Crude oil pollution in the Niger Delta, perpetrated by both local communities and industrial actors, has brought about soil pollution with its consequent ecological, human health and food challenges. The purpose of th...Crude oil pollution in the Niger Delta, perpetrated by both local communities and industrial actors, has brought about soil pollution with its consequent ecological, human health and food challenges. The purpose of this research was to examine the concentration and distribution of heavy metals in soil from communities contaminated by crude oil in Niger Delta, and to evaluate the potential health risks to residents from exposure to these contaminants. To achieve this, soil samples were collected from the Ihwrekreka community and analyzed for heavy metal content using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The analytical results in mg/kg revealed a significant metals pollution level derived from the oil spill in the soil ranging from 4.85 - 17,078 (Cu), 1.01 - 16.1 (Cd), 0.22 - 36.8 (Cr), 8.28 - 40.9 (Ni), 7.51 - 6474 (Pb), and 8.84 - 12,851 (Zn) respectively. Most of the metals were above the permissible limits of World Health Organization, with Cu, Zn, and Pb as the most contaminating metals. Lead was found to be the main contributor to the hazard index (HI) values for both children and adults in the study area, with its concentration exceeding the permitted limits set by the WHO and the EC. The hazard index (HI) values of Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd, Ni, and Cr were significantly higher than 1. These findings suggest that the release of heavy metals from an oil-contaminated site may pose a risk to human health and the environment.展开更多
A systematic survey of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn concentrations in vegetables from 416 samples （involving 100 varieties） in Beijing was carried out for assessing the potential health risk to local inhabitants. T...A systematic survey of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn concentrations in vegetables from 416 samples （involving 100 varieties） in Beijing was carried out for assessing the potential health risk to local inhabitants. The results indicated that the metal concentrations in vegetables ranged from 〈 0.001 to 0.479 μg/g fresh weight （fw） （As）, 〈 0.001 to 0.101 μg/g fw （Cd）, 〈 0.001 to 1.04 μg/g fw （Cr）, 0.024 to 8.25μg/g fw （Cu）, 0.001 to 1.689 μg/g fw （Ni）, 〈 0.001 to 0.655 μg/g fw （Pb） and 0.01 to 25.6 μg/g fw （Zn）, with average concentrations of 0.013, 0.010, 0.023, 0.51, 0.053, 0.046 and 2.55 μg/g fw, respectively. The results showed that the concentrations of As, Cr, Cu, Cd, Pb and Ni in vegetables from open-fields were all significantly higher than those grown in greenhouses. In addition, in local-produced vegetables, all HMs except Zn were significantly higher than those in provincial vegetables. The estimated daily intake （EDI） of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn from vegetables was 0.080, 0.062, 0.142, 3.14, 0.327, 0.283 and 15.7 μg/（kg body weight （bw）.d） for adults, respectively. Arsenic was the major risk contributor for inhabitants since the target hazard quotient based on the weighted average concentration （THQw） of arsenic amounted to 44.3% of the total THQ （TTHQ） value according to average vegetable consumption. The TTHQ was lower than 1 for all age groups, indicating that it was still safe for the general population of Beijing to consume vegetables.展开更多
To assess levels of contamination and human health risk, we analyzed the concentrations of the heavy metals lead （Pb）, cadmium （Cd）, chromium （Cr）, and nickel （Ni） in China’s main deciduous fruits-apple, pear...To assess levels of contamination and human health risk, we analyzed the concentrations of the heavy metals lead （Pb）, cadmium （Cd）, chromium （Cr）, and nickel （Ni） in China’s main deciduous fruits-apple, pear, peach, grape, and jujube. The concentration order of the heavy metals was Ni〉Cr〉Pb〉Cd. In 97.5% of the samples, heavy metal concentrations were within the maximum permissible limits. Among the fruits studied, the heavy metal concentrations in jujube and peach proved to be the highest, and those in grape proved to be the lowest. Only 2.2% of the samples were poluted by Ni, only 0.4% of the samples were poluted by Pb, and no samples were poluted by Cd or Cr. Compared with the other fruits, the combined heavy metal polution was signiifcantly higher （P〈0.05） in peach and signiifcantly lower （P〈0.05） in grape. For the combined heavy metal polution, 96.9% of the samples were at safe level, 2.32% at warning level, 0.65% at light level, and 0.13% at moderate level. In the fruits studied, the contribution of heavy metals to the daily intake rates （DIR） folowed the order of Ni〉Cr〉Pb〉Cd. The highest DIR came from apple, while the lowest DIR came from grape. For each of the heavy metals, the total DIR from ifve studied fruits corresponded to no more than 1.1% of the tolerable daily intake, indicating that no signiifcant adverse health effects are expected from the heavy metals and the fruits studied. The target hazard quotients and the total target hazard quotients demonstrated that none of the analyzed heavy metals may pose risk to consumers through the fruits studied. The highest risk was posed by apple, folowed in decreasing order by peach and pear, jujube, and grape. We suggest that the main deciduous fruits （apple, pear, peach, grape, and jujube） of China’s main producing areas are safe to eat.展开更多
In conjunction with association rules for data mining, the connections between testing indices and strong and weak association rules were determined, and new derivative rules were obtained by further reasoning. Associ...In conjunction with association rules for data mining, the connections between testing indices and strong and weak association rules were determined, and new derivative rules were obtained by further reasoning. Association rules were used to analyze correlation and check consistency between indices. This study shows that the judgment obtained by weak association rules or non-association rules is more accurate and more credible than that obtained by strong association rules. When the testing grades of two indices in the weak association rules are inconsistent, the testing grades of indices are more likely to be erroneous, and the mistakes are often caused by human factors. Clustering data mining technology was used to analyze the reliability of a diagnosis, or to perform health diagnosis directly. Analysis showed that the clustering results are related to the indices selected, and that if the indices selected are more significant, the characteristics of clustering results are also more significant, and the analysis or diagnosis is more credible. The indices and diagnosis analysis function produced by this study provide a necessary theoretical foundation and new ideas for the development of hydraulic metal structure health diagnosis technology.展开更多
The total concentrations of Cd,As,Pb,Cr,Ni,Co,Zn,Cu,Ag,Hg,and Mo were determined in the atmospheric dust of the city of Yerevan by atomic absorption spectrometry(AAnalyst PE 800).Heavy metal pollution levels were eval...The total concentrations of Cd,As,Pb,Cr,Ni,Co,Zn,Cu,Ag,Hg,and Mo were determined in the atmospheric dust of the city of Yerevan by atomic absorption spectrometry(AAnalyst PE 800).Heavy metal pollution levels were evaluated by calculating geo-accumulation(I_(geo)) and summary pollution(Z_c) indices.Potential human health risk was assessed using the United States Environmental Protection agency's human health risk assessment model.The results show that mean contents of all elements tested except Ni and Cr were substantially higher than local geochemical background values.According to the I_(geo),Yerevan territory is strongly-to-extremely polluted by As,Ag,Hg,Mo,and Cd.The Z_c assessment indicated that very high pollution was detected in 36%of samples,high in 32%,average in 12%,and low in 20%.The health risk assessment revealed a noncarcinogenic risk(HI >1) for children at 13 samplings sites and for adults at one sampling site.For children the risk was due to elevated levels of Mo,Cd,Co,and As,while for adults,only Mo.Carcinogenic risk(>1:1,000,000) of As and Cr via ingestion pathway was observed in 25 and 14 samples,respectively.This study,therefore,is the base for further detailed investigations to organize problematic site remediation and risk reduction measures.展开更多
Water contamination by chemical pollutants is increasingly associated with waterborne diseases worldwide. The objective of this study is to assess the chemical health risk associated with drinking water consumption in...Water contamination by chemical pollutants is increasingly associated with waterborne diseases worldwide. The objective of this study is to assess the chemical health risk associated with drinking water consumption in Dakar, Senegal. The methodology adopted in this study is based on the determination of trace metals (Cd, Pb, Fe, Cu and Mn) in human drinking water by flame atomic absorption spectrometry, the estimation of the exposure of populations of the study area on the basis of the quantity of water consumed daily and the determination of the hazard quotient which allows estimating the health risk. The results indicate unacceptable levels of Pb and Cd in the water according to World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, while the concentrations of Fe, Cu and Mn are below the regulatory values. The hazard quotient (HQ) is in the majority of samples higher than 1 in children and infants for scenario 1 (based on WHO data), reflecting a high risk for this target. In scenario 2 based on consumption data from the populations studied, the HQ is greater than 1 only in heavy consumers. The drinking water consumed by Dakar population presents health risks related to Pb and Cd, particularly for infants, children and heavy consumers, hence the need to strengthen the water treatment system before home consumption.展开更多
The intake of heavy metals through food consumption is a food safety problem that severely impacts the health of consumers, so information about food intake and heavy metal concentrations in food products is required ...The intake of heavy metals through food consumption is a food safety problem that severely impacts the health of consumers, so information about food intake and heavy metal concentrations in food products is required to estimate the potential risk to the health of the population. The main purpose of this study was to estimate the potential risks to human health from exposure to Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn through the intake of Malus domestica Golden Delicious consumed in the Mexican southeast, considering the age group and gender. The concentration of each of the metals was quantified by spectrometry of atomic absorption (AAE) and the daily intake of metals (DIM) and health risk indices through the consumption of apple: health risk index (HRI), total health risk index (THRI), target hazard coefficient (THQ) and the probability of carcinogenic risk (CR) were estimated. The concentrations of the metals analyzed in the apple samples showed the following decreasing order: Zn ≥ Ni ≥ Cu ≥ Pb ≥ Cd. The DIM values showed the following decreasing order: child > young adult > adoescent > elders. The health risk assessments (HRI, THRI, THQ and CR) obtained from the samples of Golden Delicious apples are located within the acceptable and/or tolerable limits, however, the increase in the intake of heavy metals through consumption of apples from establishments in the study area or the consumption of various foods contaminated with heavy metals may increase the health risk potential of consumers. For this reason, it is recommended to carry out studies on the concentration of heavy metals in food products, mainly those of greater popular consumption, to guarantee food security of the population.展开更多
Samples of borehole water were randomly collected from twenty households in the Lagos-Ogun axis of southwestern Nigeria. The samples were analyzed for silver, iron, manganese, lead, nickel, magnesium, cadmium, zinc, s...Samples of borehole water were randomly collected from twenty households in the Lagos-Ogun axis of southwestern Nigeria. The samples were analyzed for silver, iron, manganese, lead, nickel, magnesium, cadmium, zinc, sodium, potassium, pH, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, alkalinity, total hardness, chloride, nitrate and sulphate following standard methods of water analysis. Results obtained were compared with global background values and WHO guidelines for drinking water. The pH values ranged from 4.17 ± 0.26 to 6.07 ± 0.27 while the metal pollution indexes are between 0.01 and 0.11. Cadmium, manganese, iron and nitrate (mg/L) levels were found to be relatively high in most of the water samples. Results obtained were analyzed statistically. Health risk assessment for exposure to cancer and non-cancer indices was evaluated. Kempster and co-workers classification of drinking water quality was applied;nineteen of the twenty household water samples were found to fall short of the ideal water quality suitable for lifetime use.展开更多
Total contents of heavy metals （ Pb, Cr, Cd, Hg, As, Cu, Zn, and Ni） in 68 soil samples were determined to evaluate the contamination level of soil from five coal mine areas in Xingren County, Guizhou province. The ...Total contents of heavy metals （ Pb, Cr, Cd, Hg, As, Cu, Zn, and Ni） in 68 soil samples were determined to evaluate the contamination level of soil from five coal mine areas in Xingren County, Guizhou province. The pollution levels of heavy metals were characterized by anthro- pogenic influence multiple, and the pollution of heavy metal in soil was evaluated using geo-accumulation index. Based on the health risk models recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency （ US EPA）, the health risks of heavy metals in the soils were assessed. The results showed that the abandoned land in the five coal mining areas were contaminated by heavy metals, and the order of pollution levels of eight heavy metals was As 〉 Pb 〉 Cu 〉 Hg 〉 Ni 〉 Cr 〉 Cd 〉 Zn. The soils suffered moderate-heavy pollution from As and Pb, and the contents of As and Pb in the soils were 13.16 and 4.76 times higher than the background values of Guizhou Province, followed by Cu, Hg and Ni , while soil pollution from Cr, Cd and Zn was mild. The order of non-caminogenic risks of the heavy metals in the soils was As 〉 Pb 〉 Cr 〉 Ni 〉 Cu 〉 Hg 〉 Cd 〉 Zn, and the non-carcinogenic dsk value of As was higher than that its threshold value 1, which indicated that As had a high potential health risk to adults and children. The order of carcinogen risks of the four heavy metals was As 〉 Cd 〉 Cr 〉 Ni, and the carcinogenic risk value of As was higher than its threshold value, indicating that As had a high carcinogenic risk to adults and children. The carcinogenic risk values of other three heavy metals （ Cd, Cr and Ni） were lower than the threshold value, so they had no carcinogenic risk to human health. Moreover, children were more sensitively affect- ed by heavy metals from the abandoned land. Therefore, the health of children in such areas should be paid more attention to. The HI value of the eight heavy metals to children was seven times higher than that to adults. The contribution rate of HQAs to HI was about 88%, and the contribution rate of CRA, to TCR was about 98%, so As was the most crucial factor influencing non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic dsk in the abandoned soils.展开更多
Concern over health risk from consumption of bivalves originating from Marudu Bay is escalating due to the rapid agricultural development surrounding the bay. This has motivated us to estimate the health risk index (H...Concern over health risk from consumption of bivalves originating from Marudu Bay is escalating due to the rapid agricultural development surrounding the bay. This has motivated us to estimate the health risk index (HRI) of heavy metals from four commercially important and highly exploited bivalve species which are abundant in the bay. Samples (n = 30) of green mussel (Perna viridis), Asiatic hard clam (Meretrix meretrix), Pacific oyster (Crassosstrea gigas) and marsh clam (Polymesoda expans) were acquired from fishermen in Kg. Teritipan, Marudu Bay. These bivalves were analyzed for heavy metals content using the Inductively Couples Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The study found that the mean contents of Arsenic (As) and Manganese (Mn) in all analyzed bivalves exceeded the permissible limits as well as copper (Cu), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) in Pacific oyster, and Zn in marsh clam. It was also noticed that consumption of different bivalve species may bring about health risk from different metals as indicated by varied Total Hazard Index (THI) values. Consumption of the four bivalves was noticed to promote high health risk from As intoxication. Although metal pollution index (MPI) analysis revealed that the bivalves from the bay are currently not seriously impacted by heavy metal pollution, vigorous efforts should be taken to preserve the natural condition of the bay for years to come. There are several ways to minimize health issues from bivalve consumption which include keeping the bivalve natural habitat away from heavy metals pollution by strictly enforcing environmental laws and policies, establishing zones for bivalve fisheries, monitoring heavy metals concentration in bivalve on a regular basis and making depuration process a compulsory requirement in every seafood restaurant throughout the country.展开更多
This study aimed at investigating the content of heavy metals in some marine organisms of the Cameroon Atlantic coast and assessing the health risk due to their consumption by the population. Nine fish and one shrimp ...This study aimed at investigating the content of heavy metals in some marine organisms of the Cameroon Atlantic coast and assessing the health risk due to their consumption by the population. Nine fish and one shrimp species were collected for this study. These fish species were Ethmolosa fimbriata, Drepane africana, Dentex moroccanus, Arius latiscotatus, Scarus hoefleri, Cynoglossus browni, Sardinella madorensis, Pseudotolithus elongatus, Pseudotolithus typus. The shrimp species was Macrobranchium macrobranchium. The elements investigated in this study were: Fe, Co, Cu, Cd and Pb. For seven fish species it was found that the concentration of heavy metals followed the order Fe > Co > Cd > Cu > Pb. For most fish species the Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) value calculated showed the following trend Cd > Co > Pb > Fe ≥ Cu. Cadmium was found to be the main contributor to health risk that may result from the consumption of the fish species under study. The THQ for this element was in the range 0.7 - 1.2 while the Target Cancer Risk (TR) due to ingestion of this metal was in the range (3 × 10<sup>-</sup><sup>4</sup> - 6 × 10<sup>-</sup><sup>4</sup>). These values are slightly above the threshold limits established for both carcinogenic and non carcinogenic risks by the United States, Environmental Protection Agency. The estimated weekly intake of cadmium due to consumption of some fishes under study was greater or equal to the Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI) determined by Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization.展开更多
In an attempt to evaluate the environmental quality of Marsa-Matrouh city which covered the most famous beaches in Egypt, an environmental risk assessment was performed, including a screening level ecological risk ass...In an attempt to evaluate the environmental quality of Marsa-Matrouh city which covered the most famous beaches in Egypt, an environmental risk assessment was performed, including a screening level ecological risk assessment. The aim of this work was to determine which metals could possibly pose toxic adverse ecological effects to marine organisms and to determine whether hot spots exist or not. To fulfill the goals of study, surfacial sediment and water samples were collected from ten different locations covering Marsa-Matrouh city during four seasons (2010-2011). The average concentrations of Cd, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb and Zn were 2.381 ± 3.389, 9.307 ± 14.159, 68.969 ± 9.397, 2.642 ± 1.004, 16.712 ± 8.469, 31.168 ± 15.322 μg/l in water and 0.755 ± 0.240, 5.363 ± 1.581, 962.131 ± 975.084, 3.972 ± 2.180, 15.210 ± 4.434 and 24.608 ± 7.706 μg/g dry weight in sediment respectively. The concentrations of the investigated six metals in water were within the acceptable limits except for two stations (Cleopatra and El-Obayed) which exhibited higher values than the permissible level of Cd during autumn 2010. Metal pollution assessment for both water and sediment was studied. Heavy metal pollution index indicates that water is not critically polluted with respect to the investigated metals. For sediment samples, threshold effect concentrations (TEC HQ) were lower than 1 except for Cd which showed higher value than 1, indicating the possibility of occurrence of toxic adverse ecological effects to benthic organisms for Cd, while rare adverse ecological effects are expected to occur with respect to Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn.展开更多
Concentration of heavy metals from surface and groundwater within the communities were determined in order to assess the health risks linked to the use/consumption of same. Furthermore, the cancer risk for adults in s...Concentration of heavy metals from surface and groundwater within the communities were determined in order to assess the health risks linked to the use/consumption of same. Furthermore, the cancer risk for adults in surface water revealed medium to high cancer risk for arsenic (As);low to medium cancer risk for cadmium (Cd) and very high cancer risk for chromium (Cr). In addition, the cancer risk for adults in groundwater is as follows: high cancer risk for As;low cancer risk for Cd and very high cancer risk for Cr while that for children is very high cancer risk for As and Cr and then low cancer risk for Cd. The findings from this research confirm that the inhabitants within the study area are at direct health risk (carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic) due to the alternate use of surface and groundwater without any form of treatment.展开更多
Vegetables such as spinach, African eggplant, cabbage, eggplant, okra, chili peppers and tomatoes are found in our everyday foods and are the most important dietary source of nutrient. But, it becomes deleterious to h...Vegetables such as spinach, African eggplant, cabbage, eggplant, okra, chili peppers and tomatoes are found in our everyday foods and are the most important dietary source of nutrient. But, it becomes deleterious to human as well as animals as it accumulates toxic metals in their tissue when grown in contaminated soil. The mostly consumed vegetables like spinach, African eggplant (fruit and leaves), <i>Corchorus olitorius</i> leaf, <i>Amaranthus hybridus</i> leaf, cabbage, eggplant, okra, pepper and tomato were collected from Loumbila market gardening. Heavy metals copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) were measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) model AANALYST 200 from PERKIN ELMER. The results of this study showed that the concentrations of lead (0.49 to 8.59 mg/kg) and zinc (20.73 to 71.29 mg/kg) in spinach, African eggplant (fruit and leaves), <i>Corchorus olitorius</i> leaf, <i>Amaranthus hybridus</i> leaf, cabbage, eggplant, okra, pepper and tomato exceeded the permissible level of FAO and WHO standard. The daily plant metal intake for Cd (0.001 - 0.015 mg/kg), Pb (0.041 - 0.730 mg/kg), and Cu (0.703 - 1.543 mg/kg) is higher than the recommended daily intake of metals but does not exceed the tolerable limit. The calculated values of the health risk indices show high values for Cd, Pb, Zn, Ni and Cu while low values are observed for Cr. Except for Cr, the IRS evaluated for all the studied metals were greater than one (IRS > 1). This implies that exposed populations are susceptible to developing diseases linked to the following metals: Cd, Pb, Zn, Ni and Cu.展开更多
[Objectives] The purpose of this research was to investigate the water quality of the Longjiang River in Guangxi. Concentrations of heavy metals( As,Cd,Zn,Pb and Cu) in the surface water of Longjiang River were analyz...[Objectives] The purpose of this research was to investigate the water quality of the Longjiang River in Guangxi. Concentrations of heavy metals( As,Cd,Zn,Pb and Cu) in the surface water of Longjiang River were analyzed to figure out the distribution characteristics of heavy metal pollutants in this area. [Methods]The Nemerow comprehensive index method and the health risk assessment model were adopted to evaluate the grade of Longjiang River water quality and the health risk level imposed by heavy metals in the water. [Results] The concentrations of heavy metals in each sampling point conformed to Grade-II water quality standard. The water samples collected on 13 sampling points of the Longjiang River were clean and not polluted by heavy metals. The health risk values of heavy metals As and Zn were greater than Cd,Pb and Cu in the Longjiang River,but still lower than the maximum acceptable risk level 5. 0 × 10^(-5)a^(-1). [Conclusions]Water quality condition reflected by the comprehensive pollution index and the health risk value of heavy metal was consistent in the Longjiang River,showing as that the value in middle and lower reaches was slightly higher than in the upper reaches. As is the major pollutant of water environment health risk in the Longjiang River,and it should be regarded as the key object of water environment risk management in Longjiang River.展开更多
In this work, the specific activities of natural radionuclides, namely <sup>238</sup>U series, <sup>232</sup>Th series and <sup>40</sup>K, have been measured in collected sedimentar...In this work, the specific activities of natural radionuclides, namely <sup>238</sup>U series, <sup>232</sup>Th series and <sup>40</sup>K, have been measured in collected sedimentary phosphate deposits samples from El-Hamraween, El-Quser and Safaga phosphate mines in Egypt. HPGe γ-spectrometry was used. This study was undertaken to estimate the radiation hazard indices in phosphate mining at the studied mines on their occupational workers, to establish correlation relationships between the some measured heavy metals such as As, Cd and Pb in blood workers and their concentration in phosphate rock ores and to determinate the biomarkers in the blood workers such as malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). The phosphate mine sample of El-Hamrawein has the lowest activity concentration of <sup>226</sup>Ra, <sup>232</sup>Th and <sup>40</sup>K in comparison to the phosphate mine samples of El-Quseir and Safaga (El-Hamrawein kg<sup>-</sup>1</sup><sup></sup>, 122.4 to 188.3 Bq·kg<sup>-</sup>1</sup></sup> and 115.4 to 165.8 Bq·kg<sup>-</sup>1</sup></sup> for Safaga, El-Quseir and El-Hamrawein, respectively. For <sup>232</sup>Th activity concentrations varied from 135.6 to 212.3 Bq·kg<sup>-</sup>1</sup></sup>, 112.8 to 167.4 Bq·kg<sup>-</sup>1</sup></sup> and 132.8 to 188.6 Bq·kg<sup>-</sup>1</sup></sup> for Safaga, El-Quseir and El-Hamrawein, respectively. For <sup>40</sup>K activity concentrations varied from 225.2 to 312.8 Bq·kg<sup>-</sup>1</sup>, 168.7 to 268.9 Bq·kg<sup>-</sup>1</sup></sup> and 95.2 to 155.8 Bq·kg<sup>-</sup>1</sup></sup> for Safaga, El-Quseir and El-Hamrawein, respectively. The workers of old ages have higher concentration of the investigated heavy metals than those of young ages. There is a good relation between the concentration of the investigated metals in phosphate mine samples and their concentration in blood of the occupational workers in these mines.展开更多
文摘Crude oil pollution in the Niger Delta, perpetrated by both local communities and industrial actors, has brought about soil pollution with its consequent ecological, human health and food challenges. The purpose of this research was to examine the concentration and distribution of heavy metals in soil from communities contaminated by crude oil in Niger Delta, and to evaluate the potential health risks to residents from exposure to these contaminants. To achieve this, soil samples were collected from the Ihwrekreka community and analyzed for heavy metal content using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The analytical results in mg/kg revealed a significant metals pollution level derived from the oil spill in the soil ranging from 4.85 - 17,078 (Cu), 1.01 - 16.1 (Cd), 0.22 - 36.8 (Cr), 8.28 - 40.9 (Ni), 7.51 - 6474 (Pb), and 8.84 - 12,851 (Zn) respectively. Most of the metals were above the permissible limits of World Health Organization, with Cu, Zn, and Pb as the most contaminating metals. Lead was found to be the main contributor to the hazard index (HI) values for both children and adults in the study area, with its concentration exceeding the permitted limits set by the WHO and the EC. The hazard index (HI) values of Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd, Ni, and Cr were significantly higher than 1. These findings suggest that the release of heavy metals from an oil-contaminated site may pose a risk to human health and the environment.
基金supported by the Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System (LREIS) (No. 08R8B000SA)the Beijing Commission of Science and Technology (No.D0706007040291-02)the Key Innovation Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. KZCX1-YW-06-03)
文摘A systematic survey of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn concentrations in vegetables from 416 samples （involving 100 varieties） in Beijing was carried out for assessing the potential health risk to local inhabitants. The results indicated that the metal concentrations in vegetables ranged from 〈 0.001 to 0.479 μg/g fresh weight （fw） （As）, 〈 0.001 to 0.101 μg/g fw （Cd）, 〈 0.001 to 1.04 μg/g fw （Cr）, 0.024 to 8.25μg/g fw （Cu）, 0.001 to 1.689 μg/g fw （Ni）, 〈 0.001 to 0.655 μg/g fw （Pb） and 0.01 to 25.6 μg/g fw （Zn）, with average concentrations of 0.013, 0.010, 0.023, 0.51, 0.053, 0.046 and 2.55 μg/g fw, respectively. The results showed that the concentrations of As, Cr, Cu, Cd, Pb and Ni in vegetables from open-fields were all significantly higher than those grown in greenhouses. In addition, in local-produced vegetables, all HMs except Zn were significantly higher than those in provincial vegetables. The estimated daily intake （EDI） of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn from vegetables was 0.080, 0.062, 0.142, 3.14, 0.327, 0.283 and 15.7 μg/（kg body weight （bw）.d） for adults, respectively. Arsenic was the major risk contributor for inhabitants since the target hazard quotient based on the weighted average concentration （THQw） of arsenic amounted to 44.3% of the total THQ （TTHQ） value according to average vegetable consumption. The TTHQ was lower than 1 for all age groups, indicating that it was still safe for the general population of Beijing to consume vegetables.
基金financially supported by the National Program for Quality and Safety Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of China(GJFP2014002,GJFP2015002,and GJFP2016003)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CAAS-ASTIP)the Core Research Budget of the Non-Profit Governmental Research Institution of China(0032014013)
文摘To assess levels of contamination and human health risk, we analyzed the concentrations of the heavy metals lead （Pb）, cadmium （Cd）, chromium （Cr）, and nickel （Ni） in China’s main deciduous fruits-apple, pear, peach, grape, and jujube. The concentration order of the heavy metals was Ni〉Cr〉Pb〉Cd. In 97.5% of the samples, heavy metal concentrations were within the maximum permissible limits. Among the fruits studied, the heavy metal concentrations in jujube and peach proved to be the highest, and those in grape proved to be the lowest. Only 2.2% of the samples were poluted by Ni, only 0.4% of the samples were poluted by Pb, and no samples were poluted by Cd or Cr. Compared with the other fruits, the combined heavy metal polution was signiifcantly higher （P〈0.05） in peach and signiifcantly lower （P〈0.05） in grape. For the combined heavy metal polution, 96.9% of the samples were at safe level, 2.32% at warning level, 0.65% at light level, and 0.13% at moderate level. In the fruits studied, the contribution of heavy metals to the daily intake rates （DIR） folowed the order of Ni〉Cr〉Pb〉Cd. The highest DIR came from apple, while the lowest DIR came from grape. For each of the heavy metals, the total DIR from ifve studied fruits corresponded to no more than 1.1% of the tolerable daily intake, indicating that no signiifcant adverse health effects are expected from the heavy metals and the fruits studied. The target hazard quotients and the total target hazard quotients demonstrated that none of the analyzed heavy metals may pose risk to consumers through the fruits studied. The highest risk was posed by apple, folowed in decreasing order by peach and pear, jujube, and grape. We suggest that the main deciduous fruits （apple, pear, peach, grape, and jujube） of China’s main producing areas are safe to eat.
基金supported by the Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.50539010)the Special Fund for Public Welfare Industry of the Ministry of Water Resources of China(Grant No.200801019)
文摘In conjunction with association rules for data mining, the connections between testing indices and strong and weak association rules were determined, and new derivative rules were obtained by further reasoning. Association rules were used to analyze correlation and check consistency between indices. This study shows that the judgment obtained by weak association rules or non-association rules is more accurate and more credible than that obtained by strong association rules. When the testing grades of two indices in the weak association rules are inconsistent, the testing grades of indices are more likely to be erroneous, and the mistakes are often caused by human factors. Clustering data mining technology was used to analyze the reliability of a diagnosis, or to perform health diagnosis directly. Analysis showed that the clustering results are related to the indices selected, and that if the indices selected are more significant, the characteristics of clustering results are also more significant, and the analysis or diagnosis is more credible. The indices and diagnosis analysis function produced by this study provide a necessary theoretical foundation and new ideas for the development of hydraulic metal structure health diagnosis technology.
基金implemented in the frames of a theme "Studying geochemical stream of elements in atmospheric air of Yerevan"(No 13-1E220,2011) under agreement-based(thematic) financial support of the State Committee of Science to the Ministry of Education and Sciences RA
文摘The total concentrations of Cd,As,Pb,Cr,Ni,Co,Zn,Cu,Ag,Hg,and Mo were determined in the atmospheric dust of the city of Yerevan by atomic absorption spectrometry(AAnalyst PE 800).Heavy metal pollution levels were evaluated by calculating geo-accumulation(I_(geo)) and summary pollution(Z_c) indices.Potential human health risk was assessed using the United States Environmental Protection agency's human health risk assessment model.The results show that mean contents of all elements tested except Ni and Cr were substantially higher than local geochemical background values.According to the I_(geo),Yerevan territory is strongly-to-extremely polluted by As,Ag,Hg,Mo,and Cd.The Z_c assessment indicated that very high pollution was detected in 36%of samples,high in 32%,average in 12%,and low in 20%.The health risk assessment revealed a noncarcinogenic risk(HI >1) for children at 13 samplings sites and for adults at one sampling site.For children the risk was due to elevated levels of Mo,Cd,Co,and As,while for adults,only Mo.Carcinogenic risk(>1:1,000,000) of As and Cr via ingestion pathway was observed in 25 and 14 samples,respectively.This study,therefore,is the base for further detailed investigations to organize problematic site remediation and risk reduction measures.
文摘Water contamination by chemical pollutants is increasingly associated with waterborne diseases worldwide. The objective of this study is to assess the chemical health risk associated with drinking water consumption in Dakar, Senegal. The methodology adopted in this study is based on the determination of trace metals (Cd, Pb, Fe, Cu and Mn) in human drinking water by flame atomic absorption spectrometry, the estimation of the exposure of populations of the study area on the basis of the quantity of water consumed daily and the determination of the hazard quotient which allows estimating the health risk. The results indicate unacceptable levels of Pb and Cd in the water according to World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, while the concentrations of Fe, Cu and Mn are below the regulatory values. The hazard quotient (HQ) is in the majority of samples higher than 1 in children and infants for scenario 1 (based on WHO data), reflecting a high risk for this target. In scenario 2 based on consumption data from the populations studied, the HQ is greater than 1 only in heavy consumers. The drinking water consumed by Dakar population presents health risks related to Pb and Cd, particularly for infants, children and heavy consumers, hence the need to strengthen the water treatment system before home consumption.
文摘The intake of heavy metals through food consumption is a food safety problem that severely impacts the health of consumers, so information about food intake and heavy metal concentrations in food products is required to estimate the potential risk to the health of the population. The main purpose of this study was to estimate the potential risks to human health from exposure to Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn through the intake of Malus domestica Golden Delicious consumed in the Mexican southeast, considering the age group and gender. The concentration of each of the metals was quantified by spectrometry of atomic absorption (AAE) and the daily intake of metals (DIM) and health risk indices through the consumption of apple: health risk index (HRI), total health risk index (THRI), target hazard coefficient (THQ) and the probability of carcinogenic risk (CR) were estimated. The concentrations of the metals analyzed in the apple samples showed the following decreasing order: Zn ≥ Ni ≥ Cu ≥ Pb ≥ Cd. The DIM values showed the following decreasing order: child > young adult > adoescent > elders. The health risk assessments (HRI, THRI, THQ and CR) obtained from the samples of Golden Delicious apples are located within the acceptable and/or tolerable limits, however, the increase in the intake of heavy metals through consumption of apples from establishments in the study area or the consumption of various foods contaminated with heavy metals may increase the health risk potential of consumers. For this reason, it is recommended to carry out studies on the concentration of heavy metals in food products, mainly those of greater popular consumption, to guarantee food security of the population.
文摘Samples of borehole water were randomly collected from twenty households in the Lagos-Ogun axis of southwestern Nigeria. The samples were analyzed for silver, iron, manganese, lead, nickel, magnesium, cadmium, zinc, sodium, potassium, pH, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, alkalinity, total hardness, chloride, nitrate and sulphate following standard methods of water analysis. Results obtained were compared with global background values and WHO guidelines for drinking water. The pH values ranged from 4.17 ± 0.26 to 6.07 ± 0.27 while the metal pollution indexes are between 0.01 and 0.11. Cadmium, manganese, iron and nitrate (mg/L) levels were found to be relatively high in most of the water samples. Results obtained were analyzed statistically. Health risk assessment for exposure to cancer and non-cancer indices was evaluated. Kempster and co-workers classification of drinking water quality was applied;nineteen of the twenty household water samples were found to fall short of the ideal water quality suitable for lifetime use.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21467005)
文摘Total contents of heavy metals （ Pb, Cr, Cd, Hg, As, Cu, Zn, and Ni） in 68 soil samples were determined to evaluate the contamination level of soil from five coal mine areas in Xingren County, Guizhou province. The pollution levels of heavy metals were characterized by anthro- pogenic influence multiple, and the pollution of heavy metal in soil was evaluated using geo-accumulation index. Based on the health risk models recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency （ US EPA）, the health risks of heavy metals in the soils were assessed. The results showed that the abandoned land in the five coal mining areas were contaminated by heavy metals, and the order of pollution levels of eight heavy metals was As 〉 Pb 〉 Cu 〉 Hg 〉 Ni 〉 Cr 〉 Cd 〉 Zn. The soils suffered moderate-heavy pollution from As and Pb, and the contents of As and Pb in the soils were 13.16 and 4.76 times higher than the background values of Guizhou Province, followed by Cu, Hg and Ni , while soil pollution from Cr, Cd and Zn was mild. The order of non-caminogenic risks of the heavy metals in the soils was As 〉 Pb 〉 Cr 〉 Ni 〉 Cu 〉 Hg 〉 Cd 〉 Zn, and the non-carcinogenic dsk value of As was higher than that its threshold value 1, which indicated that As had a high potential health risk to adults and children. The order of carcinogen risks of the four heavy metals was As 〉 Cd 〉 Cr 〉 Ni, and the carcinogenic risk value of As was higher than its threshold value, indicating that As had a high carcinogenic risk to adults and children. The carcinogenic risk values of other three heavy metals （ Cd, Cr and Ni） were lower than the threshold value, so they had no carcinogenic risk to human health. Moreover, children were more sensitively affect- ed by heavy metals from the abandoned land. Therefore, the health of children in such areas should be paid more attention to. The HI value of the eight heavy metals to children was seven times higher than that to adults. The contribution rate of HQAs to HI was about 88%, and the contribution rate of CRA, to TCR was about 98%, so As was the most crucial factor influencing non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic dsk in the abandoned soils.
文摘Concern over health risk from consumption of bivalves originating from Marudu Bay is escalating due to the rapid agricultural development surrounding the bay. This has motivated us to estimate the health risk index (HRI) of heavy metals from four commercially important and highly exploited bivalve species which are abundant in the bay. Samples (n = 30) of green mussel (Perna viridis), Asiatic hard clam (Meretrix meretrix), Pacific oyster (Crassosstrea gigas) and marsh clam (Polymesoda expans) were acquired from fishermen in Kg. Teritipan, Marudu Bay. These bivalves were analyzed for heavy metals content using the Inductively Couples Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The study found that the mean contents of Arsenic (As) and Manganese (Mn) in all analyzed bivalves exceeded the permissible limits as well as copper (Cu), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) in Pacific oyster, and Zn in marsh clam. It was also noticed that consumption of different bivalve species may bring about health risk from different metals as indicated by varied Total Hazard Index (THI) values. Consumption of the four bivalves was noticed to promote high health risk from As intoxication. Although metal pollution index (MPI) analysis revealed that the bivalves from the bay are currently not seriously impacted by heavy metal pollution, vigorous efforts should be taken to preserve the natural condition of the bay for years to come. There are several ways to minimize health issues from bivalve consumption which include keeping the bivalve natural habitat away from heavy metals pollution by strictly enforcing environmental laws and policies, establishing zones for bivalve fisheries, monitoring heavy metals concentration in bivalve on a regular basis and making depuration process a compulsory requirement in every seafood restaurant throughout the country.
文摘This study aimed at investigating the content of heavy metals in some marine organisms of the Cameroon Atlantic coast and assessing the health risk due to their consumption by the population. Nine fish and one shrimp species were collected for this study. These fish species were Ethmolosa fimbriata, Drepane africana, Dentex moroccanus, Arius latiscotatus, Scarus hoefleri, Cynoglossus browni, Sardinella madorensis, Pseudotolithus elongatus, Pseudotolithus typus. The shrimp species was Macrobranchium macrobranchium. The elements investigated in this study were: Fe, Co, Cu, Cd and Pb. For seven fish species it was found that the concentration of heavy metals followed the order Fe > Co > Cd > Cu > Pb. For most fish species the Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) value calculated showed the following trend Cd > Co > Pb > Fe ≥ Cu. Cadmium was found to be the main contributor to health risk that may result from the consumption of the fish species under study. The THQ for this element was in the range 0.7 - 1.2 while the Target Cancer Risk (TR) due to ingestion of this metal was in the range (3 × 10<sup>-</sup><sup>4</sup> - 6 × 10<sup>-</sup><sup>4</sup>). These values are slightly above the threshold limits established for both carcinogenic and non carcinogenic risks by the United States, Environmental Protection Agency. The estimated weekly intake of cadmium due to consumption of some fishes under study was greater or equal to the Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI) determined by Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization.
文摘In an attempt to evaluate the environmental quality of Marsa-Matrouh city which covered the most famous beaches in Egypt, an environmental risk assessment was performed, including a screening level ecological risk assessment. The aim of this work was to determine which metals could possibly pose toxic adverse ecological effects to marine organisms and to determine whether hot spots exist or not. To fulfill the goals of study, surfacial sediment and water samples were collected from ten different locations covering Marsa-Matrouh city during four seasons (2010-2011). The average concentrations of Cd, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb and Zn were 2.381 ± 3.389, 9.307 ± 14.159, 68.969 ± 9.397, 2.642 ± 1.004, 16.712 ± 8.469, 31.168 ± 15.322 μg/l in water and 0.755 ± 0.240, 5.363 ± 1.581, 962.131 ± 975.084, 3.972 ± 2.180, 15.210 ± 4.434 and 24.608 ± 7.706 μg/g dry weight in sediment respectively. The concentrations of the investigated six metals in water were within the acceptable limits except for two stations (Cleopatra and El-Obayed) which exhibited higher values than the permissible level of Cd during autumn 2010. Metal pollution assessment for both water and sediment was studied. Heavy metal pollution index indicates that water is not critically polluted with respect to the investigated metals. For sediment samples, threshold effect concentrations (TEC HQ) were lower than 1 except for Cd which showed higher value than 1, indicating the possibility of occurrence of toxic adverse ecological effects to benthic organisms for Cd, while rare adverse ecological effects are expected to occur with respect to Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn.
文摘Concentration of heavy metals from surface and groundwater within the communities were determined in order to assess the health risks linked to the use/consumption of same. Furthermore, the cancer risk for adults in surface water revealed medium to high cancer risk for arsenic (As);low to medium cancer risk for cadmium (Cd) and very high cancer risk for chromium (Cr). In addition, the cancer risk for adults in groundwater is as follows: high cancer risk for As;low cancer risk for Cd and very high cancer risk for Cr while that for children is very high cancer risk for As and Cr and then low cancer risk for Cd. The findings from this research confirm that the inhabitants within the study area are at direct health risk (carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic) due to the alternate use of surface and groundwater without any form of treatment.
文摘Vegetables such as spinach, African eggplant, cabbage, eggplant, okra, chili peppers and tomatoes are found in our everyday foods and are the most important dietary source of nutrient. But, it becomes deleterious to human as well as animals as it accumulates toxic metals in their tissue when grown in contaminated soil. The mostly consumed vegetables like spinach, African eggplant (fruit and leaves), <i>Corchorus olitorius</i> leaf, <i>Amaranthus hybridus</i> leaf, cabbage, eggplant, okra, pepper and tomato were collected from Loumbila market gardening. Heavy metals copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) were measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) model AANALYST 200 from PERKIN ELMER. The results of this study showed that the concentrations of lead (0.49 to 8.59 mg/kg) and zinc (20.73 to 71.29 mg/kg) in spinach, African eggplant (fruit and leaves), <i>Corchorus olitorius</i> leaf, <i>Amaranthus hybridus</i> leaf, cabbage, eggplant, okra, pepper and tomato exceeded the permissible level of FAO and WHO standard. The daily plant metal intake for Cd (0.001 - 0.015 mg/kg), Pb (0.041 - 0.730 mg/kg), and Cu (0.703 - 1.543 mg/kg) is higher than the recommended daily intake of metals but does not exceed the tolerable limit. The calculated values of the health risk indices show high values for Cd, Pb, Zn, Ni and Cu while low values are observed for Cr. Except for Cr, the IRS evaluated for all the studied metals were greater than one (IRS > 1). This implies that exposed populations are susceptible to developing diseases linked to the following metals: Cd, Pb, Zn, Ni and Cu.
基金Supported by Key Project of Guangxi Natural Science Foundation(2013GXNSFEA053001)
文摘[Objectives] The purpose of this research was to investigate the water quality of the Longjiang River in Guangxi. Concentrations of heavy metals( As,Cd,Zn,Pb and Cu) in the surface water of Longjiang River were analyzed to figure out the distribution characteristics of heavy metal pollutants in this area. [Methods]The Nemerow comprehensive index method and the health risk assessment model were adopted to evaluate the grade of Longjiang River water quality and the health risk level imposed by heavy metals in the water. [Results] The concentrations of heavy metals in each sampling point conformed to Grade-II water quality standard. The water samples collected on 13 sampling points of the Longjiang River were clean and not polluted by heavy metals. The health risk values of heavy metals As and Zn were greater than Cd,Pb and Cu in the Longjiang River,but still lower than the maximum acceptable risk level 5. 0 × 10^(-5)a^(-1). [Conclusions]Water quality condition reflected by the comprehensive pollution index and the health risk value of heavy metal was consistent in the Longjiang River,showing as that the value in middle and lower reaches was slightly higher than in the upper reaches. As is the major pollutant of water environment health risk in the Longjiang River,and it should be regarded as the key object of water environment risk management in Longjiang River.
文摘In this work, the specific activities of natural radionuclides, namely <sup>238</sup>U series, <sup>232</sup>Th series and <sup>40</sup>K, have been measured in collected sedimentary phosphate deposits samples from El-Hamraween, El-Quser and Safaga phosphate mines in Egypt. HPGe γ-spectrometry was used. This study was undertaken to estimate the radiation hazard indices in phosphate mining at the studied mines on their occupational workers, to establish correlation relationships between the some measured heavy metals such as As, Cd and Pb in blood workers and their concentration in phosphate rock ores and to determinate the biomarkers in the blood workers such as malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). The phosphate mine sample of El-Hamrawein has the lowest activity concentration of <sup>226</sup>Ra, <sup>232</sup>Th and <sup>40</sup>K in comparison to the phosphate mine samples of El-Quseir and Safaga (El-Hamrawein kg<sup>-</sup>1</sup><sup></sup>, 122.4 to 188.3 Bq·kg<sup>-</sup>1</sup></sup> and 115.4 to 165.8 Bq·kg<sup>-</sup>1</sup></sup> for Safaga, El-Quseir and El-Hamrawein, respectively. For <sup>232</sup>Th activity concentrations varied from 135.6 to 212.3 Bq·kg<sup>-</sup>1</sup></sup>, 112.8 to 167.4 Bq·kg<sup>-</sup>1</sup></sup> and 132.8 to 188.6 Bq·kg<sup>-</sup>1</sup></sup> for Safaga, El-Quseir and El-Hamrawein, respectively. For <sup>40</sup>K activity concentrations varied from 225.2 to 312.8 Bq·kg<sup>-</sup>1</sup>, 168.7 to 268.9 Bq·kg<sup>-</sup>1</sup></sup> and 95.2 to 155.8 Bq·kg<sup>-</sup>1</sup></sup> for Safaga, El-Quseir and El-Hamrawein, respectively. The workers of old ages have higher concentration of the investigated heavy metals than those of young ages. There is a good relation between the concentration of the investigated metals in phosphate mine samples and their concentration in blood of the occupational workers in these mines.
