Based on panel data of 17 economies in the G20 from 1995 to 2014,this paper,in terms of the total samples,developed countries and developing countries,explored the impact of national income on outbound tourism and the...Based on panel data of 17 economies in the G20 from 1995 to 2014,this paper,in terms of the total samples,developed countries and developing countries,explored the impact of national income on outbound tourism and the moderating effect of institutional change on the relationship between national income and outbound tourism.The results showed that:(1)for the total samples,developed countries and developing countries,national income had a positive impact on outbound tourism;(2)for the total samples and developing countries,institutional change had a positive moderating effect on national income and outbound tourism,indicating that with the deepening of marketization,the facilitating role of national income on outbound tourism strengthened;(3)for developed countries,institutional change had a negative moderating effect on national income and outbound tourism,indicating that with the deepening of marketization,the facilitating role of national income on outbound tourism weakened.展开更多
This paper discusses the evolution and characteristics of China's national income distribution structure after the dawn of the new century and particularly in China's new normal of social and economic developm...This paper discusses the evolution and characteristics of China's national income distribution structure after the dawn of the new century and particularly in China's new normal of social and economic development. This paper casts light on the profound national income distribution and redistribution effects of changing ownership and economic reforms, as well as the microscopic household income distribution effects of changes in macroscopic distribution structure. Based on an analysis of changes in macroscopic distribution pattern, this paper explains the structural contradictions of national income distribution in China and their effects on China's economy, providing a theoretical analysis of income distribution for deepening supply-side structural reform.展开更多
This paper investigates how national income distribution among the corporate, government, and household sectors has changed from 1992 to 2005 using the Flow of Funds Accounts adjusted after the National Economic Censu...This paper investigates how national income distribution among the corporate, government, and household sectors has changed from 1992 to 2005 using the Flow of Funds Accounts adjusted after the National Economic Census 2004. We analyze the changes in institutional distribution of national income from the primary and secondary distribution of national income, with a focus on explaining the fall in the household sector＇s share of the national income pie since 1996. To analyze the primary distribution of national income among institutional sectors, we formulate the share of each sector in primary national income as the weighted average of the product of factor income share using each sector＇s proportion of the different types of factor income as weights. With this formula, we adjust factor income shares in the Flow of Funds Account, re-compute the distribution of disposable income by institutional sector from 1993 to 2005, and extrapolate the distribution to 2006 and 2007. Our findings are： the share of the household sector in national disposable income reached its peak in 1996, and declined by over twelve percentage points between 1996 and 2005, of which 10.71 and 2.01 percentage points were due to primary distribution and secondary distribution respectively. In contrast, the share of the corporate and government sectors in primary distribution increased by 7.49 and 3.21 percentage points respectively. In secondary distribution, the share of the government sector further increased by 3.17 percentage points, at the expense of the other two sectors. We also find that the decline in the share of labor income and property income in factor income distribution are the two main sources for the decline in the household share of primary distribution. In the period 2005-2007, the household share of national income fell further by over three percentage points, mostly resulting from the increase in the share of net production tax.展开更多
In 2015,China and India's population represented approximately 35.74%of the total number of people living in the world.Due to the historical context and behavior of the most relevant indicators,this study proposes...In 2015,China and India's population represented approximately 35.74%of the total number of people living in the world.Due to the historical context and behavior of the most relevant indicators,this study proposes to utilize a wide variety of demographic,economic,and production indicators from 1952 to 2015 to assess their impact on the GNI in China and India.A comprehensive and new fangled modeling process with stepwise,regularization and distributed lag regression approaches is presented.Accordingly,theoretical results were corroborated through extensive diagnostic tests and an empirical check of the models'predictive capacity.The findings show that GNI in China is most influenced by variables such as reserves in foreign currency and the dependency ratio;whereas,variables of energy production and birth rate were generated for India.Therefore,it's the timing for China to relax the universal two-child policy.Due to the current value below the substitution rate,a gloomy outlook for China's future population and economy is predicted.Conversely,a positive outlook is forecasted for India,given the low price in the future of oil-India's primary raw material.展开更多
The declining share of labor compensation in China＇s GDP has raised intense public concern. Using statistics since 1978, this research paper examines, in detail, the changing patterns of labor compensation since refo...The declining share of labor compensation in China＇s GDP has raised intense public concern. Using statistics since 1978, this research paper examines, in detail, the changing patterns of labor compensation since reform and opening- up. Following international practices. this paper has adjusted China＇s labor compensation statistics.The results show that, iu contrast to a significant drop in the share of labor competsation in GDP before making an adjustment, the adjusted share has actually remained stable for the most part after the late 1970s.There has been no discernable fall until the last several years, The real prablem in China＇s functional distribution of national income since the late 1970s has not been the declining share of labor compensation in GDP. Actually, the share has always remained consistently low.It can be characterized as beiag ＂stable at a low level on a long-term basis＂.How to increase the labor share,which is in the interest of the average worker is a major question that must be addressed in China＇s future economic development.展开更多
A set of human milk samples,consisting of pools from up to 50 mothers that delivered their first baby was assessed for the persistent organic pollutants(POPs)listed in the Stockholm Convention.It must be noted that on...A set of human milk samples,consisting of pools from up to 50 mothers that delivered their first baby was assessed for the persistent organic pollutants(POPs)listed in the Stockholm Convention.It must be noted that only samples that qualified for the criteria,as established in the global monitoring plan of the Stockholm Convention,following an initial protocol from the World Health Organization,were included.The data do not allow for an assessment of POP concentrations in breast milk with lactation period nor,in most cases and when not indicated otherwise,a comparison within the same country.The assessment does not rank the POPs as to the risk for breastfeeding.Rather the measurements provide a basis for countries to compare among POPs or with other countries.A regional preference for certain POPs could not be identified;thus,taking into account global food supply chains and local production elsewhere does not allow us to prioritize a country for a certain POP.Although the highest concentrations were always found for the sum of DDT,these samples were not prominent in multivariate statistical analyses.The best indicator for the scale of POPs in breast milk was the sampling year:the earlier a national pool was created,the higher and the wider spread were the concentrations:see the example of dioxin-like POPs and indicator PCB.For some POPs,the income of a country seems to indicate scale and POP compounds.The population density was not found to be a suitable predictor or discriminator.Since all POPs seemed to level off and some POPs were only measured after the entry-into-force of the Stockholm Convention in 2004,we do not have a strong indicator to determine POP concentrations in the 1980s or before.展开更多
Objective:Heterogeneity of participants in clinical trials distorts intervention efficacy.However,factors associated with participant heterogeneity in randomized clinical trials(RCTs)focusing on systemic sclerosis(SSc...Objective:Heterogeneity of participants in clinical trials distorts intervention efficacy.However,factors associated with participant heterogeneity in randomized clinical trials(RCTs)focusing on systemic sclerosis(SSc)are not clear.We conducted this systematic review to establish normative standards for future research and help develop management guidelines.Methods:Three databases and 4 registries were searched to identify characteristics of SSc RCTs across different countries.Risk of bias was assessed by the Cochrane Collaboration’s tool and logistic regression was performed to calculate crude and adjusted odds ratios.Results:In total,261 trials met our inclusion criteria.The quality of SSc RCTs worldwide was relatively poor,with no trend of improvement in recent years,and only 12.2%were ranked as having a low risk of bias.Trials with a low risk of bias as well as single-center,single-country,or open-label trials tended to have better participant adherence than trials with a high risk of bias and multiple-center,multiple-country,or double-blind trials.Interestingly,trial registration and primary outcome definition contributed to high withdrawal.National income was also relevant;participant adherence in high-income countries,but not in upper-and lower-middle-income countries,was significantly altered by different variables.Conclusion:Overall,the risk of bias,national income,and trial design may lead to participant heterogeneity of SSc RCTs and ultimately confound the general clinical utility of the results.Trials with a rigorous design and transparent conduction protocol are crucial for obtaining unbiased data that can serve as a reference and for maintaining the fundamental repeatability of SSc RCTs.展开更多
This paper explores the macroeconomic determinants of non-performing loans(NPL) in 19 Asian countries(low to high income economies) using the Generalized Method of Moments estimation approach based on the economic dat...This paper explores the macroeconomic determinants of non-performing loans(NPL) in 19 Asian countries(low to high income economies) using the Generalized Method of Moments estimation approach based on the economic data for the period between 1998 and 2015. The categorization of the economies is based on the average gross national income per capita as set by the World Bank.Specifically, the paper aims to evaluate if the determinants of NPL vary with the income levels of the countries. The results indicate that the NPL is strongly influenced by the inflation rate. The effect is,however, negative in the high-income and the middle-income countries and positive in the low-income countries. The GDP per capita has a dynamic negative relationship with the NPL in the high-income and the low-income countries. The remittance has a significant positive association in the high-income and a significant negative association in the low-income countries. Similarly, the unemployment rate has a positive effect on NPL in the middle-income and the low-income countries. With the rise in the official exchange rate, the NPL level increases in the low-income countries. The overall estimation results suggest that the NPL in Asian banking system depend on some key macroeconomic variables,such as unemployment rate, inflation rate, official exchange rate, remittance received and gross domestic product per capita, and these associations vary with the income level of the countries. Therefore,economic level of a country should be carefully considered while formulating credit policy to minimize credit risks in the banking system.展开更多
基金Sponsored by Social Science Planning Project of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(2016NDB026)Scientific Research Project in Colleges and Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(NJSY17019)High-Level Talent Start-up Project of Inner Mongolia University(20500-5165138)
文摘Based on panel data of 17 economies in the G20 from 1995 to 2014,this paper,in terms of the total samples,developed countries and developing countries,explored the impact of national income on outbound tourism and the moderating effect of institutional change on the relationship between national income and outbound tourism.The results showed that:(1)for the total samples,developed countries and developing countries,national income had a positive impact on outbound tourism;(2)for the total samples and developing countries,institutional change had a positive moderating effect on national income and outbound tourism,indicating that with the deepening of marketization,the facilitating role of national income on outbound tourism strengthened;(3)for developed countries,institutional change had a negative moderating effect on national income and outbound tourism,indicating that with the deepening of marketization,the facilitating role of national income on outbound tourism weakened.
文摘This paper discusses the evolution and characteristics of China's national income distribution structure after the dawn of the new century and particularly in China's new normal of social and economic development. This paper casts light on the profound national income distribution and redistribution effects of changing ownership and economic reforms, as well as the microscopic household income distribution effects of changes in macroscopic distribution structure. Based on an analysis of changes in macroscopic distribution pattern, this paper explains the structural contradictions of national income distribution in China and their effects on China's economy, providing a theoretical analysis of income distribution for deepening supply-side structural reform.
文摘This paper investigates how national income distribution among the corporate, government, and household sectors has changed from 1992 to 2005 using the Flow of Funds Accounts adjusted after the National Economic Census 2004. We analyze the changes in institutional distribution of national income from the primary and secondary distribution of national income, with a focus on explaining the fall in the household sector＇s share of the national income pie since 1996. To analyze the primary distribution of national income among institutional sectors, we formulate the share of each sector in primary national income as the weighted average of the product of factor income share using each sector＇s proportion of the different types of factor income as weights. With this formula, we adjust factor income shares in the Flow of Funds Account, re-compute the distribution of disposable income by institutional sector from 1993 to 2005, and extrapolate the distribution to 2006 and 2007. Our findings are： the share of the household sector in national disposable income reached its peak in 1996, and declined by over twelve percentage points between 1996 and 2005, of which 10.71 and 2.01 percentage points were due to primary distribution and secondary distribution respectively. In contrast, the share of the corporate and government sectors in primary distribution increased by 7.49 and 3.21 percentage points respectively. In secondary distribution, the share of the government sector further increased by 3.17 percentage points, at the expense of the other two sectors. We also find that the decline in the share of labor income and property income in factor income distribution are the two main sources for the decline in the household share of primary distribution. In the period 2005-2007, the household share of national income fell further by over three percentage points, mostly resulting from the increase in the share of net production tax.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(no.71773012,12026239)Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province LN2020J35Research Project of Dongbei University of Finance and Economics(DUFE2020Y22).
文摘In 2015,China and India's population represented approximately 35.74%of the total number of people living in the world.Due to the historical context and behavior of the most relevant indicators,this study proposes to utilize a wide variety of demographic,economic,and production indicators from 1952 to 2015 to assess their impact on the GNI in China and India.A comprehensive and new fangled modeling process with stepwise,regularization and distributed lag regression approaches is presented.Accordingly,theoretical results were corroborated through extensive diagnostic tests and an empirical check of the models'predictive capacity.The findings show that GNI in China is most influenced by variables such as reserves in foreign currency and the dependency ratio;whereas,variables of energy production and birth rate were generated for India.Therefore,it's the timing for China to relax the universal two-child policy.Due to the current value below the substitution rate,a gloomy outlook for China's future population and economy is predicted.Conversely,a positive outlook is forecasted for India,given the low price in the future of oil-India's primary raw material.
文摘The declining share of labor compensation in China＇s GDP has raised intense public concern. Using statistics since 1978, this research paper examines, in detail, the changing patterns of labor compensation since reform and opening- up. Following international practices. this paper has adjusted China＇s labor compensation statistics.The results show that, iu contrast to a significant drop in the share of labor competsation in GDP before making an adjustment, the adjusted share has actually remained stable for the most part after the late 1970s.There has been no discernable fall until the last several years, The real prablem in China＇s functional distribution of national income since the late 1970s has not been the declining share of labor compensation in GDP. Actually, the share has always remained consistently low.It can be characterized as beiag ＂stable at a low level on a long-term basis＂.How to increase the labor share,which is in the interest of the average worker is a major question that must be addressed in China＇s future economic development.
文摘A set of human milk samples,consisting of pools from up to 50 mothers that delivered their first baby was assessed for the persistent organic pollutants(POPs)listed in the Stockholm Convention.It must be noted that only samples that qualified for the criteria,as established in the global monitoring plan of the Stockholm Convention,following an initial protocol from the World Health Organization,were included.The data do not allow for an assessment of POP concentrations in breast milk with lactation period nor,in most cases and when not indicated otherwise,a comparison within the same country.The assessment does not rank the POPs as to the risk for breastfeeding.Rather the measurements provide a basis for countries to compare among POPs or with other countries.A regional preference for certain POPs could not be identified;thus,taking into account global food supply chains and local production elsewhere does not allow us to prioritize a country for a certain POP.Although the highest concentrations were always found for the sum of DDT,these samples were not prominent in multivariate statistical analyses.The best indicator for the scale of POPs in breast milk was the sampling year:the earlier a national pool was created,the higher and the wider spread were the concentrations:see the example of dioxin-like POPs and indicator PCB.For some POPs,the income of a country seems to indicate scale and POP compounds.The population density was not found to be a suitable predictor or discriminator.Since all POPs seemed to level off and some POPs were only measured after the entry-into-force of the Stockholm Convention in 2004,we do not have a strong indicator to determine POP concentrations in the 1980s or before.
基金funding received from the Non-profit Central Research Institute Fund of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences(No.2020-RC320-003)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81830097)
文摘Objective:Heterogeneity of participants in clinical trials distorts intervention efficacy.However,factors associated with participant heterogeneity in randomized clinical trials(RCTs)focusing on systemic sclerosis(SSc)are not clear.We conducted this systematic review to establish normative standards for future research and help develop management guidelines.Methods:Three databases and 4 registries were searched to identify characteristics of SSc RCTs across different countries.Risk of bias was assessed by the Cochrane Collaboration’s tool and logistic regression was performed to calculate crude and adjusted odds ratios.Results:In total,261 trials met our inclusion criteria.The quality of SSc RCTs worldwide was relatively poor,with no trend of improvement in recent years,and only 12.2%were ranked as having a low risk of bias.Trials with a low risk of bias as well as single-center,single-country,or open-label trials tended to have better participant adherence than trials with a high risk of bias and multiple-center,multiple-country,or double-blind trials.Interestingly,trial registration and primary outcome definition contributed to high withdrawal.National income was also relevant;participant adherence in high-income countries,but not in upper-and lower-middle-income countries,was significantly altered by different variables.Conclusion:Overall,the risk of bias,national income,and trial design may lead to participant heterogeneity of SSc RCTs and ultimately confound the general clinical utility of the results.Trials with a rigorous design and transparent conduction protocol are crucial for obtaining unbiased data that can serve as a reference and for maintaining the fundamental repeatability of SSc RCTs.
基金Supported by the CAS-TWAS President’s Fellowship 2014 to the First Author from the Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing,China and the World Academy of Sciences,Trieste,Italy
文摘This paper explores the macroeconomic determinants of non-performing loans(NPL) in 19 Asian countries(low to high income economies) using the Generalized Method of Moments estimation approach based on the economic data for the period between 1998 and 2015. The categorization of the economies is based on the average gross national income per capita as set by the World Bank.Specifically, the paper aims to evaluate if the determinants of NPL vary with the income levels of the countries. The results indicate that the NPL is strongly influenced by the inflation rate. The effect is,however, negative in the high-income and the middle-income countries and positive in the low-income countries. The GDP per capita has a dynamic negative relationship with the NPL in the high-income and the low-income countries. The remittance has a significant positive association in the high-income and a significant negative association in the low-income countries. Similarly, the unemployment rate has a positive effect on NPL in the middle-income and the low-income countries. With the rise in the official exchange rate, the NPL level increases in the low-income countries. The overall estimation results suggest that the NPL in Asian banking system depend on some key macroeconomic variables,such as unemployment rate, inflation rate, official exchange rate, remittance received and gross domestic product per capita, and these associations vary with the income level of the countries. Therefore,economic level of a country should be carefully considered while formulating credit policy to minimize credit risks in the banking system.
