structure. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm provides better performance, in terms of average peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and quality smoothness, than the H.264 reference model, JM14.2, under various sequences.展开更多
The purpose of this paper is to improve allocation of the number of bits without skipping the frame by accurately estimating the target bits in H.264/AVC rate control.In our scheme,we propose an enhancement method of ...The purpose of this paper is to improve allocation of the number of bits without skipping the frame by accurately estimating the target bits in H.264/AVC rate control.In our scheme,we propose an enhancement method of the target frame rate based H.264/AVC bit allocation.The enhancement uses a frame complexity estimation to improve the existing mean absolute difference(MAD)complexity measurement Bit allocation to each frame is not just computed by target frame rate but also adjusted by a combined frame complexity measure.Using the statistical characteristic,we obtain change of occurrence bit about QP to apply the bit amount by QP from the video characteristic and applied in the estimated bit amount of the current frame. Simulation results show that the proposed rate control scheme could not only achieves time saving of more than 99%over existing rate control algorithm,but also increase the average PSNR of reconstructed video for around 0.02～0.78 dB in all the sequences.展开更多
The slope of indifference curve is known as a marginal rate of substitution （MRS）. MRS defining ratio always describes slope of indifferent curve, i.e. MRS matches the module of indifferent curves slope. Utility fun...The slope of indifference curve is known as a marginal rate of substitution （MRS）. MRS defining ratio always describes slope of indifferent curve, i.e. MRS matches the module of indifferent curves slope. Utility function U（Xl,X2） is used to calculate marginal rate of substitution （MRS）, because MRS gives the slope of appropriate indifference curve, it can be interpreted as a norm, in which costumer is ready to substitute good 1 by small amount of good 2. The word ＂marginal＂ in economic means ＂differential＂. Here we have partial differentiation, because in time of calculation of good l＇s marginal utility the amount of good 2 remains the same. We can calculate MRS in two ways using differential and function. In the first case consider change （akl,ak2） during which utility is unchanged. For the second method let the curve of indifference present by x2 （X1） function. The function shows how many of x2 is needed for each unit of xl to stay on this concrete curve of indifference. We obtain two equations for the term of MRS and budget constraint and two xl and x2 variables. To define the optimal choice of x1 and x2 as a function of the price and income, we need to solve those two equations. The problem of maximization can be solved by using differential.展开更多
Visible light communication(VLC),which is a prominent emerging solution that complements the radio frequency(RF)technology,exhibits the potential to meet the demands of fifth-generation(5G)and beyond technologies.The ...Visible light communication(VLC),which is a prominent emerging solution that complements the radio frequency(RF)technology,exhibits the potential to meet the demands of fifth-generation(5G)and beyond technologies.The random movement of mobile terminals in the indoor environment is a challenge in the VLC system.The model of optical attocells has a critical role in the uniform distribution and the quality of communication links in terms of received power and signal-to-noise ratio(SNR).As such,the optical attocells positions were optimized in this study with a developed try and error(TE)algorithm.The optimized optical attocells were examined and compared with previous models.This novel approach had successfully increased minimum received power from−1.29 to−0.225 dBm,along with enhanced SNR performance by 2.06 dB.The bit error rate(BER)was reduced to 4.42×10−8 and 6.63×10−14 by utilizing OOK-NRZ and BPSK modulation techniques,respectively.The optimized attocells positions displayed better uniform distribution,as both received power and SNR performances improved by 0.45 and 0.026,respectively.As the results of the proposed model are optimal,it is suitable for standard office and room model applications.展开更多
文摘The rates at which birds use energy may have profound effects on fitness, thereby influencing physiology, behavior, ecology and evolution. Comparisons of standardized metabolic rates （e.g., lower and upper limits of metabolic power output） present a method for elucidating the effects of ecological and evolutionary factors on the interface between physiology and life history in birds. In this paper we review variation in avian metabolic rates [basal metabolic rate （BMR; minimum normothermic metabolic rate）, summit metabolic rate （Msum; maximal thermoregulatory metabolic rate）, and maximal metabolic rate （MMR; maximal exercise metabolic rate）], the factors associated with this variation, the evidence for functional links between these metabolic traits, and the ecological and evolutionary significance of avian metabolic diversity. Both lower and upper limits to metabolic power production are phenotypically flexible traits, and vary in association with numerous ecological and evolutionary factors. For both inter- and intraspecific comparisons, lower and upper limits to metabolic power production are generally upregulated in response to energetically demanding conditions and downregulated when energetic demands are relaxed, or under conditions of energetic scarcity. Positive correlations have been documented between BMR, Msum and MMR in some, but not all studies on birds, providing partial support for the idea of a functional link between lower and upper limits to metabolic power production, but more intraspecific studies are needed to determine the robustness of this conclusion. Correlations between BMR and field metabolic rate （or daily energy expenditure） in birds are variable, suggesting that the linkage between these traits is subject to behavioral adjustment, and studies of the relationship between field and maximal metabolic rates are lacking. Our understanding of avian metabolic diversity would benefit from future studies of： （1） the functional and mechanistic links between lower and upper limits of metabolic power output; （2） the environmental and ecological cues driving phenotypically flexible metabolic responses, and how responses to such cues might impact population responses to climate change; （3） the shapes of metabolic reaction norms and their association with environmental variability; and （4） the relationship of metabolic variation to fitness, including studies of repeatability and heritability of minimum and maximum metabolic power output [Current Zoology 56 （6）： 741-758, 2010].
文摘YTB block in Sichuan basin is a favorable area to exploit oil and gas in shallow tight rock. 3D seismic project of this zone has two characteristics. Firstly, it has high requirements for the tolerance rate of the construction process and the acquisition of high signal-to-noise ratio seismic data;Second, there are widely obstacles and noises that lead to difficult acquisition construction organization. In acquisition practice, high signal-to-noise ratio seismic data was obtained by reasonable design of construction scheme, optimization of excitation parameters, improvement of receiving conditions and optimization of obstacle crossing observation system. .
文摘The theoretical lower bounds on mean squared channel estimation errors for typical fading channels are presented by the infinite-length and non-causal Wiener filter and the exact closed-form expressions of the lower bounds for different channel Doppler spectra are derived. Based on the obtained lower bounds on mean squared channel estimation errors, the limits on bit error rate （BER） for maximal ratio combining （MRC） with Gaussian distributed weighting errors on independent and identically distributed （i. i. d） fading channels are presented. Numerical results show that the BER performances of ideal MRC are the lower bounds on the BER performances of non-ideal MRC and deteriorate as the maximum Doppler frequency increases or the SNR of channel estimate decreases.
文摘在基于非正交多址接入技术的多用户下行室内可见光通信(Visible light communication system based on non⁃orthogonal multiple access technology,VLC⁃NOMA)系统中,针对和速率与用户公平性冲突的问题,提出一种基于加权和速率最大化的迭代功率分配方案。该方案以最大化加权和速率为目标,可通过改变权重因子来调节用户公平性。由于目标问题属于非凸优化问题,通过辅助变量法和凸优化理论将该非凸问题转化为凹问题,再通过拉格朗日对偶法进行求解,并根据问题的解设计了一种迭代功率分配算法。对所提算法的收敛性、系统和速率以及用户公平性进行了仿真。结果表明,所提迭代功率分配算法具有良好的收敛性,相较于VLC⁃OMA系统,VLC⁃NOMA系统能够获得更好的和速率性能。通过调整权重因子,在牺牲较小系统和速率的情况下能够获得比现有功率分配方案更好的系统和速率与用户公平性。
基金National Natural Science Foundations of China (No. 60972035,No. 61074009)Natural Science Foundation Program of Shanghai,China ( No. 10ZR1432800)
文摘For rate control (RC) of hierarchical structure coding, an independent rate-quantization (R-Q) model was proposed based on mean absolute differences (MADs) in different temporal levels (TLs). In the proposed R-Q model, a novel MAD model was developed according to the hierarchical structure. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm provides better performance, in terms of average peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and quality smoothness, than the H.264 reference model, JM14.2, under various sequences.
基金supported by Seoul R&BD Program(10544)supported by the MKE(The Ministry of Knowledge Economy),Korea,under the ITRC(Information Technology Research Center)support program supervised by the NIPA(National IT Industry Promotion Agency)"(NIPA-2010-(C1090-1011-0003))
文摘The purpose of this paper is to improve allocation of the number of bits without skipping the frame by accurately estimating the target bits in H.264/AVC rate control.In our scheme,we propose an enhancement method of the target frame rate based H.264/AVC bit allocation.The enhancement uses a frame complexity estimation to improve the existing mean absolute difference(MAD)complexity measurement Bit allocation to each frame is not just computed by target frame rate but also adjusted by a combined frame complexity measure.Using the statistical characteristic,we obtain change of occurrence bit about QP to apply the bit amount by QP from the video characteristic and applied in the estimated bit amount of the current frame. Simulation results show that the proposed rate control scheme could not only achieves time saving of more than 99%over existing rate control algorithm,but also increase the average PSNR of reconstructed video for around 0.02～0.78 dB in all the sequences.
文摘The slope of indifference curve is known as a marginal rate of substitution （MRS）. MRS defining ratio always describes slope of indifferent curve, i.e. MRS matches the module of indifferent curves slope. Utility function U（Xl,X2） is used to calculate marginal rate of substitution （MRS）, because MRS gives the slope of appropriate indifference curve, it can be interpreted as a norm, in which costumer is ready to substitute good 1 by small amount of good 2. The word ＂marginal＂ in economic means ＂differential＂. Here we have partial differentiation, because in time of calculation of good l＇s marginal utility the amount of good 2 remains the same. We can calculate MRS in two ways using differential and function. In the first case consider change （akl,ak2） during which utility is unchanged. For the second method let the curve of indifference present by x2 （X1） function. The function shows how many of x2 is needed for each unit of xl to stay on this concrete curve of indifference. We obtain two equations for the term of MRS and budget constraint and two xl and x2 variables. To define the optimal choice of x1 and x2 as a function of the price and income, we need to solve those two equations. The problem of maximization can be solved by using differential.
基金the grant names“ProfessionalDevelopment Research University Grant”(“UTM Vot No.05E69”and“TDR grant Vot No.05G27”).
文摘Visible light communication(VLC),which is a prominent emerging solution that complements the radio frequency(RF)technology,exhibits the potential to meet the demands of fifth-generation(5G)and beyond technologies.The random movement of mobile terminals in the indoor environment is a challenge in the VLC system.The model of optical attocells has a critical role in the uniform distribution and the quality of communication links in terms of received power and signal-to-noise ratio(SNR).As such,the optical attocells positions were optimized in this study with a developed try and error(TE)algorithm.The optimized optical attocells were examined and compared with previous models.This novel approach had successfully increased minimum received power from−1.29 to−0.225 dBm,along with enhanced SNR performance by 2.06 dB.The bit error rate(BER)was reduced to 4.42×10−8 and 6.63×10−14 by utilizing OOK-NRZ and BPSK modulation techniques,respectively.The optimized attocells positions displayed better uniform distribution,as both received power and SNR performances improved by 0.45 and 0.026,respectively.As the results of the proposed model are optimal,it is suitable for standard office and room model applications.
