The quasi-alliance strategy is part of the national security strategy and lies in the grey area between alliance and neutrality.1 In recent years,major countries,including Japan,have positioned quasi-alliance as a fea...The quasi-alliance strategy is part of the national security strategy and lies in the grey area between alliance and neutrality.1 In recent years,major countries,including Japan,have positioned quasi-alliance as a feasible unwritten option in their respective national security strategies.2 Japan’s quasialliance strategy was already in its infancy when former Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe first came to power in September 2006 but was put on hold after his resignation in September 2007.展开更多
In recent years,the EU and India have increased interactions and deepened their cooperation in political,economic and security fields.Amid the backdrop of intensifying great-power rivalry between China and the US and ...In recent years,the EU and India have increased interactions and deepened their cooperation in political,economic and security fields.Amid the backdrop of intensifying great-power rivalry between China and the US and the security confrontation between the US and Russia,the growing ties between the EU and India,as two important forces in the looming multipolar world,will significantly impact the evolution of the international geopolitical structure and China’s external strategic environment.展开更多
In June 2022,President of the Republic of Korea(ROK)Yoon Suk-yeol,only one month into his office,attended the summit of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO)in Madrid,the first time for the country’s head of s...In June 2022,President of the Republic of Korea(ROK)Yoon Suk-yeol,only one month into his office,attended the summit of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO)in Madrid,the first time for the country’s head of state,and announced the establishment of a permanent mission to NATO on the occasion.展开更多
This study examines the leisure motivations among people who participate in cycling as a form of serious leisure. It examines what motivates cyclists to build a life around cycling. This study is a replicative study t...This study examines the leisure motivations among people who participate in cycling as a form of serious leisure. It examines what motivates cyclists to build a life around cycling. This study is a replicative study to Robert G. LaChausse＇s study on leisure motivations among cyclists. This study used the Serious Leisure Inventory and Measure （SLIM） created by James Gould. Participants were contacted through a variety of local and national list serves. Potential applications of this study include education, coaching, training, planning, and the creation of programs to encourage long-term cycling among bike users. The primary purpose of this study was to examine the motivations of mountain bikers, commuter cyclists, and other cyclists using the SLIM created by James Gould and the Leisure Motivation Scale.展开更多
The present study aimed to clarify the smoking cessation motivations, challenges and coping strategies among pregnant couples. A qualitative design using a grounded theory approach was applied. Data were collected by ...The present study aimed to clarify the smoking cessation motivations, challenges and coping strategies among pregnant couples. A qualitative design using a grounded theory approach was applied. Data were collected by individual semi-structured interviews with 39 married individuals(21 non-smoking pregnant women and 18 smoking or ever-smoking men with a pregnant wife) and 3 imams in an ethnically diverse region of far western China. The most common theme for smoking cessation motivation was 'embryo quality'(i.e., a healthier baby), followed by family's health. Most interviewees reported that husband's withdrawal symptoms were the greatest challenge to smoking cessation, followed by the Chinese tobacco culture. Coping strategies given by the pregnant women typically involved combining emotional, behavioral and social interventions. Social interventions showed advantages in helping to quit smoking. Pregnancy appears to be a positive stimulus for pregnant couples' smoking cessation. Our results suggest that pregnancy, a highly important life event, may help to reduce barriers to smoking cessation at the social level(e.g., limiting access to cigarettes, avoiding temptation to smoke), but does little to help with the withdrawal symptoms. Professional guidance for smoking cessation is still necessary.展开更多
Digital services interfaced with mobile phone lines are gradually being regarded as a core product in this modern age due to the high transmission speed of mobile technology.The research in this paper is based on the ...Digital services interfaced with mobile phone lines are gradually being regarded as a core product in this modern age due to the high transmission speed of mobile technology.The research in this paper is based on the concept of product inter-dependence and actively explores the different consumptive motivations between the consumers' behavior of phone-call users and those who use digital services.This study also attempts to use a modifi ed diffusion model to estimate the consumers' collective behavior with a longitudinal approach.In this study,it can be inferred that psychological consumer motivations should dominate marketing policies.Thus,it was found that digital service users have more self-motivation and autonomy when adopting a new product because they have significantly higher innovative at-tributes than the segment of phone-call users.With these findings,we claim that we have discovered an unprec-edented concept for marketing managers who welcome the challenges of mobile digital services in the future.展开更多
This study explores how overseas exchange opportunities might influence Chinese students ’engagement in L2 learning activities and how far such opportunities may satisfy their motivation to study abroad. The analysis...This study explores how overseas exchange opportunities might influence Chinese students ’engagement in L2 learning activities and how far such opportunities may satisfy their motivation to study abroad. The analysis of the data, collected and filtered from carefully designed questionnaires and interviews, showed that students ’ L2 learning activities and study-abroad motivations underwent changes after their overseas experiences. Regarding the former, the overseas environment was the cause of the change because it provided students with more chances to talk with native speakers and increased the frequency of their using L2 in their daily life. Regarding the latter, the decline of the students ’ major study-abroad motivations was partly because they tended to treat L2 learning as a tool for realizing other goals and partly because the students had got other important motivations. In view of these findings, suggestions were raised to help future students get better prepared for their overseas study or short-term exchange life.展开更多
Walking buses are a way to increase physical activity by encouraging people to walk rather than rely on motorized forms of transportation. Several communities support walking school buses as an alternative mode of pup...Walking buses are a way to increase physical activity by encouraging people to walk rather than rely on motorized forms of transportation. Several communities support walking school buses as an alternative mode of pupil transportation to schools. A possible extension of this concept is the introduction of adult walking buses. Given the novelty of the concept, very little is currently known about the public’s perceptions regarding adult walking buses and their potential effectiveness to increase physical activity and decrease obesity among adults. To bridge this gap, this study examined motivations and barriers to participation in an adult walking bus program in Birmingham, Alabama using a comprehensive questionnaire survey. Analysis of over 340 responses revealed a positive reception of the concept among the survey responders. More specifically, 60.1% of the sample reported they would definitely or probably participate in a walking bus program. Results from nested ordinal logistic regression analysis indicate that health benefits are the strongest motivation for willingness to participate in a walking bus program. Sensitivity to environmental issues is also a significant predictor of willingness to participate across models. The most significant barrier to willingness to participate in a walking bus program is limited time. The significance of demographic variables (obesity, race/ ethnicity, and age) as predictors of willingness to participate is reduced once motivations and barriers are controlled. In conclusion, the positive response to the program among our sample is encouraging and suggests that adult walking buses should be explored further as an active alternative transportation option with a potential to improve the health and wellbeing of participants.展开更多
The rapid growth in US-Sri Lanka relations is the latest attempt by the US to implement its Indo-Pacific strategy in South Asia. As the strategy materializes, the intensified US involvement in the region will bring ne...The rapid growth in US-Sri Lanka relations is the latest attempt by the US to implement its Indo-Pacific strategy in South Asia. As the strategy materializes, the intensified US involvement in the region will bring new variables to the security situation in the Bay of Bengal and the Indian Ocean.展开更多
This paper utilizes multiple-case study method to present the motivations, modes and challenges of Finnish KIBS （Knowledge Intensive Business Service） firms in the process of internationalization to China. The case ...This paper utilizes multiple-case study method to present the motivations, modes and challenges of Finnish KIBS （Knowledge Intensive Business Service） firms in the process of internationalization to China. The case KIBS firms are in technical service and software industry. The study shows that the motivations of KIBS firms in internationalization are market entry, client following and cost saving. The modes of internationalization include local presence through WOE （Wholly Owned Enterprise） and JV （Joint Venture） establishment and service export through partnership. The challenges vary between the industries of the KIBS finns. In technical service industry, the firms confront an immature market with little appreciation and reluctant outsourcing of technical service by Chinese clients. Finnish technical service providers also encounter the challenges such as price sensitivity, short lead time and marketing dilemma. In software industry, the challenges are lowering the high pricing of services, building customer network and improving service product. Some practical solutions are taken to remedy the challenges by the case companies.展开更多
The aim of the study was to investigate gratifications of using social media among university students in the United Arab Emirates. Adopting the uses and gratification approach, the study investigates how the students...The aim of the study was to investigate gratifications of using social media among university students in the United Arab Emirates. Adopting the uses and gratification approach, the study investigates how the students utilize social media to gratify their personal, social, psychological, and educational needs. The study uses a questionnaire to collect data from a sample of 420 students from two universities in the UAE: University of Sharjah and Zayed University. In each university, two colleges were selected to represent art colleges and sciences colleges. The findings of the study show that 69.3% of the students are accessing social media more than five hours daily. 79.0% of the students access the social media through their smartphones. The main social media accessed are WhatsApp, Instagram, and Facebook. The main reasons of using social media are seeking information, communicating with friends, consuming time, and following up public affairs.展开更多
To date, there has been limited research carried out to better understand seniors＇ needs and purchase motivations related to mobile devices. To that end, this research enabled an exploratory assessment of the intrins...To date, there has been limited research carried out to better understand seniors＇ needs and purchase motivations related to mobile devices. To that end, this research enabled an exploratory assessment of the intrinsic and extrinsic needs/motives to consider in future research and development of ubiquitous mobile devices and related applications, specifically for seniors. The 65＋ population is expected to double by 2025 （WHO, 2013） from 390 million to 800 million. The results demonstrate specific needs/motives which should be considered during the development of new mobile attributes and apps for this segment. For both attributes of devices themselves and the applications found on them, three tiers of priority for development were determined.展开更多
Learner's motivation is very important in learning process and learning result. It can be divided into different varieties. The positive factors which can influence learner's motivation can play a vital role i...Learner's motivation is very important in learning process and learning result. It can be divided into different varieties. The positive factors which can influence learner's motivation can play a vital role in College English teaching. In college English learning and teaching, teachers should adopt suitable teaching strategies and methods to realize these positive factors in order to im-prove college students English learning.展开更多
Une vue globale des connaissances théoriques permet de rendre compte de la diversité des origines des motivations propres à chaque individu. Ainsi, dans cet article, on présente le panorama du fran...Une vue globale des connaissances théoriques permet de rendre compte de la diversité des origines des motivations propres à chaque individu. Ainsi, dans cet article, on présente le panorama du franais en Chine, les politiques linguistiques d’Etat. On s’intéresse également à la faon dont les comportements découlent de ces motivations. On étudie les motivations diverses des apprenants de FLE à notre université qui les aident à mieux comprendre et apprécier la belle langue franaise, et à mieux trouver des stratégies pour motiver les apprenants.展开更多
As a new black hero, Bigger loses his self in the white-dominated society. This essay will focus on exploring and analyzing the motivations for the tragedy of the hero, Bigger Thomas. Racial conflict and contradiction...As a new black hero, Bigger loses his self in the white-dominated society. This essay will focus on exploring and analyzing the motivations for the tragedy of the hero, Bigger Thomas. Racial conflict and contradiction and mass culture give rise to the occurrence of Bigger's tragedy. In summary, Bigger can be deemed as a native son of the merciless and cruel society.展开更多
Vanity Fair reveals a degenerating era when different social groups are only interested in wealth, prestige and power. Giv-en this background, social mobility increases among the aristocracy, the rising bourgeoisie an...Vanity Fair reveals a degenerating era when different social groups are only interested in wealth, prestige and power. Giv-en this background, social mobility increases among the aristocracy, the rising bourgeoisie and the proletariat. In this novel, it is ob-vious that the most impressive character Becky Sharp is from the lower class and experiences the social mobility in her life. This pa-per explores the motivations of Becky Sharp's social mobility corresponding with Max Weber's three-component theory of stratifi-cation. The research methods are based on analyzing congenital factors, acquired factors and psychological factors.展开更多
Code-switching is a linguistic behavior that arises as a result of languages coming into contact. The idea of codeswitching was proposed since the 1970 s and has been heatedly discussed. This study will particularly f...Code-switching is a linguistic behavior that arises as a result of languages coming into contact. The idea of codeswitching was proposed since the 1970 s and has been heatedly discussed. This study will particularly focus on the motivations for code-switching on campus, especially for the reason of college students and teachers as frequent users. The study aims to find out if there is any relevance between one's English proficiency and motivation for code-switching.展开更多
Background: The volunteer role has been cited as an important in supporting healthcare organizations in diverse areas such as contributing to research, health professional’s education, health care delivery, health po...Background: The volunteer role has been cited as an important in supporting healthcare organizations in diverse areas such as contributing to research, health professional’s education, health care delivery, health policy development and patient administration. Proper motivation of volunteers is required for sustaining volunteer performance, while encumbrances to optimal engagement in health systems need to be addressed. This study aimed to investigate the main factors that motivate volunteers to participate in the UAE healthcare system, along with exploring the barriers and challenges being faced. Methods: This study was designed as a quantitative cross-sectional study in United Arab Emirates (UAE). A purposive sample of the Adult citizens and residents using purposive sampling directed at all major health volunteer recruitment agencies in UAE, who have volunteered at least once in the health system over the preceding 12 months. Participants Adult UAE residents were selected by a purposive sampling method from February to April 2017. Data were collected through electronic questionnaires using modified Volunteer Motivation Inventory (VMI). Data were analyzed from 667 adults’ residents who were reported to volunteer at least once in healthcare opportunities. Results: About 53% (n = 290) of the volunteers in this sample were full time employed individuals. Almost 63% (n = 422) were female. Overall, assessed self-reported motivations of volunteer participants were high. The main motivation for volunteering in healthcare opportunities in the UAE was Understanding dimension (Mean = 4.68), followed by self-esteem dimension (Mean = 4.60). Eight elements of volunteer motivation showed no statistically significant differences between male and female respondents. Organization/system barriers dimension was the highest among respondents (Mean = 2.9), followed by individual barriers (Mean = 2.6), interpersonal (Mean = 2.06) and contextual (Mean = 2.04). Conclusion: UAE health sector volunteers who participated in this study appeared to be highly motivated. The main motivation factor was understanding dimension which allowed volunteers in healthcare to gain a new perspective on things, through practical training and learning new things, dealing with different groups in the health sector, for example doctors, nursing, patients. What makes the health sector volunteer understand them self and the world around them. Therefore the organization should focus on volunteer motivation to ensure future intensions of them. The four main barriers to volunteer were Individual barriers, Interpersonal barriers, contextual barriers and organizations system barriers. Concerted efforts are needed to raise awareness about available volunteer opportunities, and optimally align the motivations of volunteers with organizational objectives in the UAE health sector.展开更多
A large number of theoretical and empirical studies on citation behavior have been conducted internationally. Although some theoretical studies on such topic have been carried out in China, few studies have focused sp...A large number of theoretical and empirical studies on citation behavior have been conducted internationally. Although some theoretical studies on such topic have been carried out in China, few studies have focused specifically on this area from an empirical perspective, resulting in the lack of literature on the findings of actual surveys. To address this challenge, we conducted two questionnaire surveys to understand the motivations of the researchers on citation. One survey covers the authors who published articles in Chinese Journal of Scientific and Technical Periodicals, while the other targets the most productive and most cited Chinese authors in library and information science. The results show that citation behavior is not only motivated by rational factors, but also by other social factors.展开更多
English is regarded as the international language,which makes it the most popular language to learn around the world.Among the many factors that affect the learning outcomes of English language,motivation is broadly c...English is regarded as the international language,which makes it the most popular language to learn around the world.Among the many factors that affect the learning outcomes of English language,motivation is broadly considered as one of the most important ones.This paper presents a general review on types of motivation as well as the factors that are linked to motivation.This paper also touches upon some critical issues that Chinese EFL learners face in terms of motivation in English learning.展开更多
文摘The quasi-alliance strategy is part of the national security strategy and lies in the grey area between alliance and neutrality.1 In recent years,major countries,including Japan,have positioned quasi-alliance as a feasible unwritten option in their respective national security strategies.2 Japan’s quasialliance strategy was already in its infancy when former Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe first came to power in September 2006 but was put on hold after his resignation in September 2007.
文摘In recent years,the EU and India have increased interactions and deepened their cooperation in political,economic and security fields.Amid the backdrop of intensifying great-power rivalry between China and the US and the security confrontation between the US and Russia,the growing ties between the EU and India,as two important forces in the looming multipolar world,will significantly impact the evolution of the international geopolitical structure and China’s external strategic environment.
文摘In June 2022,President of the Republic of Korea(ROK)Yoon Suk-yeol,only one month into his office,attended the summit of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO)in Madrid,the first time for the country’s head of state,and announced the establishment of a permanent mission to NATO on the occasion.
文摘This study examines the leisure motivations among people who participate in cycling as a form of serious leisure. It examines what motivates cyclists to build a life around cycling. This study is a replicative study to Robert G. LaChausse＇s study on leisure motivations among cyclists. This study used the Serious Leisure Inventory and Measure （SLIM） created by James Gould. Participants were contacted through a variety of local and national list serves. Potential applications of this study include education, coaching, training, planning, and the creation of programs to encourage long-term cycling among bike users. The primary purpose of this study was to examine the motivations of mountain bikers, commuter cyclists, and other cyclists using the SLIM created by James Gould and the Leisure Motivation Scale.
基金supported by the National Philosophy and Social Science Foundation of China(No.15ZDC037)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(key program)(No.71333005)
文摘The present study aimed to clarify the smoking cessation motivations, challenges and coping strategies among pregnant couples. A qualitative design using a grounded theory approach was applied. Data were collected by individual semi-structured interviews with 39 married individuals(21 non-smoking pregnant women and 18 smoking or ever-smoking men with a pregnant wife) and 3 imams in an ethnically diverse region of far western China. The most common theme for smoking cessation motivation was 'embryo quality'(i.e., a healthier baby), followed by family's health. Most interviewees reported that husband's withdrawal symptoms were the greatest challenge to smoking cessation, followed by the Chinese tobacco culture. Coping strategies given by the pregnant women typically involved combining emotional, behavioral and social interventions. Social interventions showed advantages in helping to quit smoking. Pregnancy appears to be a positive stimulus for pregnant couples' smoking cessation. Our results suggest that pregnancy, a highly important life event, may help to reduce barriers to smoking cessation at the social level(e.g., limiting access to cigarettes, avoiding temptation to smoke), but does little to help with the withdrawal symptoms. Professional guidance for smoking cessation is still necessary.
文摘Digital services interfaced with mobile phone lines are gradually being regarded as a core product in this modern age due to the high transmission speed of mobile technology.The research in this paper is based on the concept of product inter-dependence and actively explores the different consumptive motivations between the consumers' behavior of phone-call users and those who use digital services.This study also attempts to use a modifi ed diffusion model to estimate the consumers' collective behavior with a longitudinal approach.In this study,it can be inferred that psychological consumer motivations should dominate marketing policies.Thus,it was found that digital service users have more self-motivation and autonomy when adopting a new product because they have significantly higher innovative at-tributes than the segment of phone-call users.With these findings,we claim that we have discovered an unprec-edented concept for marketing managers who welcome the challenges of mobile digital services in the future.
基金supported by a General Research Fund (#4440713) from the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong。
文摘This study explores how overseas exchange opportunities might influence Chinese students ’engagement in L2 learning activities and how far such opportunities may satisfy their motivation to study abroad. The analysis of the data, collected and filtered from carefully designed questionnaires and interviews, showed that students ’ L2 learning activities and study-abroad motivations underwent changes after their overseas experiences. Regarding the former, the overseas environment was the cause of the change because it provided students with more chances to talk with native speakers and increased the frequency of their using L2 in their daily life. Regarding the latter, the decline of the students ’ major study-abroad motivations was partly because they tended to treat L2 learning as a tool for realizing other goals and partly because the students had got other important motivations. In view of these findings, suggestions were raised to help future students get better prepared for their overseas study or short-term exchange life.
文摘Walking buses are a way to increase physical activity by encouraging people to walk rather than rely on motorized forms of transportation. Several communities support walking school buses as an alternative mode of pupil transportation to schools. A possible extension of this concept is the introduction of adult walking buses. Given the novelty of the concept, very little is currently known about the public’s perceptions regarding adult walking buses and their potential effectiveness to increase physical activity and decrease obesity among adults. To bridge this gap, this study examined motivations and barriers to participation in an adult walking bus program in Birmingham, Alabama using a comprehensive questionnaire survey. Analysis of over 340 responses revealed a positive reception of the concept among the survey responders. More specifically, 60.1% of the sample reported they would definitely or probably participate in a walking bus program. Results from nested ordinal logistic regression analysis indicate that health benefits are the strongest motivation for willingness to participate in a walking bus program. Sensitivity to environmental issues is also a significant predictor of willingness to participate across models. The most significant barrier to willingness to participate in a walking bus program is limited time. The significance of demographic variables (obesity, race/ ethnicity, and age) as predictors of willingness to participate is reduced once motivations and barriers are controlled. In conclusion, the positive response to the program among our sample is encouraging and suggests that adult walking buses should be explored further as an active alternative transportation option with a potential to improve the health and wellbeing of participants.
文摘The rapid growth in US-Sri Lanka relations is the latest attempt by the US to implement its Indo-Pacific strategy in South Asia. As the strategy materializes, the intensified US involvement in the region will bring new variables to the security situation in the Bay of Bengal and the Indian Ocean.
文摘This paper utilizes multiple-case study method to present the motivations, modes and challenges of Finnish KIBS （Knowledge Intensive Business Service） firms in the process of internationalization to China. The case KIBS firms are in technical service and software industry. The study shows that the motivations of KIBS firms in internationalization are market entry, client following and cost saving. The modes of internationalization include local presence through WOE （Wholly Owned Enterprise） and JV （Joint Venture） establishment and service export through partnership. The challenges vary between the industries of the KIBS finns. In technical service industry, the firms confront an immature market with little appreciation and reluctant outsourcing of technical service by Chinese clients. Finnish technical service providers also encounter the challenges such as price sensitivity, short lead time and marketing dilemma. In software industry, the challenges are lowering the high pricing of services, building customer network and improving service product. Some practical solutions are taken to remedy the challenges by the case companies.
文摘The aim of the study was to investigate gratifications of using social media among university students in the United Arab Emirates. Adopting the uses and gratification approach, the study investigates how the students utilize social media to gratify their personal, social, psychological, and educational needs. The study uses a questionnaire to collect data from a sample of 420 students from two universities in the UAE: University of Sharjah and Zayed University. In each university, two colleges were selected to represent art colleges and sciences colleges. The findings of the study show that 69.3% of the students are accessing social media more than five hours daily. 79.0% of the students access the social media through their smartphones. The main social media accessed are WhatsApp, Instagram, and Facebook. The main reasons of using social media are seeking information, communicating with friends, consuming time, and following up public affairs.
文摘To date, there has been limited research carried out to better understand seniors＇ needs and purchase motivations related to mobile devices. To that end, this research enabled an exploratory assessment of the intrinsic and extrinsic needs/motives to consider in future research and development of ubiquitous mobile devices and related applications, specifically for seniors. The 65＋ population is expected to double by 2025 （WHO, 2013） from 390 million to 800 million. The results demonstrate specific needs/motives which should be considered during the development of new mobile attributes and apps for this segment. For both attributes of devices themselves and the applications found on them, three tiers of priority for development were determined.
文摘Learner's motivation is very important in learning process and learning result. It can be divided into different varieties. The positive factors which can influence learner's motivation can play a vital role in College English teaching. In college English learning and teaching, teachers should adopt suitable teaching strategies and methods to realize these positive factors in order to im-prove college students English learning.
文摘Une vue globale des connaissances théoriques permet de rendre compte de la diversité des origines des motivations propres à chaque individu. Ainsi, dans cet article, on présente le panorama du franais en Chine, les politiques linguistiques d’Etat. On s’intéresse également à la faon dont les comportements découlent de ces motivations. On étudie les motivations diverses des apprenants de FLE à notre université qui les aident à mieux comprendre et apprécier la belle langue franaise, et à mieux trouver des stratégies pour motiver les apprenants.
文摘As a new black hero, Bigger loses his self in the white-dominated society. This essay will focus on exploring and analyzing the motivations for the tragedy of the hero, Bigger Thomas. Racial conflict and contradiction and mass culture give rise to the occurrence of Bigger's tragedy. In summary, Bigger can be deemed as a native son of the merciless and cruel society.
文摘Vanity Fair reveals a degenerating era when different social groups are only interested in wealth, prestige and power. Giv-en this background, social mobility increases among the aristocracy, the rising bourgeoisie and the proletariat. In this novel, it is ob-vious that the most impressive character Becky Sharp is from the lower class and experiences the social mobility in her life. This pa-per explores the motivations of Becky Sharp's social mobility corresponding with Max Weber's three-component theory of stratifi-cation. The research methods are based on analyzing congenital factors, acquired factors and psychological factors.
文摘Code-switching is a linguistic behavior that arises as a result of languages coming into contact. The idea of codeswitching was proposed since the 1970 s and has been heatedly discussed. This study will particularly focus on the motivations for code-switching on campus, especially for the reason of college students and teachers as frequent users. The study aims to find out if there is any relevance between one's English proficiency and motivation for code-switching.
文摘Background: The volunteer role has been cited as an important in supporting healthcare organizations in diverse areas such as contributing to research, health professional’s education, health care delivery, health policy development and patient administration. Proper motivation of volunteers is required for sustaining volunteer performance, while encumbrances to optimal engagement in health systems need to be addressed. This study aimed to investigate the main factors that motivate volunteers to participate in the UAE healthcare system, along with exploring the barriers and challenges being faced. Methods: This study was designed as a quantitative cross-sectional study in United Arab Emirates (UAE). A purposive sample of the Adult citizens and residents using purposive sampling directed at all major health volunteer recruitment agencies in UAE, who have volunteered at least once in the health system over the preceding 12 months. Participants Adult UAE residents were selected by a purposive sampling method from February to April 2017. Data were collected through electronic questionnaires using modified Volunteer Motivation Inventory (VMI). Data were analyzed from 667 adults’ residents who were reported to volunteer at least once in healthcare opportunities. Results: About 53% (n = 290) of the volunteers in this sample were full time employed individuals. Almost 63% (n = 422) were female. Overall, assessed self-reported motivations of volunteer participants were high. The main motivation for volunteering in healthcare opportunities in the UAE was Understanding dimension (Mean = 4.68), followed by self-esteem dimension (Mean = 4.60). Eight elements of volunteer motivation showed no statistically significant differences between male and female respondents. Organization/system barriers dimension was the highest among respondents (Mean = 2.9), followed by individual barriers (Mean = 2.6), interpersonal (Mean = 2.06) and contextual (Mean = 2.04). Conclusion: UAE health sector volunteers who participated in this study appeared to be highly motivated. The main motivation factor was understanding dimension which allowed volunteers in healthcare to gain a new perspective on things, through practical training and learning new things, dealing with different groups in the health sector, for example doctors, nursing, patients. What makes the health sector volunteer understand them self and the world around them. Therefore the organization should focus on volunteer motivation to ensure future intensions of them. The four main barriers to volunteer were Individual barriers, Interpersonal barriers, contextual barriers and organizations system barriers. Concerted efforts are needed to raise awareness about available volunteer opportunities, and optimally align the motivations of volunteers with organizational objectives in the UAE health sector.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.70673019)
文摘A large number of theoretical and empirical studies on citation behavior have been conducted internationally. Although some theoretical studies on such topic have been carried out in China, few studies have focused specifically on this area from an empirical perspective, resulting in the lack of literature on the findings of actual surveys. To address this challenge, we conducted two questionnaire surveys to understand the motivations of the researchers on citation. One survey covers the authors who published articles in Chinese Journal of Scientific and Technical Periodicals, while the other targets the most productive and most cited Chinese authors in library and information science. The results show that citation behavior is not only motivated by rational factors, but also by other social factors.
文摘English is regarded as the international language,which makes it the most popular language to learn around the world.Among the many factors that affect the learning outcomes of English language,motivation is broadly considered as one of the most important ones.This paper presents a general review on types of motivation as well as the factors that are linked to motivation.This paper also touches upon some critical issues that Chinese EFL learners face in terms of motivation in English learning.
